北京市西城区2020届高三英语诊断性测试试题(含解析)
北京市西城区2020届高三英语诊断性测试试题（含解析）
第一部分：知识运用（共两节，45 分）
第一节语法填空（共 10 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 15 分）
A
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
Mia rushed home and threw open the front door. Her mother turned around, surprised that Mia was home from school so early. “I won first place in the art contest!” she said ___1___ pride and raised her head, expecting praise. Though Mia ___2___ (work) eagerly on her art submission for weeks, her mother wasn’t sure ___3___ he project involved. “That’s wonderful,Mia! What was the subject of your art project?” her mother asked. Smiling from ear to ear, Mia handed over her artwork. It was a portrait of her mother.
【答案】1. with
2. had worked/worked
3. what
【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文，描述了米娅在艺术比赛中得第一名（她的作品是一张妈妈的画像）后回到家告诉妈妈这一好消息时的情景。
1题详解】
考查介词。句意：“我在艺术比赛中得了第一名！”她骄傲地说。分析句子结构并结合句意可知此处需要用“with+抽象名词”作伴随状语，表示“骄傲地”，故填with。
【2题详解】
考查时态。句意：尽管米娅已经为她提交的这个艺术作品忙活了好几个星期，她的母亲却不知道她在忙什么。事情发生在过去，应该用一般过去时，也可理解成动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时，故填had worked/worked。
【3题详解】
考查宾语从句。句意同上，此处为宾语从句，从句中的involved缺少宾语，故填what。
B
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
A study found that adults aged 18 to 33 checked their smartphones 85 times a day, or once every 10 minutes. As I learned during my experiment, ___4___ (place) some distance between myself and my device helped me devote myself to my work more ___5___ (easy). By not having my smartphone, my distraction(消遣) time went down and thus my work time ___6___ (spend) more efficiently and effectively. On numerous occasions, I found ___7___ (I) wondering what to do with the afternoon since I had already completed my high-impact tasks for the day. With the extra time, I can finally enjoy the pleasures of life.
【答案】4. placing
5. easily
6. was spent
7. myself
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，作者通过亲自试验证明了远离手机能让工作更有效。
【4题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：在我和手机之间保持一些距离帮助我更容易地投入到工作中。分析句子结构可知此处用动名词作主语，故填placing。
【5题详解】
考查副词。句意同上。修饰动词短语“devote myself to my work”用副词，故填easily。【6题详解】
考查时态语态。句意：由于没有手机，我分心的时间减少了，因此我的工作时间更有效率。陈述的是过去的事情，主语my work time与spend之间是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态，且谓语动词用单数，故填was spent。
【7题详解】
考查反身代词。句意：很多时候，我发现自己都在想下午该做什么，因为我已经完成了当天的重要任务。根据句意可知此处表示“我自己”，故填myself。
C
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1 个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
In June 2012, China’ s first manned deep-sea submersible(潜水器), Jiaolong, set a world diving record for submersibles of its kind by reaching a ___8___ (deep) of 7,062 meters in the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean. In 2017, China successfully tested a submersible ___9___ (call) Shenhai Yongshi, capable of diving 4,500 meters. ___10___ much of Jiaolong’s equipment was imported, about 95 percent of Shenhai Yongshi and its core components were produced domestically, said Xu Qinan, the chief designer of Jiaolong.
【答案】8. depth
9. called 10. While/Although/Though
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了“蛟龙”号潜水器和“深海勇士”号潜水器的设备及其下潜情况。【8题详解】
考查名词。句意：2012年6月，中国第一艘载人深潜器“蛟龙”号在太平洋马里亚纳海沟下潜7062米，创造了潜水器下潜深度的世界纪录。作动词reaching的宾语用名词，a depth of 表示“深度达多少”，故填depth。
【9题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：2017年，中国成功测试了一种名为“深海勇士”的潜水器，其潜水深度达到4500米。分析句子结构可知此处使用非谓语动词，submersible 与call之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用过去分词作后置定语，故填called。
【10题详解】
考查让步状语从句。句意：“蛟龙”号的首席设计师徐启南说，虽然“蛟龙”号的大部分设备都是进口的，但“深海勇士”号95%左右的设备及其核心部件都是国产的。分析句子结构并结合句意可知此处为让步状语从句，此处表示“尽管、虽然”，故填While/Although/Though。第二节完形填空（共 20 小题；每小题 1.5 分，共 30 分）
One morning in July 2011, a taxi sat wandering outside Petco Park stadium in San Diego. And Wade LeBlanc, a (an) ___11___ pitcher (棒球投手) for the Padres, climbed in.” To the airport, please,” he told the driver. LeBlanc was headed to Tucson, Arizona, home of the club’s A-level branch organization at the time. He’d been sent down to the minors. Again. For the eighth time in three years.
