中国关键词

“两个一百年”奋斗目标

中共十八大描绘了全面建成小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化的宏伟蓝图，发出了向“两个一百年”奋斗目标前进的时代号召。该奋斗目标是，到2021年中国共产党成立一百年时全面建成小康社会，国内生产总值和城乡居民人均收入比2010年翻一番；到2049年中华人民共和国成立一百年时建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家，达到中等发达国家水平。“两个一百年”奋斗目标，将中国梦的宏伟蓝图和光明前景具体化。实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标是实现中国梦的基础。

The Two Centennial Goals

At its 18th National Congress the CPC presented a roadmap and issued a call for achieving the Two Centennial Goals: successfully completing the process of building a moderately well-off society; and accelerating socialist modernization. Specifically, t his means doubling China’s 2010 GDP and per capita income for both urban and rural residents by the time the CPC celebrates its centenary in 2021, and building China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious and reaches the level of moderately developed countries by the time the People’s Republic of China celebrates its centenary in 2049. The Two Centennial Goals embody the grand vision and ambitious ideals the Chinese Dream represents, and achieving these goals will provide the basis for making the Chinese Dream a reality.

民族区域自治制度

中国是一个统一的多民族国家，迄今为止，通过识别并由中央政府确认的民族有56个。其中，汉族人口最多，其他55个民族人口较少，习惯上被称为少数民族。世界上的多民族国家在处理民族问题方面有不同的制度模式，中国采用的是民族区域自治。民族区域自治是在国家统一领导下，各少数民族聚居的地方设立自治机关，行使自治权，实行区域自治。民族区域自治制度是中国的一项基本政治制度。1984年5月1日，中国颁布了《民族区域自治法》，把党和国家的民族区域自治政策法律化。2001年2月28日，又根据社会主义市场经济条件下出现的新情况，对这一法律进行修改，进一步确立了民族区域自治是中国一项基本政治制度的法律地位。目前，依据宪法和法律，中国共建立了155个民族自治地方，包括5个自治区、30个自治州、120个自治县（旗）。此外，还建立了1100多个民族乡。根据宪法和民族区域自治法的规定，民族自治地方拥有广泛的自治权。

The system of regional ethnic autonomy

China is a united country with multiple ethnic groups. So far 56 ethnic groups have been recognized and confirmed by the central government. The Han ethnic group has the largest population, while the other 55 ethnic groups have small populations and are customarily known in the country as minority ethnic groups. Different multiethnic countries have different models for handling ethnic issues, and China implements a system of regional ethnic autonomy. Under this system, autonomous governments are set up where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities to exercise autonomous power and implement regional autonomy under unified government leadership. Regional ethnic autonomy is a basic political system in China. On May 1, 1984, China promulgated the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, which codified the policies of the CPC and state on regional ethnic autonomy. On February 28, 2001, the law was revised in

response to the new situations that had emerged in China's socialist market economy and codified the system of regional ethnic autonomy as a basic political system. According to the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, ethnic autonomous areas enjoy extensive autonomy. As of the end of 2008, there were 155 localities enjoying regional ethnic autonomy including five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 120 autonomous counties (banners).

尊重各国人民自主选择发展道路的权利

一个国家的发展道路合不合适，只有这个国家的人民才最有发言权。习近平用中国民间的俗语做比喻说，"鞋子合不合脚，自己穿了才知道"。意思是说，走什么样的发展道路，是一个国家的内部事务，任何外国无权干涉，无权指手画脚，更无权通过强制或颠覆等手段把别国拉到自己划定的轨道上来。在国际关系中，中国历来坚持国家不分大小、强弱、贫富一律平等，尊重各国人民自主选择发展道路的权利，承认各国文化传统、社会制度、价值观念、发展理念等方面的差异，努力推动不同文明的发展模式取长补短、相互促进、共同发展，反对以一种模式来衡量丰富多彩的世界。

Respecting the rights of all peoples to choose their own development path

It is the people of a country that are best placed to judge whether the development path they have chosen for themselves is suitable. Xi Jinping once used a folk saying as a metaphor: "No one but the wearer knows where the shoe pinches." By this he meant that it is an internal affair of a country to choose its own path, and no other country has the right to interfere or to prescribe or impose a certain track on others by force or sabotage. China has always held that all countries, regardless of their size, strength or level of development, are equal in international relations. It respects the right of the people of all countries to independently choose their development path; recognizes the differences in their cultures and traditions, social systems, values and concepts of development; and promotes different civilizations learning from one another's models of development for common development. And it opposes the attempt to use one single model to gauge our rich and varied world.

