unit6A课文WHAT ANIMALS REALLY THINK
WHAT ANIMALS REALLY THINK
Euqene Linden
Over the years, I have written extensively about animal-intelligence experiments and the controversy that surrounds them. Do animals really have thoughts, what we call consciousness? Wondering whether there might be better ways to explore animal intelligence than experiments designed to teach human signs, I realized what now seems obvious: if animals can think, they will probably do their best thinking when it serves their own purposes, not when scientists ask them to.
And so I started talking to vets, animal researchers, zoo keepers. Most do not study animal intelligence, but they encounter
it, and the lack of it, every day. The stories they tell us reveal what I 'm convinced is a new window on animal intelligence: the kind of mental feats animals perform when dealing with captivity and the dominant species on the planet—humans.
Let 's Make a Deal
Consider the time Charlene Jendry, a conservationist at the Columbus Zoo, learned that a female gorilla named Colo was handling a suspicious object. Arriving on the scene, Jendry offered Colo some peanuts, only to be met with a blank stare. Realizing they were negotiating, Jendry raised the stakes and offered a piece of pineapple. At this point, while maintaining eye contact, Colo opened her hand and revealed a key chain.
Relieved it was not anything dangerous or valuable, Jendry gave Colo the pineapple. Careful bargainer that she was, Colo then broke the key chain and gave Jendry a link, perhaps figuring, Why give her the whole thing if I can get a bit of pineapp le for each piece?
If an animal can show skill in trading one thing for another, why not in handling money? One orangutan nam ed Chantek did just that in a sign- language study undertaken by anthropologist Lyn Miles at the University of Tennessee. Chantek figured out that if he did tasks like cleaning his room, he 'd earn coins to spend on treats and rides in Miles 's car. But the orangutan 's understanding of money seemed to extend far beyond simple dealings. Miles first used plastic chips as coins, but Chantek decided he could expand the money supply by breaking chips in two. When Miles switched to metal chips, Chantek found pieces of tin foil and tried to make copies.
Miles also tried to teach Chantek more virtuous habits such as saving and sharing. Indeed, when I caught up with the orangutan at Zoo Atlanta, where he now lives, I saw an example of sharing that anyone might envy. When Miles gave Chantek som e grapes and asked him to share them, Chantek promptly ate all the fruit. Then, as if he 'd just rem embered he 'd been asked to share, he handed Miles the stem.
Tale of a Whale
Why would an animal want to cooperate with a human? Behaviorists would say that animals cooperate when they learn it is in their interest to do so.This is true, but I don't think it goes far enough.
Gail Laule, a consultant on animal behavior, speaks of Orky, a killer whale, she knew. “Of all the animals I 've worked with, he was the most intelligent,” she says. “He would assess a situation and then do som ething based on the judgments he made.”
Like the time he helped save a family member. When Orky 's mate, Corky, gave birth, the baby did not thrive at first, and keepers took the little whale out of the tank by stretcher for emergency care. Things began to go wrong when they returned the baby whale to the tank. As the workers halted the stretcher a few meters above the water, the baby suddenly began throwing up through its mouth. The keepers feared it would choke, but they could not reach the baby to help it.
Apparently sizing up the problem, Orky swam under the stretcher and allowed one of the men to stand on his head,
som ething he 'd never been trained to do. Then, using his tail to keep steady, Orky let the keeper reach up and release the 420-pound baby so that it could slide into the water within reach of help.
Primate Shell Game
Sometimes evidence of intelligence can be seen in attempts to deceive. Zoo keeper Helen Shewman of Seattle 's Woodland Park Zoo re calls that one day she dropped an orange through a feeding hole for Melati, an orangutan. Instead of moving away
to get it, Melati looked Shewman in the eye and held out her hand. Thinking the orange must have rolled off somewhere inaccessible, Shewman gave her another one. But when Melati moved off, Shewm an noticed the original orange was hidden in her other hand.
Towan, the colony 's dominant male, watched this whole trick, and the next day he, too, looked Shewm an in the eye and pretended that he had not yet received an orange. “Are you sure you don't have one?” Shewman asked. He continued to hold her gaze steadily and held out his hand. Giving in, she gave him another one, then saw that he had been hiding his orange underneath his foot.
What is intelligence anyway? If life is about survival of a species—and intelligence is meant to serve that survival—then we can't compare with pea-brained sea turtles, which were here long before us and survived the disaster that wiped out the dinosaurs. Still, it is comforting to realize that other species besides our own can stand back and assess the world around them,
even if their horizons are more limited than ours.
intelligence:
ability to learn and understand 智力
Do computers have any intelligence?
Don't act like such an idiot — use your intelligence,
(intelligent a.
Within a few years an intelligent computer will certainly be an important tool fordoctors.
Even if you are intelligent, you can't be an excellent student without working hard.)
controversy:
a lot of discussion and argument about sth., often involving strong feelings of
anger or disapproval (followed by over or about) 争论; 争议
A new controversy arose regarding the politician's finances.
There is a fierce/bitter/heated controversy over the publishing of his book.
surround:
be or go all around (sth. or sb.) 围绕; 包围
The village was surrounded by desert. So the villagers had to abandon it and move to other areas.
The shell surrounding the egg has many important functions.
The baby was sitting on the floor surrounded by toys.
explore:
1) examine thoroughly, learn about 探究, 探索
The engineers have already explored the possibility of building a bridge over theriver.
The repairman explored my car and said he would fix it tomorrow.
2) travel over (a region, area, etc.) for the purpose of discovery 探索
Both adults and children find it exciting to explore space.
The man will explore the Sahara desert on foot.
obvious:
easy to see and understand; clear 明显的
It must be obvious to everyone that he's lying.
It is obvious that the Chinese women's soccer team will defeat the American wom en's team.
encounter:
(fml) meet, esp. unexpectedly 遇到, 遭遇
She encountered an old friend on the street.
Before they had gone very far, they encountered a young man selling oranges.
reveal:
make (sth.) known 展示, 揭露
The details of the new policy for medical insurance have been revealed.
His research in cloning "Dolly" revealed some very important facts.
A survey of the Chinese diet has revealed that a growing number of children in cities are overweight.
convince:
make (sb.) feel sure by the use of argument or evidence (used in the pa tterns:
convince sb. of sth., convince sb. that) 使确信, 使信服
His parents managed to convince him that teaching was the most suitable profession for him.
We finally convinced the police of our innocence,
(be convinced:feel certain that sth. is true 确信的, 信服的
I was convinced that we were doing the right thing.)
dominant:
ruling; stronger, more powerful, or more noticeable than other people or things 统治的; 占优势的Charlie Chaplin was a dominant figure in the American film industry.
The dominant powers took control of the conference.
make a deal:
reach an agreement or arrangem ent, esp. in business or politics 达成交易
I'll make a deal with you — you wash the car and I'll let you use it tonight.