“You’re Wade LeBlanc,” the taxi driver said.
“Right.”
“You got some good stuff.”
This ___12___ the pitcher, after the previous night’s disastrous performance.
“I think there are some things you should think about ___13___,” the driver continued.” I don ’t know; I ’m not a ___14___. Maybe something like going over your head in your windup (摆臂动作)”
Wait, what? This guy was offering ___15___? Earlier in his career, LeBlanc might have ___16___ Or been angry. But today, he just___17___. He couldn’t afford to dismiss anything. His career was on the line.
The next day, in Tucson, LeBlanc met his ___18___. He said he was thinking about making ___19___ to his windup. His coach agreed. Instead of keeping his hands tight to his chest at the beginning of his delivery, LeBlanc raised them briefly over his head, as the taxi driver had ___20___.
LeBlanc included the new ___21___ into his next start. And he was
___22___, allowing only one hit over seven innings ( 回合 ). It was the turning point in his career. Eight years later, LeBlanc is a pitcher for the Seattle Mariners. He signed the first contract extension of his Major League Baseball career—at age 33.
The funny thing about advice: We so often take it from the ___23___ people. That is, we ___24___ the advice of experts, while undervaluing the input of regular folk. Wade LeBlanc ___25___ that trend, and he obtained the ___26___.
“Expert advisers often make surprisingly inaccurate predictions about the future, yet people ___27___ their suggestions nevertheless,” concluded Stanford University psychologists in a study published last year.
Now, not everyone took experts’ advice. The more ___28___ people become, the smaller the pool of advisers they ___29___. Participants in positions of power ignored almost two thirds of the advice they received, according to one Harvard University study. Other participants—the control and low power groups—ignored advice about half as often. So it required a massive increase of modesty (谦虚) to do what Wade LeBlanc did: hear what the taxi driver was offering him and accept it as a(an) ___30___.
11. A. excellent B. struggling C. ambitious D. awkward
12. A. surprised B. concerned C. disturbed D. angered
13. A. avoiding B. making C. trying D. crossing
14. A. player B. director C. joker D. loser
15. A. service B. advice C. chances D. courses
16. A. accepted B. worried C. smiled D. laughed
17. A. explained B. interrupted C. listened D. guessed
18. A. parents B. coach C. driver D. fans
19. A. changes B. contributions C. additions D.
objectives
20. A. included B. announced C. suggested D. resisted
21. A. aim B. effect C. hobby D. move
22. A. patient B. optimistic C. brilliant D.
justified
23. A. attractive B. popular C. humble D. wrong
24. A. overvalue B. skip C. ignore D. involve
25. A. identified B. supported C. opposed D. started
26. A. qualifications B. benefits C. prize D. degree
27. A. follow B. abandon C. provide D. improve
28. A. literary B. successful C. careful D. negative
29. A. tolerate B. help C. know D. trust
30. A. job B. example C. excuse D. gift
【答案】11. B 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. D 17. C 18. B 19.
A 20. C 21. D 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. C 26.
