TEM4 diction

Dictation1 Cars in the Future

As big cars cause many problems, such as pollution, shortage of parking space, crowded traffic, scientists are now trying to design some small cars that may some day replace today's big automobiles. If more people begin to drive such cars in the future, there will be less air pollution. There will also be more space for parking cars in cities, and the streets will be less crowded. Three such cars can fit in the space that is now needed for one car of the usual size. The little cars will cost much less to own and to drive. Driving will be safer as these cars can only go 60 kilometers per hour. The cars of the future will be fine for driving around the city. However, they will not be suitable for long trips, because these cars by petrol can only go 450 kilometers before needing to stop for refueling.

Dictation 3 Christmas Candles圣诞蜡烛（146 words）

Frankly speaking, Christmas candles are no different / from any other decorative candle / that you might find in the shops all through the year. / But the very fact that they are lit up during Christmastime gives them the look of a festival. / Christmas candles are big in size and designed in several shapes. / You will find the common round shapes/ — Christmas candles tend to play up on the thickness so that they can burn longer, / all through the Christmas Eve if desired. / Traditional colors of Christmas candles are preferably red or golden, t he colors of the season. / But

you will find all colors on the shelves nowadays./ However, if other colors are used, / they are often decorated with obvious Christmas designs / to make them part of the season. / Red and golden candles are usually kept as they are, /because the colors themselves lend grace to the season. /

Dictation 4 Bread-making

People make bread in different ways, but the bread that's made in Britain contains five ingredients. There's water, flour of course, and then there's salt, sugar and something called yeast. A long time ago, people made bread just from flour and water, and their bread looked and tasted very different from t he bread we make today.It was a different shape-like large flat biscuits, and it was dark brown in colour. But it was too heavy to digest. Then the Egyptians discovered that yeast, which is a kind of fungus, will make bread rise. Well, in fact, if you look at a modern loaf of bread [00:58.66]through a microscope, it looks a bit like a sponge, doesn't it? Full of little holes. Well, the holes make the bread lighter, of course, and easier to digest.

Dictation 5 Unions 工会（147 words）

Nearly 100 years ago, America’s working people began to join together / to improve their wages and their working situations. / The formed unions in discussions with owners of businesses and factories. / This idea became known as collective bargaining. / Unions were started

at separate local factories. / Slowly unions in several factories started to join together. / As they gained size, the unions were able to gain strength and effectiveness. / By the 1950’s unions were successfully representing their members in most American industries. / Unions began as organizations for factory workers. / Later skilled workers such as electricians and plumbers organized into unions. /Recently professional people have also begun to form unions. / The unions not only represent the workers in discussions with business management. / They also train workers for jobs, give members money if they lose their jobs, / and pay workers pensions when they retire. / Unions have become established institutions of American industry.

Dictation 7 Travel Books

There are three kinds of travel books. The first are those that give a personal, subjective account of travels which the author has actually made himself. If these books are informative and have a good index, they can be very useful to you when you are planning your travels. The second can be classified as selective guidebooks whose purpose is to give a purely objective description of things to be done and seen. The third are those books which are called "a guide'' to some place or other. They will give an analysis or an interpretation. They can be as inspiring and entertaining as the first kind, but their primary function is to assist the reader who wishes to plan his tour in the most practical way.

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商务信函的措辞 接下来为大家整理了商务信函的措辞，希望对你有帮助哦!良好的第一影响试着用“salutation制造一个好印象。 作为一封信的开始，你还要确定收信人的名字和称呼是正确的。 例如Dear Ms. Jones.使用Dear Sir or Madam如果你不知道他们的姓名的话。 表明你的目的你应该在信的第一段阐明写信的原由，例如：As per our phone conversation, I am writing to provide the information you requested.写信的原因写商务信件的原因有很多种，例如inquiry询问信息，request求某人做某事，apology 道歉，complaint投诉一个问题。 这就决定了信件的形式和语气。 申请信如果您在写一封请求信，你就可以写Could you possibly…… 或是I would be grateful if you could……转达坏消息如果你是写一些坏消息或是道歉，那你就应该写的礼貌而得体，并说明问题的原因。 例如：Unfortunately we are not hiring any new staff at the moment. 或是I am afraid that we will be unable to meet your order on time due to the problems with our supplier.信件收尾在最后一段中，你可以把一些closing remarks 写进去，就像Please contact us if you have any further questions.如果你的信中还包括了文件等等，你可以在信尾处写上Please find enclosed…… 或是I am enclosing……提到今后的联系时间信尾处你还应该提到今后联系的时间，例如：I look forward to seeing you