The car company has made a deal with a Japanese firm, which will supply engines in exchange for brakes.
Only to (do sth.)
is often used to indicate that sb. did sth. with a disappointing or surprising result. Infinitive to functions as result adverbial. He hurried to the railway station, only to find that the train had left.
He had once tried inviting her out, only to meet with a rather cool response.
negotiate:
discuss in order to come to an agreement (used in the patterns: negotiate for sth.,
negotiate to do sth., negotiate with sb.)协商, 谈判, 商谈
We will negotiate for a pay increase of 3.5%.
The government refused to negotiate with terrorists.
There were reports that three companies were negotiating to share the market.
maintain:
continue to do or have (sth.) 保持; 继续
The hotel staff showed determination to maintain high-quality service.
Our departm ent maintains close contacts with the IT industry.
Microsoft intends to maintain its position as market leader.
The taxi driver and his friend Ed maintained their friendship for over 30 years.
relieve:
free (sb.) from pain, anxiety, etc.; ease (pain, anxiety, etc.) (used in the pattern: relieve
sb. of sth.) 使减轻痛苦或焦虑; 减轻痛苦或焦虑等
Taking a part-time job would relieve you of the financial burden.
Drugs can relieve much of the pain.
undertake:
carry out; take upon oneself (a task, etc.) 从事; 承担( 任务等)
The United Nations was supposed to undertake the role of glo bal peace-keeper.
You should think very carefully before you undertake the responsibilities of a gen-eral manager of a multi-national company. We'll have to employ more staff if we're to undertake more work.
figure out:
understand; reason out 理解; 推断出
I can't figure out why he quit his well-paid job to undertake such tedious work.
I can't figure her out; one minute she's happy, the next, sad.
It took me 2 hours to figure out how to start the new washing-machine.
extend:
1) (cause to) stretch or reach 延伸, 伸展
The high-speed train service is planned to extend from Baltimore to Philadelphia.
Rain is expected to extend to all parts of the country by this evening.
2) make larger or longer 扩大; 加长
I would like to stay in France a bit longer, but I will need to extend my visa.
We've extended the kitchen to give us room for a dining area.
expand:
(cause to) grow larger (in size, number or amount) 扩大, 扩展
The air in the balloon expands when heated.
The population of the town expanded rapidly in the 1960s.
The bank is aiming to expand its share of the mortgage market.
switch:
change; shift (used with to) 转换, 交换
He used to play tennis, but now he's switched to golf.
She started studying medicine at college, but switched to Business Studies in her second year.
envy:
wish that you had a quality or possession that another person has (used in the patterns:
envy sb./sth., envy sb. sth., envy sb. for sth.) 妒忌; 羡慕
He became a millionaire overnight. Many people envied him for his good luck.
She's got a capacity for languages that many students would envy.
I don't envy you your trip in this bad weather.
cooperate:
act or work together (followed by with, or in, or to do sth.) 合作, 协作
The New York City police cooperated with the force in Boston in catching the criminals.
Russia and the US are cooperating in joint space ventures.
Aid agencies and the local government are cooperating to deliver supplies to the flooded area.
. in sb's interest(s):
for or to sb.'s advantage 为了某人的利益
It would be in your interests to undertake this task although it's difficult.
The local government has to abandon the plan for a new chemical plant because it is not in the public interest. (Similar phrase: in the interest(s) of sth.: for the sake of sth.)
In the interests of safety, please do not smoke.
go far :
help very much; achieve much success 帮助很大; 很有成效
Your suggestion will go far towards solving our present housing problem.
Jane's a very talented writer — she'll go far.
assess:
judge the quality, importance or worth of 评价, 估量
The value of the diamond was assessed at $20,000.
It's difficult to assess the effects of the use of multimedia in English language teaching in one semester. Examinations are not the only means of assessing someone's ability.
judgment:
1) opinion about sth. 意见, 看法
In your judgment, what has caused the students' failure in the examination?
My judgment is that the students have spent too much time on extracurricular ac- tivities.
The manager made an unfair judgment of his new secretary's character.
2) the ability to form valuable opinions and make good decisions 判断
He was employed as manager of the Personnel Department because of his excellent judgment.
I respect my father's judgment and I'll follow any advice he gives me.
at first:
at the beginning 起先
: At first I thought that the shop was empty, then a man a ppeared from behind one of the counters.
Jack felt tired at first, but soon got used to the long working hours.
emergency:
an unexpected and dangerous event which must be dealt with at once 紧急情况; 突然事件
In an emergency, call 110.
The pilot of the aircraft was forced to make an em ergency landing.
The em ergency services are the fire brigade, the police, and the ambulance service.
go wrong:
stop developing well 有毛病, 出故障
Everything went wrong with my computer after I installed that new program.
I didn't watch the live opening ceremony of the World Cup yesterday because my television went wrong again.
size up:
carefully examine a situation or person in order to make a judgm ent 估量, 判断
I don't like the way the sales assistants in that shop size you up as you walk
through the door. Some manufacturers have been sizing up some African countries as a possible
market for their motorcycles. I felt insulted by the way my father sized up my boyfriend.
release:
set free (used in the pattern: release sb./sth. from) 释放
Some animals in the zoo had been released from its cage.
He was released from prison after serving two years of a five-year sentence.
evidence:
sth. that gives a reason for believing sth.; trace (uncountable noun; often followed
by of/for, or that, or infinitive to) 证据; 迹象
There is a lot of evidence that stress is partly responsible for disease.
Scientists haven't found any evidence of life on other planets.
We don't have enough evidence to prove him guilty.
deceive:
try to make (sb.) believe sth. that is false (used in the patterns: deceive sb., deceive sb.
into doing sth). 欺骗
You can't pass exams without working, so don't deceive yourself into thinking you can.
You deceived me, and I can't forgive you.
They deceived the old man into signing the papers.
look sb. in the eye(s): look directly and steadily at sb. because you are not embarrassed or
ashamed 正视某人
I couldn't look him in the eye afterwards, knowing that I had lost all that money. Can you look me in the eyes and say you didn't break the window?
original:
first or earliest 最出的; 原始的
The Indians were the original inhabitants of North America.
The land was returned to its original owner.
give in (to sb./sth.): admit a loss; surrender; yield 让步; 屈服; 投降
The authorities showed no signs of giving in to the kidnappers' demands.
I pressed my parents until they finally gave in and bought me a computer.
underneath:
under or below 在… 下面, 在… 底下
The bomb exploded underneath his car as he was preparing to leave home.
Russel wore a white vest underneath his shirt.
survive:
1) remain alive 继续存在, 幸存
A few were killed but most survived in the earthquake.
The baby was born with a problem with its heart and only survived for a few hours.
2) continue to live or exist after 幸免于
She survived the accident.