B 27. A 28. B
29. D 30. D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，用韦德·勒布朗虚心接受出租车司机的建议改变自己的投球动作最
后取得成功的例子告诉我们：我们往往会高估专家的建议，而低估普通人的建议，而事实上
我们经常会从普通人那里得到非常有用的建议，一个人要想成功，就要虚心接受普通人给的
建议。
【11题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：韦德·勒布朗，一名在教士队表现十分挣扎的投手，爬上车。
A. excellent优秀的；
B. struggling奋斗的、挣扎的；
C. ambitious有抱负的；
D. awkward 笨拙的。根据下文中的“His career was on the line.”可知，韦德·勒布朗的棒球生涯岌岌可危，因此他在球队的表现得十分挣扎，故B项正确。
【12题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：这让韦德·勒布朗感到很惊讶，因为前一晚的比赛他表现得很糟糕。A. surprised使惊讶；B. concerned使担心；C. disturbed打扰；D. angered使发怒。根据空后的“after the previous night’s disastrous”可知，前一晚的比赛他表现得很糟糕，而司机却夸他表现还不错，这让韦德·勒布朗感到很惊讶，故A项正确。
【13题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：“我觉得有些动作你应该考虑试一试，”司机继续说，“我不是球员，我也说不清，我想可能是在你的摆臂动作中手臂要超过头顶”。A. avoiding避免；B. making制作；C. trying尝试；D. crossing横过。根据空后的“Maybe something like going over your head in your windup”可知，司机让他考虑试一试新的动作，故C项正确。
【14题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. player运动员、球员；B. director导演；C. joker爱开玩笑的人；D. loser失败者。根据上文可知，韦德·勒布朗是一名棒球运动员，司机和他谈论棒球的投球动作，因此司机说他并不是一名运动员，故A项正确。
【15题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：什么?这家伙在提建议?在职业生涯的早期，勒布朗可能会大笑（含不屑之意）或生气，今天，他只是在耐心地听着。A. service服务；B. advice建议；C. chances 机会；D. courses过程。上一句司机说让他试一下在摆臂动作中手臂要超过头顶，这是司机给他提的建议，故B项正确。
【16题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. accepted接受；B. worried担心；C. smiled微笑；D. laughed 发笑。根据空后的“Or been angry.”可知，要是在以前，勒布朗对司机的话会不屑地大笑，故D项正确。
【17题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. explained解释；B. interrupted打断；C. listened倾听；D. guessed猜想。空后一句说现在他不能无视任何一条建议，他的棒球生涯岌岌可危，因此他不会像以前一样对司机的话置之不理，而是会耐心地倾听，故C项正确。
【18题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：第二天，在图森，勒布朗遇到了他的教练。A. parents父母；B. coach 教练；C. driver司机；D. fans粉丝。根据空后的“His coach agreed”可知，勒布朗遇到了他的教练，故B项正确。
【19题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：他说他在考虑对摆臂动作做一些改变。A. changes改变；B. contributions贡献；C. additions附加物；D. objectives宗旨。根据上文中的“Maybe something like going over your head in your windup”可知，那个司机建议他在摆臂动作中手臂要超过头顶，因此勒布朗和教练说想要对他的摆臂动作做一些改变，故A项正确。【20题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：开始投球时，勒布朗并没有把双手紧紧地放在胸前，而是按照出租车司机的建议，把双手短暂地举过头顶。A. included包括；B. announced宣布； C. suggested建议；D. resisted抗拒。根据上文中的“Maybe something like going over your head in your windup”可知，那个出租车司机建议勒布朗在摆臂动作中手臂超过头顶，故C 项正确。
【21题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：勒布朗在他的下一轮比赛中加入了这个新动作。A. aim目的；B. effect影响；C. hobby爱好；D. move动作。空前一句说投球时，勒布朗并没有把双手紧紧地放在胸前，而是按照出租车司机的建议，把双手短暂地举过头顶，此处指的就是“把双手举过头顶”这个动作，故D项正确。
【22题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他真是太棒了，七局只被击出一支安打。A. patient耐心的；
B. optimistic乐观的；
C. brilliant杰出的；
D. justified合乎情理的。空后一句说勒布朗七局只被击出一支安打，这说明他表现得非常出色，故C项正确。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：关于建议有趣的一点是：我们经常从错误的人那里得到建议。
A. attractive吸引人的；
B. popular受欢迎的；
C. humble谦逊的；
D. wrong错误的。根
据上文情节可知那个人既不是运动员也不是教练，只是一个出租车司机，却给了勒布朗非常
有用的建议，因此此处是说我们经常从错误的人（非专业人士）那里得到建议，故D项正确。
【24题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：也就是说，我们往往会高估专家的建议，而低估普通人的投入（建
议）。A. overvalue高估；B. skip跳过；C. ignore忽视；D. involve包含。根据空后的“while
undervaluing the input of regular folk.”可知，而我们却低估了普通人的建议，这说明
我们往往会高估专家的建议，故A项正确。
【25题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：韦德·勒布朗反对（违背了）这种趋势，结果从中获益。A. identified
坚定；B. supported支持；C. opposed反对；D. started开始。根据上文情节可知，勒布朗
遵从了那个司机的建议，这说明他反对（违背了）“高估专家的建议、而低估普通人的建议”
这种趋势，故C项正确。【26题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. qualifications资格；B. benefits益处；C. prize奖品；
D. degree学位。根据上文中的“And he was___12___, allowing only one hit over seven