翻译

Lecture 2 Diction I. Definition: By “diction”, it means choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. Diction is the choice and the use of words 死: lose one’s life; pass away; end one’s day; kick the bucket; go west; go to sleep; to be no more; close one’s eyes; abandon the world; leave this world; cousin: 堂兄/堂弟/堂姐/堂妹/表哥/表弟/表姐/表妹 I: 我，咱，俺，吾，孤，朕，鄙，愚，咱家，酒家，本人，个人，人家，鄙人，小人，在下，晚生，老子，老朽，老夫，老汉，老娘，愚兄，为兄，小弟，兄弟，奴家，妾身，贱妾，孤王，孤家，寡人，卑职，下官，奴婢，奴才，贫道，小道，贫僧，等 II. Three criteria of diction 1.Preciseness 准确 “Do not write so that your words may be understood, but write so that your words must be understood.” ------Mark Twain 2.Explicitness 鲜明(avoid vagueness or ambiguity) 3.Vividness 生动(graceful or elegant) 甲：这一点小意思，请务必收下。甲：This is a little gift as a token of my appreciation. Please take it. 乙：你这人真是有意思，怎么也来这一套？乙: Oh, aren’t you a bit too polite? You shouldn’t do that. 甲：哎，只是意思意思。甲：Well, it just conveys my gratitude. 乙：啊，真是不好意思。乙：Ah, thank you then, though I really don’t deserve it. III. How to make a good diction? “Each word, when used in a new context, is a new word.” (Firth) 1. Judging from the context 1. a good novel 2. good manners 3. a good boy 4. a good Catholic 5. good eggs 6. a good family 7. a good contract 8. a good reason 9. a good doctor 10. good English 11. good soil 12. a good friend 13. good sailor 14. good nature 1. 高山大川 2. 这主意真高！ 3. 她是个高不可攀的千金小姐。 4. 高等教育 5. 高度责任感 6. 高跟鞋 7. 高官 8. 您今年高龄？ 9. 高人 10. 高瞻远瞩 11. 高寿 12. 高速公路 2. Judging from the collocation 1. to cut wheat 2. to cut cake 3. to cut finger-nails 4. to cut the grass 5. to cut costs 6. to cut electricity 7. to cut in line 8. to cut across the parking lot 1.老百姓 2.老把戏 3.老伯伯 4.老大哥 5.老掉牙 6.老儿子 7.老丈人 8.老天爷 3. Judging from the parts of speech 1. He was right in his answer. 2. You don’t hold your chopsticks right. 3. Right, open your mouth, let’s have a look. 4. The Music Hall is going to close down right after Easter. 5. You have not much right to say that. 6. The mistake is being righted.

专四写作 措辞与语句 Diction and sentence

Diction Choice of words Diction ?I Choosing words ?II. Words to Avoid ?III. Overcoming Chinglish ?Proper words in proper places make a true definition of style. Jonathan Swift ?Use the right word, not the second cousin. The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightening and the lightning bug. Mark Twain : ?语不惊人死不休Du Fu ?Words should be only the clothes, carefully custom-made to fit the thought. Jules Renard ?We should endeavor to use words that correspond as closely as possible with what we feel, see, think, imagine, experience and reason. Goethe I Choosing words Choosing the appropriate and exact words ?A. Levels of words ?B. Meanings of words ?C. General and specific words I Choosing words ?A. Levels of words a. from a stylistic point of view: formal/learned, common and colloquial (slang words, dialectal words and certain words that are often used by uneducated speakers) b. standard and nonstandard (or substandard words) ?B. Meanings of words a. denotation/literal meaning本义 the direct, explicit meaning or reference of a word or a term (Webster’s New Word Dictionary) b. connotation/associative meaning转义 Idea or notion suggested by or associated with a word, phrase, etc. in addition to its explicit meaning, or denotation I Choosing words Compare: ?Tom is ambitious/ tough-minded/ foresighted/ firm/ self-respecting/ persistent. ?Tom is pushy/ ruthless/ calculating/stubborn/egotistical/ nagging. ?country, nation, state, land ?ask, question, interrogate ?time, age, epoch ?large, big ?thrifty, frugal, stingy ?modest, humble ?slender, slim, emaciated These words can be called synonyms but may be different in stylistic level, in the degree of