The plants may not survive the frost.
wipe out:
get rid of or destroy 消灭, 消除
The bank agreed to wipe out their debts.
Whole villages were wiped out in the flood.
language point 1
... the lack of it: Here it refers to animal intelligence.
language point2
This is true, but I don't think it goes far enough.: What behaviorists say is right, but I don't think their explanation helps very much.
language point 3
Like the time he helped save a family member.: He did just that when he helped save a family member.
language point 4
Melati looked Shewman in the eye ...: Melati looked directly and steadily at Shewman.
language point 5
. ... even if their horizons are more limited than ours.: even though they can't assess the
world in the sam e way as we do because of more limited knowledge and experience.
动物智能
温饱，睡眠 ? 它们的思维可能要比这深刻得多。
动物到底想些什么
尤金·林登
多年来，我写了大量关于动物智能实验、以及围绕这些实验所产生的争议的文章。动物真的有思想，即我们所说的意识吗 ? 在考虑是否会有比设计教动物人类手势语的实验更好的方式探索动物智能时，我悟出了现在看来是显而易见的一点：如果动物能思维，它们会在能为自己所用的时候，而不是在科学家让它们思维的时候作出最佳思维。
于是我开始与兽医、动物研究人员以及动物园饲养员交谈。他们大都不研究动物智能，但他们每天都碰到或碰不到动物智能。他们讲述的故事开启了我相信是研究动物智能的一扇新的窗口：即动物在对付樊笼生活和地球上的主宰物种——人类—时所表现的高超的思维技。让我们做笔交易
请考虑这一情况：哥伦布动物园的一位动物保护主义者查伦·延德里觉察到一头口叫做科洛的雌性大猩猩在玩弄一件可疑的物品。延德里走过去，给了科洛一些花生，却被翻了个白眼。意识到这是在讨价还价，延德里加大了筹码，又给了—片菠萝。这时候，科洛—边望着延德里，一边摊开手，露出了一根钥匙链。
见不是危险或珍贵物品，延德里松了一口气，把菠萝给了考勒。科洛真是个精明的还价者，它把钥匙链拉断，给了延德里一段，或许在算计着，要是每一小段都能换片菠萝，我干嘛要全都给她 ?
如果动物能在以物换物中显示技能，又何尝不会在使用钱币中再露一手 ? 在田纳西大学人类学家琳·迈尔斯进行的一项手势语研究中，有头名叫夏特克的猩猩就这么做了。夏特克悟出，如果它干些诸如清理房间的事，他就能挣些硬币，好用来买好吃的，还可以坐迈尔斯的车外出兜风。但这头猩猩对钱币的理解似乎远远超出了简单的交易。迈尔斯一开始用塑料充当硬币，而夏特克竟认定，它可以把塑料片拗成两片，以此扩大钱币供应量。而当迈尔斯改用金属片时，夏特克找到了一些锡箔，试图复制。
迈尔斯还试图教会夏特克一些好习惯，诸如节俭和与人分享。当我在它目前居住的亚特兰大动物园见到这头猩猩时，我果然见到它与人分享的一例，足以令任何人羡慕。迈尔斯给了夏特克一些葡萄，要求它与人分享，它很快吃完了所有的葡萄。随后，它似乎是想起了迈尔斯要它与人分享，便把梗儿递给了迈尔斯。
鲸鱼的故事
动物为什么会愿意与人合作 ? 行为主义者会说，动物认识到合作：厂已有利时就会这么做。这没有错，但我觉得这一解释尚不充分。
动物行为顾问盖尔·劳尔说起过她了解的一头虎鲸奥基。“在我照管过的动物当中，它是最聪明的，”她说。“它会审时度势，再根据自己的判断采取行动。”
比如有次它救了一个家族成员。奥基的配偶科基生幼鲸时，那条幼鲸一开始情况不妙，饲养员把幼鲸用担架抬出水糟，实施紧急护理。他们把幼鲸送回水槽时，出了事情。当工人把担架停在高出水面几英尺处的时候，幼鲸开始呕吐。饲养员担心它会窒息，但他们无法接近幼鲸提供帮助。
奥基显然看出了问题，它游到担架下，让其中一人站在它头上。这种事从来没有训练它做过。然后，奥基用尾部保持平衡，让饲养员接近，并松开了那条 420 磅重的幼鲸，以便让它滑入水中，获得帮助。
灵长目动物的骗术
有时动物的智能可以从其欺骗的企图中得以证明。西雅图伍德兰公园动物园饲养员海伦·休曼回忆道，一天她从喂食窗口给猩猩梅拉蒂扔了个桔子。梅拉蒂没有移动身体去接，而是眼睛直视休曼，伸出手来。休曼以为桔子准是滚到一边拿不到了，就又给了它一个。可当梅拉蒂走开时，休曼却注意到原来那只桔子就藏在它另—只手里。
猩猩园的头领托温目睹了这个把戏。第二天，这头雄猩猩也是眼睛盯着休曼，装作没有接到桔子。“你肯定没拿到吗? ”休曼问道。它仍直视着她，同时把手伸了出来。她让步了，又给了它—个，随后却看见它把桔子藏在脚下。
智能究竟是什么 ? 如果生命就是讲物种的生存——而智能是为了生存——那么我们根本无法与大脑只有豌豆大小的海龟相提并论，海龟早在人类出现很久之前便已存在，并经历了使恐龙灭绝的重大灾难而生存下来。尽管如此，想到除了我们人类，尚有其它物种，即便它们的视野比我们还狭小，却也能退后一步，清醒地审视周围的世界，不由人深感宽慰。
(易错题精选)初中英语词汇辨析的单元汇编含答案解析
一、选择题 1．I’d like to________the mall because it’s crowded and noisy. A．visit B．hang out C．walk D．go off 2．That path ________ directly to my house.You won't miss it. A．leads B．forms C．repairs D．controls 3．I don’t want to go. __________, I am too tired. A．However B．And C．Besides D．But 4．Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, ________ plants can spread to new places. A．so B．or C．but D．for 5．When I as well as my cousins __________ as a volunteer in Beijing, I saw the Water Cube twice. A．were treated B．treated C．was served D．served 6．He is wearing his sunglasses to himself from the strong sunlight. A．prevent B．stop C．keep D．protect 7．When you are________, you should listen to music to cheer you up. A．shy B．afraid C．strict D．down 8．Mr. Smith gave us some________on how to improve our speaking skills. A．advice B．news C．knowledge D．information 9．World Book Day takes place ________ April 23rd every year. A．at B．in C．on 10．More and more people have realized that clear waters and green mountains are as ________ as mountain of gold and silver. A．central B．harmful C．