innings”可知，勒布朗在比赛中表现得非常出色，七局只被击出一支安打，这说明他从这个
建议中获益了，故B项正确。
【27题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：斯坦福大学心理学家在去年发表的一项研究中总结道：“专家顾
问对未来的预测往往出人意料地不准确，但人们还是会听从他们的建议。”。A. follow跟随、
遵循；B. abandon放弃；C. provide提供；D. improve改进。根据上文中的“That is, we
___14___ the advice of experts, while undervaluing the input of regular folk.”可
知，我们往往会高估专家的建议，而低估普通人的建议，因此我们往往会听从专家的建议，
故A项正确。
【28题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：越成功的人，他们信任的顾问就越少。A. literary精通文学的；
B. successful成功的；
C. careful认真的；
D. negative消极的。根据空后的“Participants
in positions of power”可知此处指“成功的”，故B项正确。
【29题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. tolerate忍受；B. help帮忙；C. know了解；D. trust
信任。后一句说哈佛大学一项研究显示，位高权重的参与者几乎忽视了三分之二的建议，这说明越成功的人，他们信任的顾问就越少，故D项正确。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：所以，要像韦德·勒布朗那样行事，要懂得谦虚：倾听出租车司机给他的建议，当礼物一样接受它。A. job工作；B. example例子；C. excuse借口；D. gift 礼物。根据上文情节可知，勒布朗耐心地厅出租车司机给他的建议并听从了它，这也成为他职业生涯的转折点，因此此处指“当礼物一样接受建议”，故D项正确。
【点睛】本篇第13空B项popular干扰性较大，有些同学会认为我们经常从受欢迎的人那里的得到建议而误选此项，但根据上文中的“the taxi driver”可知，那个人既不是运动员也不是教练，只是一个普通的出租车司机，却给了勒布朗非常有用的建议，因此此处是说我们经常从错误的人（非专业人士）那里得到建议，即：关于建议有趣的一点是：我们经常从错误的人那里得到建议，故D项（wrong）正确。
第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，40 分）
A
Which meal kit service is right for you?
As the simple act of shopping and preparing food for dinner becomes harder to fit in, a way to help meet consumer needs and change the way we shop and eat has grown: meal-delivery plans. Here’s a quick revie w of some popular options:
1. HelloFresh
HelloFresh provides high-quality ingredients （烹饪原料） and generous portions （份量）, with recipes that are generally easy to prepare. The clear, step-by-step instructions get even the newest home chefs up to speed, and the recipe cards are well-made, so you can refer to your favorite recipes again and again.
There are meals for almost any lifestyle, including vegetarian（素食）options, low- calorie meals and “quick” recipes that get dinner on the table fast.
Cost: $8.75 to $9.99 per serving, with up to 16 servings per week.
2. Freshly
Get fresh, home-cooked food without the trouble of actually cooking. This subscription service delivers comfort foods to your doorstep, and the meals are prepared right before delivery. Never frozen and only requiring minimal reheating,
they’re nutritious and cost less than many standard takeout options.
Cost: $7.99 to $11.50 per serving, with up to 12 servings per week.
3. Blue Apron
Blue Apron is full of fresh ingredients, with traditional or vegetarian options. Like many of the plans, the food is delivered in one big box and the recipe card is separate from the meal ingredients. The variety is good and the recipes are generally easy to prepare.
Cost: $7.49 to $9.99 per serving, with up to 16 servings per week.
4. EveryPlate
EveryPlate offers simpler meals for a lower cost. Users can choose between eight recipes each week, so there isn’t a lot of flexibility for different dietary needs, but the recipes are full of flavor and give subscribers genero us portions. If you’re looking for an affordable way to get into meal kits, EveryPlate is a good option.
Cost: $4.99 per serving, with up to 12 servings per week.
5. Daily Harvest
Daily Harvest specializes in delicious smoothies. The meals are packed with fruits and vegetables, making nutrition easy and tasty. Smoothies just require the addition of liquid, so feel free to add your favorite type of milk or water to the blend and get your day started.
Cost: $6.99 per serving, with between 9 and 26 servings available.