创新驱动发展战略

实施创新驱动发展战略，就是要推动以科技创新为核心的全面创新，坚持需求导向和产业化方向，坚持企业在创新中的主体地位，发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用和社会主义制度优势，增强科技进步对经济增长的贡献度，形成新的增长动力源泉，推动经济持续健康发展。主要措施包括：营造激励创新的公平竞争环境，建立技术创新市场导向机制，强化金融创新的功能，完善成果转化激励政策，构建更加高效的科研体系，创新培养、用好和吸引人才机制，推动形成深度融合的开放创新局面，等等。中国将力争到2020年，基本形成适应创新驱动发展要求的制度环境和政策法律体系，为进入创新型国家行列提供有力保障。Strategy of innovation-driven development

To implement the strategy of innovation-driven development, China will promote overall innovation, particularly scientific and technological innovation, remain demand-driven and industrialization-oriented, ensure that enterprises play the principal role in innovation, let the market play the decisive role in allocating resources, and take full advantageof the socialist system. It will enhance the contribution made by scientific and technological advancements to

economic growth, create new engines of growth, and sustain sound economic development.

The main measures to be taken: to create an environment that encourages innovation and fair competition, build a market-oriented mechanism for technological innovation, enhance financial innovation, improve the incentive policies for technology conversion, form a more efficient system of scientific research, and improve the mechanisms for training and attracting competent personnel, so as to bring about further integration of opening up and innovation. By 2020 China aims to create an institution, a legal system and a set of policies to guarantee that it becomes one of the innovative countries in the world.

美丽中国

建设美丽中国是中国梦的重要内容。建设美丽中国，就是要按照尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然的理念，贯彻节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，更加自觉地推动绿色发展、循环发展、低碳发展。建设美丽中国，就是要给自然留下更多修复空间，给农业留下更多良田，为子孙后代留下天蓝、地绿、水清的生产生活环境。中国梦的实现不以牺牲环境为代价，在发展经济的同时，保护好生态环境。建设"美丽中国"，有利于中国的长远发展，也将助推世界可持续发展，更有助于实现人类共同的梦想：保护美丽的地球。

A Beautiful China

Building a beautiful China is an important part of the Chinese Dream.

To make this happen, it is essential to respect, come in tune with and protect nature; implement the basic state policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment; and be more aware of green, circular and low-carbon development.

To build a beautiful China, it is imperative to leave more space for nature to achieve self-renewal, keep more farmland for farmers, and leave to the future generations a working and living environment with a blue sky, green fields, and clean water.

The Chinese Dream will not be realized at the expense of the environment. While developing the economy, China will protect its environment well.

Building a beautiful China will benefit the country's long-term development, facilitate the world's sustainable development, and more importantly, help fulfill the dream shared by all humans to protect the beautiful earth.

供给侧改革

2015年11月20日，在中央财经领导小组第十一次会议上，习近平首次提出了"供给侧改革"这一重要理念。"供给侧"是相对于"需求侧"而言的，它是从供给和生产端入手，通过鼓励企业创新、促进淘汰落后、化解过剩产能、降低税费负担等方式，解放生产力、提升竞争力，从而促进经济发展。

"供给侧改革"更加注重经济结构的优化，核心在于提高全要素生产率，政策手段包括简政放权、放松管制、金融改革、国企改革、土地改革、提高创新能力等。"供给侧改革"的提出，旨在加大结构性改革力度，进一步释放内需潜力、激发供给活力，以创新供给带动需求扩展，以扩大有效需求倒逼供给升级，实现稳增长和调结构互为支撑、互促共进。

The importance of "supply-side reform" was emphasized by Xi Jinping at the 11th meeting of the

CPC Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Affairs on November 10, 2015. Reform on the supply-side (supply and production) is the counterpart of that on the demand-side. The goal is to unleash productivity and maintain a competitive edge, with greater innovation, decommissioning of obsolete maufacturing, less overcapacity, and lower tax rates, so as to boost the economy.

The main aims of this reform policy are to optimize the economic structure and enhance the efficiency of all contributing factors. To this end, measures will be implemented to streamline government and delegate powers, to relax macro-regulation, to spur innovation, and to extend reform in the financial sector, in land use rights, and in the management of SOEs. Greater emphasis on supply-side reform will fuel domestic demand and replenish supply. Innovation on the supply-side can generate demand, and heavier demand can in return generate improvements in supply, so that steady growth and structural adjustment proceed in parallel.