valuable D．careful 11．We loved the food so much, ________the fish dishes. A．special B．especial C．specially D．especially 12．—Oh, my God! I have ________ five pounds after the Spring Festival. —All of the girls want to lose weight, but easier said than done. A．given up B．put on C．got on D．grown up 13．—What do you think of the performance today? —Great! ________ but a musical genius could perform so successfully. A．All B．None C．Anybody D．Everybody 14．He ________ his homework________the morning of Sunday. A．doesn’t do; on B．doesn’t do; in C．doesn’t; on 15．Maria ________ speaks Chinese because she doesn’t know much Chinese. A．seldom B．always C．often D．usually 16．In 2018, trade between China and Hungary rose by 7.5 percent, and recently on Friday companies from China and Hungary________ several cooperation (合作) agreements under the
人教版九年级上册语文课文题目及作者串联
匠心文档，专属精品。 人教九上语文课文题目及作者串联 诗人，就要有毛泽东的大气磅礴，一曲《沁园春雪》，引发无数英雄豪杰竞相折腰；诗人，就要有郑愁予的浪漫柔情，一首《雨说》，蓄满对大地儿童无限甜蜜深情的祝福；诗人，就要有江河的婉约朦胧，一首《星星变奏曲》，道尽人们追求美好幸福生活的衷肠；诗人，就要有济慈的温馨怡人，一曲《蝈蝈与蛐蛐》，弹奏大地永不消亡的乐音；诗人，就要有叶赛宁的恬淡宁静，一首《夜》之旋律，在星光微漾的夜色中闪烁迷人的光泽。 星空朗照，明月依依，氤氲在一片诗意中，梁启超一行人等漫步山林，深感《敬业与乐业》于世人的重要，雨果紧随其后，激情发表《纪念伏尔泰逝世一百周年的演说》，傅雷则展示了《傅雷家书两则》，苏霍姆林斯基当场写了一封《致女儿的信》。这些名人学者的相聚，由此拉开了一场文化之旅的序幕。 月夜的这次盛会，让鲁迅决定返回久违的《故乡》，他由此踏上了曹文轩的《孤独之旅》，沿途遇见莫泊桑，正在寻找《我的叔叔于勒》，他想，这难道不是黄蓓佳的《心声》吗？ 罗迦.费.因格认为《事物的正确答案不止一个》，丁肇中也提出《应有格物致知精神》。趁此机会，培根向大家《谈读书》的好处，马南邨却《不求甚解》，鲁迅暗想，《中国人失掉自信力了吗？》。 难道真是这样吗？施耐庵设计《智取生辰纲》，罗贯中对《杨修之死》深表叹惜，及时总结出为人的机谋，吴敬梓帮助《范进中举》，曹雪芹教导《香菱学诗》，哪一种又不是智慧的显露呢？ 在他们影响下，司马迁写下了流芳百世的《陈涉世家》，《战国策》令《唐睢不辱使命》，陈寿提出《隆中对》，诸葛亮献出《出师表》。“出师一表真名世，千载谁堪伯仲间”。温庭筠漫步沉思中，不由独倚望江楼，深情《望江南》。范仲淹一腔爱国热情，感悟出《渔家傲秋思》。落叶纷飞的时季，苏轼和部下一道《江城子密州出猎》，眼见这次声势雄伟的出行，李清照暗忖，等到来年《武陵春》降临，一定要和辛弃疾《破阵子为陈同甫赋壮词以寄之》。 匠心教育文档系列 1
boring 令人厌烦的
boring 令人厌烦的，乏味的，无聊的 tedious 乏味的，单调的，冗长的 flat 单调的，沉闷的 dull 乏味的，单调的 troublesome 令人烦恼的，讨厌的，麻烦的 tired 疲劳的，累的 bored 无聊的，无趣的，烦人的 exhausted 极其疲倦的 weary 疲劳的 bright 聪敏的，机灵的 apt 聪明的，反应敏捷的 intelligent 聪明的，有才智的 shrewd 机灵的，敏锐的，精明的（表示生意上的精明） ingenious （人，头脑）灵巧的 alert 警觉的，留神的 cute 聪明伶俐的，精明的 acute/cute acute 指的是视力，感觉的敏锐 dull 愚钝的，笨的 awkward 笨拙的，不灵巧的 absurd 荒谬的 ridiculous 可笑的，荒谬的 idiotic 白痴般的 blunt 率直的，直言不讳的 clumsy 笨拙的，粗陋的 happy 快乐的，幸福的 cheerful 欢乐的，高兴的 content 满意的，满足的 merry 欢乐的，愉快的，快乐的 pleasure 高兴，愉快，满足 enjoyment 享乐，快乐，乐趣 cheer 喝彩 applause 鼓掌，掌声 optimism 乐观，乐观主义 delight 快乐，高兴 kick 极大的乐趣 paradise 天堂，乐园 instant 立即的，即刻的 instantaneous 瞬间的，即刻的 immediate 立即的，即刻的 simultaneous 同时发生的，同时存在的，同步的punctual 严守时刻的，准时的，正点的 pick 挑选，选择 select 选择，挑选 single 选出，挑出 elect 选举，推举 vote 投票，选举 appoint 任命，委派 nominate 提名，任命 propose 提名，推荐 recommend 推荐，举荐 designate 指派，委任 delegate 委派（或选举）…为代表 install(l) 使就职，任命 ballot 使投票表决 dub 把…称为 choice 选择（权） option 选择 selection 选择，挑选 alternative 取舍，供选择的东西 favorite 特别喜爱的人（或物） inclination 爱好 preference 喜爱，偏爱，优先 observe 注意到，察觉到 perceive 认识到，意识到，理解 detect 察觉，发现 appreciate （充分）意识到，领会，体会 alert 使认识到，使意识到 awake 意识到，醒，觉醒 scent 察觉 ancient 古代的，古老的 primitive 原始的 preliminary 预备的，初步的 preliminary trial初审 primary 最初的，初级的 initial 开始的，最初的 original 起初的 former 在前的，以前的 previous 先，前 prior 在前的，优先的 beforehand 预先，事先 medieval 中世纪的，中古（时代）的preceding 在先的，在前的，前面的 senior 资格较老的，地位较高的 following 接着的，下述的 attendant 伴随的 subsequent 随后的，后来的 succeeding 以后的，随后的 consequent 作为结果（或后果）的，随之发生的 resultant 作为结果的，因而发生的therefore 因此，所以 consequently 所以，因此 then 那么，因而 thus 因此，从而 hence 因此，所以 accordingly 因此，所以，于是 thereby 因此，从而
浅谈标点符号的正确使用
一、故事引入 杜牧的《清明》一诗“清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。借问酒家何处有，牧童遥指杏花村。”大家都很熟悉，但如果把标点符号改动一下，就成了另一作品。有人巧妙短句将其改成了一首词：“清明时节雨，纷纷路上，行人欲断魂。借问酒家何处？有牧童遥指，杏花村。”还有人改成了一首优美隽永的散文：“清明时节，雨纷纷。路上，行人欲断魂。借问酒家：“何处有牧童？”遥指杏花村。 又如，常有人在一路边大小便，有人就在那立了块牌子：过路人等不得在此大小便。立牌人的本意是：“过路人等，不得在此大小便。”可没有点标点符号，于是被人认为是：“过路人，等不得，在此大小便。” 类似的故事不胜枚举，诸如一客栈“下雨天留客天留我不留”的对联，祝枝山写给一财主的对联“今年正好晦气全无财富进门”。可见，标点符号的作用举足轻重。语文课程标准对小学各阶段学生应该掌握的标点符号作了明确的规定和说明。因此，作为小学语文教师，不但要咬文嚼字，教会学生正确使用标点符号也不容忽视。下面，我就简单谈谈一些易错的标点符号的用法。 二、易错标点符号的用法例谈 （一）问号 1、非疑问句误用问号 如：他问你明天去不去公园。虽然“明天去不去公园”是一个疑问，但这个问句在整个句子中已经作了“问”的宾语，而整个句