31. Which meal kit service is right for a vegetarian?
A. Daily Harvest and EveryPlate.
B. HelloFresh and Blue Apron.
C. EveryPlate and Freshly.
D. HelloFresh and Freshly.
32. Each meal-delivery plan is available with ______.
A. fruits and vegetables
B. unlimited servings
C. easy preparation
D. separate recipes
33. The meal-delivery plans meet the customer needs of ______.
A. living an environmentally friendly life
B. cutting down on daily food costs
C. adapting to a new lifestyle
D. improving cooking skills
【答案】31. B 32. C 33. C
【解析】
本文是一篇应用文，介绍了几个十分方便的送餐计划。
【31题详解】
细节理解题。根据HelloFresh部分中的“There are meals for almost any lifestyle, including vegetarian（素食）options,”及Blue Apron部分中的“Blue Apron is full of fresh ingredients, with traditional or vegetarian options.”可知，HelloFresh和Blue Apron适合素食主义者，故B项正确。
【32题详解】
细节理解题。根据HelloFresh部分中的“easy to prepare”、Freshly部分中的“Never frozen and only requiring minimal reheating”，Blue Apron部分中的“easy to prepare”，EveryPlate部分中的“simpler meals”及Daily Harvest部分中的“Smoothies just require the addition of liquid,”等信息可知，每个送餐计划的准备都很简单，故C项正确。
【33题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“As the simple act of shopping and preparing food for dinner becomes harder to fit in, a way to help meet consumer needs and change the way we shop and eat has grown: meal-delivery plans.”可知，随着购物和为晚餐准备食物的简单行为变得越来越难以适应，一种帮助满足消费者需求和改变我们购物和吃饭方式的方法已经发展起来：送餐计划，由此可知，送餐计划满足了顾客适应新的生活方式的需求，故C项正确。
B
Kylie Kirkpatrick was getting ready for work when her 9-year old son, Ryan Kyote, burst into her bedroom. The Napa, California-based third-grader had just watched a news story about a kindergarten student in Indiana who was forced to return her school lunch because her account balance couldn't cover the meal.
"Ryan was upset," Kirkpatrick told TODAY Parents. “He said, 'Mom, how does something like this happen?' Then he asked what he could do to help."
After a bit of brainstorming, Kyote-pronounced “coyote" -decided he would use six months' worth of allowance he had saved up to pay off the lunch debt of his entire class at West Park Elementary School. The bill came up to S74.50.
Though Kyote had been eyeballing a new pair of basketball sneakers, this was far more important to him. So, on May 24, he happily donated his six months of savings to the Napa Valley Unified School District food services department.
"Ryan told them, 'Please let my friends know that they no longer owe any money," Kirkpatrick recalled. "Lunch is his favorite part of the day and it broke his heart to think that it's a stressful time for some children."
The fourth-grader-to-be wanted his act of kindness to be unknown to others, but his proud mother couldn't resist sharing a photo on Twitter, where it spread quickly.
"Give this kid his money back. No child should be covering lunch debt for his class with his allowance," wrote one person. Added another: "Love this story ... Special kid."
Practicing good deeds is nothing new for Kyote. " I'll go into the garage and Ryan's bike is missing because he gave it to a friend in need," Kirkpatrick, a sign language interpreter, told TODAY parents. "One time, a friend didn't have any shoes that fit, so Ryan gave him a pair of his own shoes."
Recently, an investor got wind of what Kyote had done for his classmates and he contacted Kirkpatrick. “He wanted to give Ryan money to put in his sav ings account," she said.
Kyote, who recently lost his father to ALS, had another idea.
"Ryan told the man to pay it forward," Kirkpatrick said. "So he made a donation to the ALS Association. I can't even begin to tell you what that meant to Ryan. All he wants is to make the world a better place."