(沟通与口才)说话时的措辞与态度

说话时的措辞与态度 说话时的措辞与态度也很重要，我们经常会发现，在与人交谈时，一个语气的改变，或者目光的转移都会引来对方的态度的变化，这种影响甚至超过谈话内容的变化。加州大学洛杉矶分校的阿尔伯特·梅拉宾的研究表明，沟通的55%是通过肢体语言进行的，38%是用声音完成的，只有7%是用语言表达。所以，有效的沟通必然包括强大的肢体语言。 比如别人看你先是一副受重压困扰的样子，紧接着又做出一连串努力保持平静的动作，那么别人一定可以知道你正在某种难以扭转的劣势中挣扎。这就是非语言的沟通所带给他人的直观感受。我们来看琳达讲的故事： “我以前工作的商店里发生过一宗未遂的抢劫案。当时，我注意到了站在柜台收银机旁边的那个男人，他的一个动作引起了我的注意，因为他似乎不必站在那个位置上，他并没有排队，也没有买任何商品，而是一直站在那里，两眼盯住收银机。” “如果只是待在原地并保持沉默，我可能就不会那么关注他了。但是，正当我观察他时，他的行为发生了变化，特别是他的鼻孔扩大了（鼻翼膨胀），这表明他在深吸氧气并准备好要采取行动了。我几乎是在他行动前的一秒钟猜出了他的意图，就在这一秒钟，我大声向收银员发出警告：‘小心！’那一刻发生了三件事：这名职员刚好完成一次结账，收银机的抽屉刚好打开；站在收银机旁的这个人迅速向前一步并将手伸进抽屉里去抢钱；收到警告的收银员及时地抓住了抢劫者的胳膊并将其反拧过来。结果，钱从这位企图抢劫的劫犯手中掉了出来，抢劫

的人也跑出了商店。如果不是我事先察觉到了线索，我敢保证这名劫犯应该是已经得手了。再透露一点，这名收银员就是我的父亲，他XXXX年在迈阿密开了这 家小小的五金店，而我当时只是利用暑期时间在他店里打工。” 琳达注意到了抢劫犯的微小的变化，而正是这个小小的变化将劫犯暴露无遗。可见一个小表情的重要。专家的研究表明，扩张鼻孔可以使肺部吸入更多的氧气，从而为战斗或逃跑做好准备，而在灵长类动物的世界中，这一动作意在告诫其他在场者，要想化解即将降临的威胁，充足的后备支持是必需的。对人类而言，这一动作通常是由于愤怒而引起的。当一个人感觉到自己的身体或心理受到了威胁，或是认为某事不正确时，也会流露出这种表情。 当你看见一位站在演讲台后的政治家一边信心十足地向观众们说，他有多么尊重年轻人的意见，并承诺一定会虚心接受他们的建议；一边却又将自己的双臂环抱于胸前（以示防御），并且下巴微沉（批判、充满敌意的象征），那么，你还会相信他的说辞吗？假如他试图用热情且充满关切之情的口吻来打动你，并且还不时地用手敲打演讲台以吸引你的注意，那么，你是否会真地被他的言行所征服呢？ 弗洛伊德曾经遇到过一个案例。案例中，病人告诉他，她的婚姻生活十分幸福。在谈话中，这位病人不断地将她的结婚戒指取下，然后又戴上。弗洛伊德注意到了她的这一无意识的小动作，他很清楚这意味着什么。所以，当有消息传来说她的婚姻出现问题时，弗洛伊德丝毫并不感到惊讶，因为一切都在他的意料之中。