新型国际关系

2015年9月28日，在世界反法西斯战争胜利和联合国成立70周年之际，中国国家主席习近平首次登上联合国讲台，向世界清晰阐述了以合作共赢为核心的新型国际关系理念。

他提出，"我们要继承和弘扬联合国宪章的宗旨和原则，构建以合作共赢为核心的新型国际关系，打造人类命运共同体。"

建立平等相待、互商互谅的伙伴关系，营造公道正义、共建共享的安全格局，谋求开放创新、包容互惠的发展前景，促进和而不同、兼收并蓄的文明交流，构筑尊崇自然、绿色发展的生态体系，上述"五位一体"，构成了新型国际关系的主要体系。

构建新型国际关系，是中国领导人对攸关人类前途命运的诸如和平与发展等关键问题给出的中国答案。以合作共赢为核心，蕴含着对实现世界和平、发展、公平、正义、民主、自由等全人类共同价值的关怀，亦是对联合国崇高目标的深刻思考。

A new model of international relations

On September 28, 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping spoke for the first time at the United Nations Headquarters. He elaborated to an international audience his concept of building a new model of international relations based on cooperation for the benefit of all.He said: "We should renew our commitment to the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, build a new model of international relations based on cooperation for the benefit of all, and create a community of shared future for mankind." He called on the international community to build partnerships based on equality, consultation and mutual understanding, to create a security architecture that is fair, just, and shared by all, to pursue open, innovative, and inclusive development that benefits all, to increase inter-civilizational exchanges that promote harmony in diversity and are mutually enriching, and to encourage ecological conservation and protection, putting Mother Nature and green development first.Building a new model of international relations is China's answer to tackling the key issues crucial to the future of humankind, such as peace and development. A focus on cooperation in search of win-win solutions embodies China's commitment to world peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom – values cherished by humanity and informing the lofty mission of the United Nations.

"中国制造2025"

2015年5月8日，中国国务院正式印发《中国制造2025》，成为中国实施制造强国战略第一个十年的行动纲领。文件中透露，“中国制造2025”的总体思路是，坚持走中国特色新型工业化道路，以促进制造业创新发展为主题，以加快新一代信息技术与制造业深度融合为主线，以推进智能制造为主攻方向，强化工业基础能力，提高综合集成水平，完善多层次人才体系，实现中国制造业由大变强的历史跨越。

它的目标是：到2020年，基本实现工业化，制造业大国地位进一步巩固，制造业信息化水平大幅提升；到2025年，制造业整体素质大幅提升，创新能力显著增强，全员劳动生产率明显提高，工业化和信息化融合迈上新台阶。“中国制造2025”的实施，也将会为世界各国带来更多的合作机遇，共同推动制造业整体向前发展。

Made in China 2025

On May 8, 2015, China’s State Council unveiled its first 10-year national plan for transforming China's manufacturing, entitled “Made in China 2015”. The plan is designed to put China on a new path to industrialization, with greater emphasis on innovation, expanded use of new-generation information technology, intelligent manufacturing, consolidation of the industrial base, integration of industrial processes and systems, and a robust multilayer talent development structure. Measures taken in this respect will facilitate China’s transformation from a manufacturing giant with a focus on quantity to one with a qualitative edge.

Specifically, the ten-year plan envisions the successful completion by 2020 of the process of basic industrialization, further consolidating China’s position as a manufacturing powerhouse that increasingly relies on cutting-edge information technology. It also foresees a significant leap in China’s overall manufacturing cap ability by 2025, characterized by markedly reinforced innovative ability, greatly improved overall productivity, and a new level of integration of industrial processes and information technology.

The implementation of the plan will expand the scope for cooperation between China and the rest of the world in a joint effort to propel new progress in the global manufacturing sector.