34. How did Ryan feel after watching the news story, about a kindergarten student?
A. Shocked.
B. Relieved.
C. Excited.
D. Bored.
35. Instead of buying a new pair of sneakers, Ryan was more concerned about ______.
A. his school lunch
B. his account balance
C. his six months of savings
D. his classmates’ lunch debt
36. What do we know about Ryan Kyote from the passage?
A. He tried his best to help his friends in need.
B. He couldn't resist sharing his photos on Twitter
C. He accepted a donation from the ALS Association.
D. He argued against negative reviews on social media.
37. What does the story intend to tell us?
A. Life is always tough for school children.
B. A kid can make a difference in the world.
C. Social media can make young people popular.
D. Friendship is an important part of being a youth.
【答案】34. A 35. D 36. A 37. B
【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了9岁的瑞安总是尽最大努力帮助有需要的朋友——他用攒了6个月、准备买运动鞋的零用钱来支付全班同学的午餐费用，而且他还把自己的自行车送给了一个有需要的朋友，他这么做只是想让世界变得更加美好。
【34题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中的“He said, 'Mom, how does something like this happen?'”可知，瑞安说：“妈妈，怎么会发生这样的事情呢？”，这说明瑞安感到很震惊，故A项正确。
【35题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Kyote-pronounced “coyote" -decided he would use six months' worth of allowance he had saved up to pay off the lunch debt of his entire class at West Park Elementary School.”可知，瑞安决定用他攒了6个月、准备用来买郊狼牌运动鞋的零用钱来支付他在西园小学全班同学的午餐费用，再根据第四段中的“Though Kyote had been eyeballing a new pair of basketball sneakers, this was far more
important to him.”可知，尽管瑞安一直想买新运动鞋，但这对他来说要重要得多，由此可知，瑞安更关心的是他同学的午餐费用，故D项正确。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。据第三段中的“Kyote-pronounced “coyote" -decided he would use six months' worth of allowance he had saved up to pay off the lunch debt of his entire class at West Park Elementary School.”可知，瑞安用他攒了6个月、准备买郊狼牌运动鞋的零用钱来支付他在西园小学全班同学的午餐费用，再根据倒数第四段中的“Ryan's bike is missing because he gave it to a friend in need,”可知，瑞安还把自己的自行车送给了一个有需要的朋友，由此可知，瑞安总是尽最大努力帮助有需要的朋友，故A项正确。【37题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章内容，特别是最后一段中的“All he wants is to make the world a better place.”可知，文章讲述了9岁的瑞安用他攒了6个月、准备用来买运动鞋的零用钱来支付全班同学的午餐费用，而且他还把自己的自行车送给了一个有需要的朋友，他这么做只是想让世界变得更加美好，由此可知，这篇文章是想告诉我们一个小孩的善行也会对世界产生重大影响，故B项正确。
C
A crucial period for learning the rules and structure of a language lasts up to around age 17 or 18, say psychologist Joshua Hartshorne of MIT and his colleagues.
Previous research had suggested that grammar-learning ability developed in early childhood before hitting a dead end around age 5. However, Hartshorne’s team reports online in Cognition that people who started learning English as a second language in an English-speaking country by age 10 to 12 ultimately mastered the new tongue as well as folks who had learned English and another language at the same time from birth. Both groups, however, fell somewhat short of the grammatical fluency displayed by English-only speakers. After ages 10 to 12, new-to-English learners reached lower levels of fluency than those who started learning English at younger ages because time ran out when their grammar-absorbing ability fell starting around age 17.
Aiming for a sample of tens of thousands of volunteers, Hartshorne began by contacting friends on Facebook to take an online English grammar quiz, which used a person’s responses to guess his or her native language and dialect (方言) of English.
Then volunteers filled out a questionnaire asking where they had lived, languages they had spoken from birth, the age at which they began learning English and the number of years they had lived in an English-speaking country.
In the end, the researchers analyzed responses of 669,498 native and nonnative English speakers. Statistical calculations focused on estimating at what ages people with varying amounts of experience peaking English reached peak grammar ability.
Researchers who study language learning regard the new study as fascinating, but exploratory. According to psycholinguist David Barner of the University of California, San Diego, Hartshorne’s team can’t yet say that language skill develops along a single timeline. Different elements of grammar, such as using correct word order or subjects and verbs that agree with one another, might be learned at different rates, Barner says. It’s also unclear whether the responses of volunteers to an online, 132-item grammar test reflect how well of poorly they actually speak English, he says.
What’s more, language learning involves more than a crucial period for acquiring grammar, cautions linguist David Birdsong of the University of Texas at Austin. For instance, growing up speaking two languages at once puts still poorly understood burdens on the ability to grasp grammar, he says.
In the new study people who were bilinguals from birth fell short of peak English grammar scores achieved by English-only speakers. That’s consistent with evidence that bilinguals cannot easily turn off one language while speaking another, Birdsong says. Interactions between tongues spoken by one person may slightly depress how much can be learned about both languages, even if bilingual communication still reaches high levels, he suggests.