谈英汉翻译中的选词技巧

谈英汉翻译中的选词技巧 （红宝书编辑） 选词，即选义择词，贯穿于整个翻译的实际操作过程之中。这里的“词”指表达某一实体或整体性概念的单词、词组和短语。“选义”是由人类语言的一词多义现象决定的。任何一种发展完备的人类语言，其中的大部分词汇都是一词多义。 例如单词charge动词含义有两个，在科技英语的环境下是“充电”，而在日常生活中是“索取（费用）”。名词通常是指“电流”。该如何措辞则要看具体语境了。此外，英语中有一些名词，同时有两个形容词，比如名词sun，它的形容词可以是sunny，也可以是solar，这里就有个辨义和确定词义的问题。 另外，语言使用中还普遍存在着一义多词的现象，即同一意思对应不同的词语。现代英语中不仅有许多词汇是从古英语演变而来,还有约80%的词汇从外国输入,经过历史变迁,这些词汇并存和融合,使英语一词多义,一义多词的现象特别普遍。因此译者除了具有辨义这项本领外，还要具备“择词”这方面的技巧。 无论是“选义”，还是“择词”，都离不开具体的语境。英国翻译理论家纽马克说，没有词是完全孤立的(No word is an island entire to itself.)，词的意义必然受到前后相邻词句的影响。 从词语与语境的关系看，有些词基本不受语境影响(context-free)，如意义相对固定单一的专有名词、科技术语、数量词等；有些词则受语境制约(context-bound)，如那些含有感情色彩、价值判断且意义极为丰富的普通名词、形容词、动词、副词等。对于这些词语，先利用各种手段确定其意，然后恰当措辞表达。下面介绍两种确定词义的方法。

一.根据上下文和汉语习惯搭配来确定词义 理解原文是整个翻译过程的第一步。这是最关键、也是最容易出问题的一步。以下我们通过翻译实例来具体讲解在理解原文的前提下如何根据上下文确定词义： A．意群拆分确定词义： “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” 本句可以分四个意群来确定词义： 第一个意群：in short 简言之 school 学派 contend 坚持认为，争辩，讨论 第二个意群：the scientific revolution 科学革命（不可译为“科技革命”）as we call it 所谓的 第三个意群：largely 在很大程度上 a series of 一系列 instruments 器具、仪器 第四个意群：expand 拓展 reach 影响范围 innumerable 无数的、数不清的 direction 方面 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassionate manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 本句可以分三个意群来确定词义。 第一个意群：social science 社会科学 branch 分支 intellectual enquiry 知识探索 第二个意群：seek 力图 reasoned 理性的 dispassionate 冷静的，客观的 in…manner 以…方式 第三个意群：natural scientist自然科学家

翻译术语解析

The current definition(1) 1. Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ---------Nida 2. Catford defines translation as “th e replacement of texual material in one language (SL) by equivalent texual matererial in another language (TL)” (1965:21) 3. A good translation is one which has the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.---------Tytler The current definition(2) ?The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) ----------------Prof. Huang Long Translatology ?翻译是把一种语言所承载的文化信息转换成另一种另一种语言的文化信息，它包括语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。（曹明伦）?翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言表达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译 语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。（孙致礼） In summary --Translation is the information transferring between two languages and the cultural communication between two language families. --Translation is a rendering from one language into another. Translation is an art, a bilingual art, a craft, a skill, an operation and communication. --Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language. Classification of Translation a) In terms of languages ? 1. Translation from native languages into foreign languages ? 2. Translation from foreign languages into native languages