子是陈述的语气，句尾应该用句号。又如：“我不晓得经理的心里到底在想什么。”句尾也应该用句号。 2、选择问句，中间的停顿误用问号 比如：宴会上我是穿旗袍，还是穿晚礼服？这是个选择问句，中间“旗袍”的后面应该用逗号，而不用问号。再有：他是为剥削人民的人去死的，还是为人民的利益而死的？这个句中的停顿也应该用逗号。 3、倒装句中误把问号前置 像这样一个句子：到底该怎么办啊，这件事？原来的语序是：这件事到底该怎么办啊？ 倒装之后，主语放到了句末，像这种情况，一般问号还是要放在句末，表示全句的语气。 4、介于疑问和感叹语气之间的句子该如何使用标点符号 有的句子既有感叹语气，又有疑问的语气，这样的情况下，哪种语气强烈，就用哪个标点，如果确定两种语气的所占比重差不多，也可以同时使用问号和叹号。 （二）分号 1、句中未用逗号直接用分号 从标点符号的层次关系来看，应该是逗号之间的句子联系比较紧密，分号之间的句子则要差一个层次，这样看来，在一个句中，如果没有逗号径直用分号是错误的。比如：漓江的水真静啊，漓江的水真清啊，漓江的水真绿啊。这里句中的两处停顿就不能使用分号。再
九年级语文上下作者简介
九年级上下文学常识 2少 第1课沁园春雪 选自《毛泽东诗集》沁园春，词牌名；雪，写作对象。 毛泽东，无产阶级革命家、军事家、思想家。 第2课雨说 选自《郑愁予诗的自选Ⅰ》——20世纪70年代末 郑愁予，原名郑文韬，台湾诗人。重要诗集《梦土上》《衣钵》《郑愁予诗选集Ⅰ》《郑愁予诗选集》等14部，《郑愁予诗选集Ⅰ》被列为“影响台湾三十年三十本书”之一 第3课星星变奏曲 选自《上海文学》——1980年——朦胧诗 江河，1949年生，北京人，原名于友泽。 第4课外国诗两首——蝈蝈与蛐蛐、夜——田园诗 《蝈蝈与蛐蛐》选自《世界流派诗选》 济慈（1795—1821），英国浪漫主义诗人 《夜》选自《世界流派诗选》 谢尔盖·亚历山大德洛维奇·叶赛宁（1985—1925）俄罗斯诗人 第5课敬业与乐业 选自《饮冰室合集》第十四册 梁启超（1873—1929），字卓如，号任公，又号饮冰室主人。广东新会人。中国近代维新派代表人物，学者。戊戌变法的领袖之一， 第6课纪念伏尔泰逝世一百周年的演说 选自《雨果文集》第十一卷 雨果（1802—1885）法国浪漫主义，资产阶级民主作家。 伏尔泰（1694—1778）法国哲学家、史学家、文学家、启蒙思想家。作品《哲学通讯》 第7课傅雷家书两则 选自《傅雷家书》——书信集 傅雷（1908—1966）翻译家，文艺评论家。几乎翻译法国全部重要作家作品。 第8课致女儿的信 选自《关于爱的思考》 苏霍姆林斯基（1918—1970）苏联教育实践家、教育理论家。作《苏霍姆林斯基选集》 第9课故乡 选自《呐喊》 鲁迅（1881—1936）原名周树人，浙江绍兴人。无产阶级文学家、思想家、革命家。 第10课孤独之旅 选自《草房子》——长篇小说 曹文轩（1954—?）当代作家、儿童文学家。江苏盐城人。 第11课我的叔叔于勒 选自《羊脂球》——短篇小说 莫泊桑（1850—1893）法国批判现实主义作家。作品《项链》《一生》 与俄契诃夫、美欧·亨利合称“世界三大短篇小说之王” 第12课心声 选自《儿童时代》 黄蓓佳（1955）江苏如皋人。作品《小船，小船》《夜夜狂欢》
boring 和bored的区别
不能片面说人做主语用ed，物做主语ing ing形式是修饰引起这种感觉的人或物；ed形式是描写人或物的感受。（当然物一般是动物） 翻译的话 ing形式的词译为“令人……的”；ed形式译为“……的” boring是令人感到厌烦的；bored是厌烦的。 a boring person 能够指一个了无情趣的人，让人觉得无趣的人 a bored person 则是说这个人自己感到很无趣 1.bore 1）vt.使厌烦；挖 e.g. I'm bored with this job. 这件工作厌烦了。 The oldier bore the sharp pain in the wound with great courage. 这士兵以巨大的勇气忍受着伤口的剧烈疼痛。 2）n.令人讨厌的人（或事） e.g. It's a bore having to go out again. 外出真是讨厌。 boredom n.厌倦，无趣 e.g. in infinite boredom 极其无趣 boring n. 钻(孔) adj. 令人厌烦的(事或物） e.g. The play was boring. 这部短剧很一点意思都没有。 bored adj. 无聊的, 无趣的, 烦人的 e.g. Jack is so bored. 杰克是个没有趣的人。 2.surprising 是针对事或物感到惊奇。 surprised 则是针对人。 3.pleasant adj. 愉快的, 快乐的, 舒适的, 合意的可爱的, 举止文雅的, 活泼的滑稽的, 有趣的 (天气)晴朗的, 美好的容易相处的, 友爱的 e.g. a pleasant voice 悦耳的声音 a pleasant companion 可爱的伴侣 a pleasant time 愉快地度过时光 pleasing adj. 舒适的, 使人愉快的; 满意的; 惹人喜欢的, 可爱的 e.g. a pleasing look 使人愉快的神情 a very well mannered and pleasing young man 彬彬有礼而令人喜爱的年轻人
编校一课丨连接号用法大全
编校一课丨连接号用法大全 《标点符号用法》新标准中，连接号删除长横线“——”，只保留三种形式：一字线“—”、半字线“-”、波纹线“～”。三种连接号的使用范围各不相同。一字线 一字线占一个字位置，比汉字“一”略长标示时间、地域等相 关项目间的起止或相关项之间递进式发展时使用一字线。例：1.沈括（1031—1095），宋朝人。 2.秦皇岛—沈阳将建成铁路客运专线。 3.人类的发展可以分为古猿—猿人—古人—新人这四个阶段半字线半字线也叫短横线，比汉字“一”略短，占半个字位置。用于产品型号、化合物名称、 代码及其他相关项目间的连接。例：1.铜-铁合金（化合物 名称） 2.见下图3-4（表格、插图编号） 3. 中关园3号院3-2-11室（门牌号） 4.010-********（电话号码） 5.1949-10-01（用阿拉伯数字表示年月日） 6.伏尔加河-顿河运河（复合名词）波纹线波纹线俗称波浪线，占一个字位置标示数值范围的起止时用波纹线，包括用阿拉伯数字表示的数值和由汉字数字构成的数值。例：1.10～30cm 2. 第七～九课常见问题1.在数值间使用连接号时，前后两个数值都需要加上计量单位吗？在标示数值范围时，用波纹线连接号。此时，在不引起歧义的情况下，只在后一数值后计量单位，用波纹线连接的两个
数值，其单位是一致的。例：500～1000公斤 2.“1996～现在”这样的用法对吗？不对。波纹线连接数字，“现在”不是数字，应改为“”到或“至”。“1996”后宜加“年”。 关注“木铎书声”，做优秀出版人木铎书声是北京师范大学出版科学研究院官方微信平台，致力于传播最新行业动态，促进出版职业人的发展。
九上M1U2课文