大道至简

在中国传统文化中，"大道至简"是指大道理（基本原理、方法和规律）是极其简单的，简单到一两句话就能说明白。中国总理李克强在2015年《政府工作报告》中提出"大道至简"，在此后的一次会议中他对此作出阐释，"简"来源于《论语?雍也》"居敬而行简"，"'居敬'，就是我们作为公务人员，首先要在内心敬畏人民。'行简'就是不要用太繁多的东西来扰民。"李克强认为，这与中国政府简政放权的理念是非常吻合的。

Great Truths Are Always Simple

Great truths are always simple, as a saying goes in traditional Chinese culture. It means that fundamental principles, approaches and guiding rules are invariably straightforward and can be explained very concisely in simple words. Chinese Premier Li Keqiang quoted this saying in his Report on the Work of the Government to the National People's Congress in March 2015. In a subsequent meeting he further elaborated on it. The concept of simplicity, he said, comes from The Analects that advocates the virtue of holding the people in high regard and streamlining governance. In other words, we as civil servants must first of all treat the people with respect, and never harass them with too much red tape. This, he said, dovetails with our efforts at streamlining governance and decentralization.

大众创业、万众创新

习近平在2014年12月的中央经济工作会议上提出要"营造有利于大众创业、市场主体创新的政策制度环境"。此前，李克强在2014年9月的夏季达沃斯论坛上也曾提出，要掀起"大众创业""草根创业"的新浪潮，形成"万众创新""人人创新"的新态势。

"大众创业、万众创新"是实现中国经济提质增效升级的"新引擎"，其目的在于尊重人民群众的主体地位，充分发挥其无限创造力，让他们平等参与现代化进程、共同分享改革红利和发展成果。推动大众创业、万众创新，可以扩大就业、增加居民收入，有利于促进社会纵向流动和公平正义，同时也可以让中国民众在创造财富的过程中，更好地实现精神追求和自身价值。

Widespread Entrepreneurship and Innovation

At the Central Economic Meeting in December 2014, Chinese President Xi Jinping called for efforts to create at policy and institutional levels an environment conducive to widespread entrepreneurship and innovation. Before that, Premier Li Keqiang had declared at the Summer Davos Forum in Tianjin in September that China would encourage widest possible participation in entrepreneurial activities and help unleash a massive wave of grassroots innovation.Widespread entrepreneurship and innovation would be a new engine for China to upgrade the economy, making it more efficient. The axiom testifies to the leading role of the people and the need to tap into their unbounded creativity in full participation in China's drive towards modernization and enjoyment of the reform dividend and the fruits of development. Promoting entrepreneurship and innovation would create more jobs, increase people's income, boost upward social mobility, and contribute to social equity and justice. This would in turn encourage individuals to further pursue their ideals and realize their full potential while generating higher levels of wealth.

丝绸之路精神

历史上的商业通道——丝绸之路，作为人文社会的交往平台，多民族、多种族、多宗教、多文化在此交汇融合。千百年来，丝绸之路承载的和平合作、开放包容、互学互鉴、互利共赢精神薪火相传。中国与丝绸之路沿线国家在维护民族尊严、捍卫国家主权的斗争中相互支持，在探索发展道路、实现民族振兴的道路上相互帮助，在深化人文交流、繁荣民族文化的事业中相互借鉴。

习近平主席提议，新时期弘扬丝绸之路精神，就是要促进文明互鉴、尊重道路选择、坚持合作共赢、倡导对话和平。

英文版

Spirit of the Silk Road

The historical trade route known as the Silk Road was also a platform for people-to-people and cultural exchanges, where various ethnic groups, races, religions and cultures met and assimilated with each other. For hundreds of years, the spirit of the Silk Road, namely, peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit, has been passed down through generations. China and other countries located along the Silk Road have supported each other in maintaining national dignity and safeguarding state sovereignty, helped each other in exploring development paths and achieving national rejuvenation, and learned from each

other in deepening people-to-people and cultural exchanges and revitalizing national cultures. President Xi Jinping said that to promote the Silk Road spirit in the new era means boosting mutual learning between civilizations, respecting each other's development paths, maintaining win-win cooperation and advocating dialogue and peace.

中国特色社会主义理论体系

中国特色社会主义理论体系，是包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观在内的科学理论体系，这个理论体系以新的思想、观点继承、丰富和发展了马克思主义，赋予马克思主义新的时代内涵，是深深扎根于中国大地、符合中国实际的当代中国马克思主义。Socialist theories with Chinese characteristics

Socialist theories with Chinese characteristics refer to a series of theories that, while deeply rooted in and reflective of contemporary China’s realities, are viewed as constituting a continuation of Marxism in a way that contributes to its development by enriching it with new ideas, giving it new meaning, and framing it in a new context. This series of theories includes Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of “Three Represents”, and the Scientific Approach to Development.