英语翻译与写作-Diction

Diction ●the proper choice of words and phrases in the process of translation to fit their context ●Methods of Discriminating the Original Meaning of an English Word 1.According to word-formation: compounding, derivation, blending, acronym formation, clipping ?compounding(合成法): generation gap, summer time (夏令时), test-tube baby (试管婴儿), brain-drain (人才外流), picturephone (可视电话), soft-landing economy(软着陆经济)credit card (信用卡), pocket money(零用钱), greenhouse effect (温室效应) ?derivation（派生法）: non - friend (假朋友), antifreeze (抗冻剂), preschooler (学龄前儿童) , ?blending (拼缀法): comsat ( communication + satellite,通讯卫星) , lunarnaut ( lunar + astronaut,登月宇宙航行员) , Chinglish (Chinese + English,汉式英语) ?acronym formation(首字母缩略法)：PC ( personal computer, 个人电脑) , CALL ( computer - aided language learning, 计算机辅助语言学习) , CIA ( the Central Intelligence Agency,中央 情报局) ?clipping（截缩法）: ad ( advertisement) , homo ( homosexuality) ,memo (memorandum) , bus ( omnibus) , flu ( influenza) 2.According to the references (1)third-person pronouns He sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself. (2)demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative adverbs Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. (3)references of comparison I hate blue shirts; white shirts suit me but gray is the most preferable. 3.According to the context and collocation ?No context, no translation. e.g. I’ll finish the book next week. Tension is building up. ?Each word, when used in a new context, is a new word. As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic. The war is becoming the most important story of this generation. It is quite another story now. Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. What a story! I don’t believe a word of it. The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from American TV. 在这种情况下under such circumstances / such being the case 这种情况必须改变。This state of affairs must change. 现在情况不同了。Now things are different. 他们的情况怎么样？How do matters stand with them? 前线有什么情况？How is the situation at the front? 我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。We may go there, but that depends. 4.According to different branches of learning and specialties base: 词根（lexicology）本金（business）底涂（painting）基线（survey）根据地（military science）底座（machinery）底边（maths）

Diction

Diction（措词）：Diction, the choice of words and phrases to express meaning, must be based on the accurate comprehension of the original. The meaning of a word is its use in the language, not only its definitions in the dictionary. A dictionary does not require or forbid a particular sense of a word but records the uses that have been found for it. Now and then a word is in the process of acquiring a new sense or somewhat altering its usual one. The dictionary definition is for the most part a record of the denotation of a word and often cannot give its connotation (Perrin 1965: 366). Lexicographers or dictionary compilers agree that in many cases two corresponding words of different languages do not always convey exactly the same idea. Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words (词本无义，义随人生). Each word when used in a new context is a new word. Beginners often rigidly adhere to the verbal consistency (字面上的对应) of words in two languages, while neglecting their contextual consistency (上下文中的一致). Care should therefore be taken in translating to determine from the context the exact shade of meaning of a word or an expression in the source text and the choice of an appropriate one to express the meaning in the target version. A word in different collocations or context. Example: Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。He likes mathematics more than English. 他喜欢数学胜于喜欢英语。Like knows like.英雄识英雄。The two pictures are very like. Like attracts like. 物以类聚。（n. 同类人/物）Like cures like.以毒攻毒。Like for like.以牙还牙。( diction/ choice of words) He likes English and maths. (vt. 喜欢) Do as you like. (vi. 愿意) Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. (adj. 相同的) Very like, he will come tomorrow.(adv. 可能) He looks like an American. (prep .像，如，跟---一样.) I hope I can speak Putonghua like you do.(conj. 如同) 3.Choice of Contextual Meanings ：The meaning and/or the word class of a polyseme（一词多义）can only be decided in certain context. 4.Choice of Collocative Meanings Build (v.) ◎build a house盖房子build a bridge架桥build a ship造船build a dam筑坝 build a fire生火build a stamp collection集邮build a car制造汽车 ◎build an answer思索作答build one's confidence树立信心build the drama of a story构思故事的戏剧性情节build scholars of tomorrow培养未来的学者Reading builds the mind.阅读能发展智能。 5.Choice of Stylistic Meanings：书面语VS口语古语词/旧词VS现代词/新词....... 6.Choice of Affective Meanings:Three basic types of affective meanings: commendatory, neutral and derogatory A. The word itself has commendatory sense or derogatory sense. For instance: He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望的人。 B. The word itself is neutral but show commendatory or derogatory sense in certain context. For example: Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。