Unit 2 The Grand Canyon was not just big When I arrived, it was early morning and it was raining. I got out of the car, went through a gate and walked along a path. In the east, the sky was becoming light, but beside the path, it was still very dark. I knew it was there, but there was nothing to see. After about a kilometer, a stranger appeared in front of me. “Am I going the right way?”I asked. He knew where I was going. “Yes,”he replied, “you’ll get there in five minutes.”Finally, I came to some rocks, and stopped. I looked carefully over them, but it was still too dark to see anything. Suddenly, the clouds cleared and the rain stopped. The sun rose behind me and beyond the rocks. I saw that the ground fell away and down to a river, far below me. I was on the edge of the Grand Canyon, one of the wonders of the natural world. I looked down to the Colorado River about 2 kilometers below me. If you put the three tallest buildings in the world at the bottom of the canyon, they still won’t reach the top. Then I looked across to the other side of the canyon. How far is it? It’s 20 kilometers, maybe more. Finally, I looked to my left and to my right, and on both sides the canyon disappeared into the distance… over 400 kilometers long. The Grand Canyon is not just big. It’s huge!
部编人教版九年级语文上册第一单元课文作者简介及字词精练卷
第一课沁园春.雪（毛泽东） 作者介绍 毛泽东：（1893---1976），字润之，笔名子任，湖南湘潭人。中国无产阶级革命家，军事家、思想家、诗人、书法家，中国共产党、中国人民解放军和中华人民共和国的主要缔造者和领导人。其在文学上有很高的造诣，创作的大量诗词作品气魄雄伟、意境开阔，著作主要收入《毛泽东选集》（四卷）《毛泽东文集》（八卷）和《毛泽东诗词集》中。 文体知识：词是一种韵文形式，由五言诗、七言诗和民间歌谣发展而成，起于唐代，盛于宋代，原是配乐歌唱的一种诗体，词句的长短随着歌调而改变，因此又叫做长短句。按字数可分为小令（58字以内）中调（59—90字）、长调（91字以上），一般分上下两阙(片)。每首词都有一个调名，称“词牌”。到宋代，有些此人为表明词意，常在词调下加题目，词牌与题目用“.”隔开，词派基本分为婉约派和豪放派。 1.生难字 qìn 沁园春（qìn）莽mǎng莽（mǎng）素裹（guǒ）妖娆（rǎo） 俱往矣（jù）今朝（zháo）风骚（sāo）稍逊（xùn） 2.多音字 折腰（zhé）可汗（hán） 折折腾（zhē）汗汗水（hàn） 折耗（shé） 3.形似字 奔驰chí包裹guǒ娇惯jiāo风骚sāo 松弛chí行囊náng天骄jiāo隔靴搔痒sāo 4.重点词语 北国：指我国北方。 惟余莽莽：只剩下白茫茫一片。莽莽，形容原野辽阔，无边无际。 山舞银蛇，原驰蜡象：群山好像（一条条）银蛇在舞动，高原（上的丘陵）好像（许多）白象在奔跑。 红装素裹：形容雪后天晴，红日和白雪交相辉映的壮丽景色。红装，原指妇女的艳装，词中指红日照耀大地。素裹，原指妇女的淡装，词中指白雪覆盖大地。 妖娆：娇艳美丽。 折腰：弯腰行礼，词中是倾倒的意思。 文采：词中用来概括广义的文化，包括政治、思想、文化在内，后文的风骚也是此意。 风骚：原指《诗经》中的“国风”和屈原的《离骚》。 一代天骄：指称雄一世的人物，天骄，天之骄子。
(易错题精选)初中英语词汇辨析的难题汇编及解析
一、选择题 1．Is this a photo of your son? He looks________ in the blue T-shirt. A．lovely B．quietly C．beautiful D．happily 2．—Jerry looks so tired. He works too hard. —He has to ________ a family of four on his own. A．offer B．support C．provide D．remain 3．— Mr. Wilson, can I ask you some questions about your speech? — Certainly, feel __________ to ask me. A．good B．patient C．free D．happy 4．Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, ________ plants can spread to new places. A．so B．or C．but D．for 5．— Can you tell us about our new teacher? —Oh, I’m sorry. I know________ about him because I haven’t seen him before. A．something B．anything C．nothing D．everything 6．—Help yourselves! The drinks are ________ me. —Thank you. You’re always so generous. A．above B．in C．on D．over 7．Gina didn’t study medicine. ________, she decided to become an actor. A．Instead B．Again C．Anyway D．Also 8．—Have you got Kathy’s________ for her concert? —Yes, I’d like to go and enjoy it. A．interview B．information C．invitation D．introduction 9．More and more people have realized that clear waters and green mountains are as ________ as mountain of gold and silver. A．central B．harmful C．valuable D．careful 10．Kangkang usually does her homework ________ it is very late at night. A．until B．when C．before D．after 11．He ________all the “No Smoking” signs and lit up a cigarette. A．requested B．attacked C．protected D．ignored 12．一Where is Mr. Brown? 一I think he's _____________ the music hall. A．on B．in C．over D．from 13．— Is your home close to the school, Tom? — No, it's a long way, but I am________ late for school because I get up early daily. A．always B．usually C．never D．sometimes 14．—Mum, I don’t want the trousers. They’re too long.
连接号用法之深入辨析
连接号用法之深入辨析 王曜卿 第二轮修志，各地都是衔接上届志书的下限编修续志，续志书名也是千篇一律：在书名下加上断限。书名下断限的书写格式，规范写法为―(19xx－2000)‖，但采用这种写法的却不成主流。不规范的书写格式中，常见的是―(19xx～2000)‖，此外还有―(19xx－2000年)‖、―(19xx～2000年)‖、―(19xx年－2000年)‖、―(19xx年～2000年)‖，加上―－‖、―～‖两种符号自身宽度变化所产生的变体，不规范的写法就更多了。 志书断限中的连接号，没有引起人们的高度重视，由此所反映出来的，则是标点符号规范化和表达概念准确性的大问题。准确地说，是正确、规范地使用连接号，准确地表述时空范围之概念，准确地表述数值量之关系(或幅度)的大问题。 一、连接号的多种形式 连接号有多种形式，各自的作用、用途也不同。中华人民共和国国家标准(简称―国标‖)《标点符号用法》(GB/T 15834－1995)对连接号的规定： 4.13 连接号 4.13.1 连接号的形式为?－‘。连接号还有另外三种形式，即长横?——‘、半字线?-‘和浪纹?～‘。 4.13.2 两个相关的名词构成一个意义单位，中间用连接号。例如： a) 我国秦岭－淮河以北地区属于温带季风气候区，夏季高温多雨，冬季寒冷干燥。 b) 复方氯化钠注射液，也称任-洛二氏溶液(Ringer-Locke solution)，用于医疗和哺乳动物生理学实验。 4.13.3 相关的时间、地点或数目之间用连接号，表示起止。例如： a) 鲁迅(1881－1936)中国现代伟大的文学家、思想家和革命家。 b) ?北京——广州‘直达快车 c) 梨园乡种植的巨峰葡萄今年已经进入了丰产期，亩产1000公斤～1500公斤。 4.13.4 相关的字母、阿拉伯数字等之间，用连接号，表示产品型号。例如： 在太平洋地区，除了已建成投入使用的HAW－4和TPC－3海底光缆之外，又有TPC －4海底光缆投入运营。 4.13.5 几个相关的项目表示递进式发展，中间用连接号。例如：
苏教版(2018)九上课文文学常识及内容整理
苏教版（2018）九上课文文学常识及内容整理 〖第一单元〗 1、《鼎湖山听泉》作者是谢大光，当代散文家。作者把山泉当做山的灵魂来写，从自己对泉水的喜爱之情的不断升华之中，透露出对人生的见解：历史是生生不息的，美感是充满生机的。 2、《林中小溪》选自《林中水滴》，作者普里什文，苏联作家。本文通过小溪流过森林全过程中表现出来的冲决一切障碍、非到达自由水域不可的顽强精神的描写，透露出融入自然、亲和自然的感情，表现出自己的生活信念和人生哲理。 3、《飞江滴翠记黄山》是一篇解说词，是为电视旅游风光片《话说长江》中黄山部分而写的。作者柯蓝，当代散文家、小说家。它借助于电视镜头展示画面来介绍自然风光的，使用了现代影视的表现手法。 4、《画山绣水》作者杨朔，现代散文家。这篇散文从漓江上观赏山水自然风景出发，去发掘因奋斗而取得美好生活的内涵，表现出珍惜现在、创造未来的人生理想。 〖第二单元〗 5、《故乡》体裁是短篇小说，选自《呐喊》，作者鲁迅，原名周树人，字豫才，现代著名文学家、思想家、革命家。本文以叙事主人公“我”回乡迁居的见闻感受为线索，描写旧时代中国农民的生活遭际和精神病苦，抒写了作者对现实生活中人与人之间相互隔膜的深沉忧虑，以及打破彼此隔膜、探求人生新路的执著信念。闰土是在生活重压之下“辛苦麻木而生活”的劳苦民众的代表，杨二嫂是人格被扭曲的庸俗小市民的典型，“我”是追求新生活的知识分子的形象。 6、《我的叔叔于勒》是短篇小说，作者莫泊桑，法国作家，主要作品有短篇小说《羊脂球》、《项链》。说以菲利普夫妇因于勒贫富而前后变化的态度，组成令人惊叹的情节波澜，表现世态的炎凉，通过神情、动作、语言描写、形象的表现他们嫌贫爱富、虚伪自私的灵魂，从而展现了金钱社会中人与人之间的冷酷关系。 7、《在烈日和暴雨下》节选自长篇小说《骆驼祥子》，作者老舍，原名舒庆春，字舍予，现代作家。主要作品有长篇小说《骆驼祥子》、《四世同堂》等，剧本《茶馆》、《龙须沟》等。本文通过对祥子痛苦艰难的生存状况的真实描写，反映了老北京底层生活的小人物的悲惨命运，揭露和控诉了社会的黑暗和残酷，表达了作者对社会底层劳动者的真挚同情和深刻理解。8、《多收了三五斗》是一篇短篇小说，作者叶圣陶，现代著名作家，儿童文学作家、教育家。原名叶绍钧。小说以20世纪30年代初期江南农村为背景，通过旧毡帽朋友们“丰收成灾”的遭遇，多方面写出了“多收了三五斗”的农民只能更加不幸与无奈的原因，描绘了旧中国农民共同的悲惨命运，表现了作家对乡村、对农民真挚的同情，让我们体会到作家对当时社会的愤恨之情。 〖第三单元〗 9、《成功》选自《流行哲理小品?中国卷》，作者季羡林，北京大学教授、中科院士、著名古文字学家、历史学家、作家。文章以个人经历说理论述成功之道，分析成功的三个必要条件，指出无论是治学或是干事业，都不能依赖天资和机遇，只有通过勤奋，才能走向成功。 10、《幻想是美丽的》作者是何塞?埃切加赖（1832 -1916)，出生于马德里。西班牙著名政治家、剧作家和诗人。他是19世纪末期西班牙最杰出的剧作家。他与法国诗人弗雷德里克?米斯特拉尔一起获得了 1904年诺贝尔文学奖，成为第一个获得诺贝尔奖的西班牙人。他的代表作有《伟大的牵线人》。本文主要阐述幻想是美丽的，要热爱幻想并为之奋斗。 11、《学问和智慧》选自《理趣小品》，作者罗家伦，现代学者、教育家、思想家。分析了学问与智慧的区别与联系，指出学问固然离不开智慧，同时智慧也不能离开学问，学问与智慧相辅为用，缺一不可，进而提出我们不但需要学问，而且更需要智慧，需要以智慧去笼罩学问、透视学
【英语】英语形容词常见题型及答题技巧及练习题(含答案)及解析
【英语】英语形容词常见题型及答题技巧及练习题(含答案)及解析 一、初中英语形容词 1．My deskmate is really _____．She likes to attend different activities after school． A. active B. quiet C. lazy D. honest 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】我的同桌同学非常活跃，放学后喜欢参加很多不同的活动． 句中提到"She likes to attend different activities after school"放学后喜欢参加很多不同的活动，由此推测此人非常活跃，A积极的，活跃的；B安静的；C懒惰的，D诚实的，根据句意可知选择A． 2．Wang Wei speaks English as ________ as Yang Lan. They both study English hard. A. good B. well C. better D. best 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：王伟的英语讲的和杨澜的一样好。他们学习英语都努力。可知as…as中间用形容词或副词原级；此处是副词修饰动词speak。good好的，形容词原形；well好地，副词原形，better比较级；best最高级，故选B。 【点评】此题考查形容词原级。注意as...as中间跟形容词或副词原级。 3．—If there are ________ people driving, there will be ________ air pollution. —Yes, and the air will be fresher. A. less; less B. less; fewer C. fewer; fewer D. fewer; less 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：——如果开车的人越少，空气污染越少。——是的，空气将会更新鲜。little少的，形容词，其比较级是less，修饰不可数名词，few几乎没有，形容词，其比较级是fewer，更少，修饰可数名词，people，可数名词，用fewer修饰，air pollution，空气污染，不可数名词，用less修饰，故选D。 【点评】考查形容词的辨析。注意less和fewer意思和用法。 4．—Guess what? The university has accepted my application! —Wow! That's ________ new I've heard this year, Boris! Let's celebrate. A. a worse B. the worst C. a better D. the best 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意：——猜猜什么？那所大学已经接受我的申请了。——哇喔，那是今年我听到的最好的消息，Boris，让我们庆祝一下。A.一个更糟的，比较级；B.最糟的，最高级；C.一个更好的，比较级；D.最好的，最高级。因为大学接受申请了，所以是好消息，排除A、B。根据 I've heard this year，今年我听到的，可知是最高级，故选D。 【点评】考查形容词辨析，注意平时识记最高级结构，理解句意。
人教版九年级语文上册全册课文和课后练习
人教版九年级语文上册全册课文和课后练习 目录 1 1沁园春雪雪[1] 2 2雨说8 ――为生活在中国大地上的儿童而歌 3 3 *星星变奏曲 13 4 *外国诗两首 3 写作?口语交际?综合性学习 22 5 敬业与乐业 3 6 *纪念伏尔泰逝世一百周年的演说[1] 31 7 傅雷家书两则 3 8 *致女儿的信 43 写作?口语交际?综合性学 习 3 9 故乡 51 10 *孤独之旅 3 我的叔叔于勒 75 12 *心声 3 青 春随想 93 13 事物的正确答案不止一个 3 14 *应有格物致知精神104 15 *短文两篇 3 16 中国人失掉自信力了吗 116 好读书读好书3 17 智取生辰纲 123 18 *杨修之死 3 19 范进中举[1] 136 20 *香菱学诗[1] 3 金钱，共同面对的话题 158 21陈涉世家[1] 3 22唐雎不辱使命 169 23 *隆中对[1] 3 24 *出师表[1] 176 25 词五首 3 话说千古风流人物 188 1沁园春雪雪[1] （1936年2月）毛泽东在风雪弥漫的北国，一 位伟人，登高望远，诗兴勃发。在那恢宏的气势里，在那壮美的意境中，你能感受到诗人怎样的情怀？北国[2]风光，千里冰封，万里雪飘。望长城内外，惟余莽莽[3]；大河上下[4]，顿失滔滔[5]。山舞银蛇，原驰蜡象[6]，欲与天公[7]试比高。须[8]晴日，看 红装素裹[9]，分外妖娆[10]。 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄竞折腰[11]。惜秦皇汉武[12]，略输[13]文采[14]；唐宗宋祖[15]，稍逊风骚。一代天骄[16]，成吉思汗[17]，只识弯弓[18]射大雕[19]。俱往矣[20]，数风流人物[21]，还看今朝。 ----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- [1] 选自《毛泽东诗词集》（中央文献出版 社1996年版）。沁园春，词牌名。 [2] 〔北国〕指我国北方。 [3] 〔惟余莽莽〕只剩下白茫茫的一片。惟余，只剩。莽莽，这里是无边无际的意思。 [4] 〔大河上下〕指黄河的上上下下。 [5] 〔顿失滔滔〕指黄河因结冰而立刻失去了波涛滚滚的气势。 [6] 〔山舞银蛇，原 驰蜡象〕群山好像（一条条）银蛇在舞动，高原（上的丘陵）好像（许多）白象在奔跑。蜡象，白色的象。原，作者自注指秦晋高原。 [7] 〔天公〕指天 [8] 〔须〕等到。 [9] 〔红装素裹〕形容雪后天晴，
(易错题精选)初中英语词汇辨析的知识点训练附答案(1)
一、选择题 1．He wrote his phone number ________ a piece paper. A．on B．for C．in D．from 2．Many people think Erquan rngyue is too sad, _____________ it's my favorite. A．and B．so C．or D．but 3．That path ________ directly to my house.You won't miss it. A．leads B．forms C．repairs D．controls 4．Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, ________ plants can spread to new places. A．so B．or C．but D．for 5．When I as well as my cousins __________ as a volunteer in Beijing, I saw the Water Cube twice. A．were treated B．treated C．was served D．served 6．—The 30 firefighters’ brave action ________ their lives in the forest fire on March30, 2019.—The people of Muli County will never forget them. A．took B．cost C．save D．solve 7．Gina didn’t study medicine. ________, she deci ded to become an actor. A．Instead B．Again C．Anyway D．Also 8．—Have you got Kathy’s________ for her concert? —Yes, I’d like to go and enjoy it. A．interview B．information C．invitation D．introduction 9．We should learn_______ each other. A．to B．from C．for D．of 10．World Book Day takes place ________ April 23rd every year. A．at B．in C．on 11．Kangkang gets up early every day and he is ________ late for school. A．sometimes B．often C．never D．usually 12．It’s ________ of the soldiers to rush into the fire to save peo ple. A．stupid B．proud C．honest D．brave 13．—Do you know what the meeting is about? —Yes, of course. It will ________ some important rules we need to know about our new senior high school. A．talk B．achieve C．memorize D．cover 14．Mary doesn’t like hamburgers________meat. She doesn’t want to be fat. A．or B．and C．but 15．I’d like to________the mall because it’s crowded and noisy. A．visit B．hang out C．walk D．go off