38. Hartshorne and his colleagues found that____ .
A. one reaches a higher level of fluency at age 10
B. one learns a second language fastest at about age 12
C. one gets a good grasp of English grammar before age 5
D. one’s ability to master grammar declines at around age17
39. Hartshorne collected data through ______.
A. social media
B. experiments in the lab
C. literature review
D. face-to-face interviews
40. David Barner believes that ______.
A. language skill develops along a single timeline
B. online volunteers do not cover a wide enough range
C. different grammar items may be acquired at different paces
D. the quiz in the new study does not include enough questions
41. What can we know about bilinguals from the last two paragraphs?
A. They can achieve a perfect grammar score.
B. Grammar learning is the biggest burden for them.
C. They are able to make a swift shift between languages.
D. Speaking two languages affects their language acquisition.
【答案】38. D 39. A 40. C 41. D
【解析】
本文是为一篇说明文，介绍了麻省理工学院的心理学家约书亚·哈特肖恩通过研究发现学习语言规则和结构的关键时期可以持续到17或18岁左右，其他语言学家也发表了对这项研究的不同看法。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“A crucial period for learning the rules and structure o f a language lasts up to around age 17 or 18, say psychologist Joshua Hartshorne of MIT and his colleagues.”可知，麻省理工学院的心理学家约书亚·哈特肖恩和他的同事发现，学习语言规则和结构的关键时期可以持续到17或18岁左右，故D项正确。
【39题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Hartshorne began by contacting friends on Facebook to take an online English grammar quiz”可知，哈特肖恩首先联系脸书上的朋友参加一个在线英语语法测试，也就是说他是通过社交媒体来收集数据的，故A项正确。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“Different elements of grammar, such as using correct word order or subjects and verbs that agree with one another, might be learned at
different rates, Barner says.”可知，大卫·巴纳说不同的语法元素，比如使用正确的词序或主谓一致，可能会以不同的速度被学习，故C项正确。
【41题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Interactions between tongues spoken by one person may slightly depress how much can be learned about both languages, even if bilingual communication still reaches high levels”可知，一个人说的两种语言之间的互动可能会略微降低他对两种语言的了解程度，即使双语交流仍然达到很高的水平，由此判断出，说两种语言会影响双语者的语言习得，故D项正确。
D
The last decade saw the rise of the field of “plant neurobiology (神经生物学)”. That debatable field is based on the idea that plants——which do not possess brains ——handle information in ways similar to complicated animal nervous systems. This thinking implies that plants could feel happiness or sorrow or pain, make intentional decisions and even possess consciousness. But the chances of that are “effectively zero," Lincoln Taiz and colleagues write in an opinion piece in Trends in Plant Science. "There's nothing in the plant remotely comparable to the complexity of the animal brain," says Taiz, from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Some plants are capable of complicated behavior. Wounded leaves can send warning signals to other parts of the plant, and harmful chemicals can warn animals that eat them. Some plants may even have a version of short-term memory: Tiny sensing hairs can count the number of touches that come from a clumsy insect. But plants perform these with equipment that's very different from the nervous systems of animals, no brain required, Taiz argues.
He and colleagues point out methodological (方法的) faults in some of the studies that claim plants have brain-like command centers, animal-like nerve cells and changing patterns of electricity that are similar to activity found in animal brains. But beyond the debate over how these studies are conducted, Taiz's team argues that plant consciousness doesn't even make sense from an evolutionary (进化的) point of view.
Complicated animal brains advanced in part to help a living being catch a meal
and avoid becoming one, Taiz says. But plants are rooted to the ground and rely on sunlight for energy, an inactive lifestyle that doesn't require quick thinking or outsmarting a predator (捕食者)——or the energetically expensive nervous systems that enable those behaviors.
“What use would consciousness be to a plant?” Ta iz asks. The energy required to power awareness would be too costly, and the benefit from such awareness too small. If a plant worried and suffered when faced with a threat, it would be wasting so much energy that it wouldn't have any left to do anything about that threat, Taiz says.
Imagine a forest fire. "It's unbearable to even consider the idea that plants would be conscious beings aware of the fact that they're being burned to ashes, watching the young trees die in front of them," Taiz says. The frightening scene illustrates "what it would actually cost a plant to have consciousness."
Furthermore, plants have plenty to do without having to be conscious, too. With sunlight, carbon dioxide and water, plants create the compounds (化合物) that sustain much of the rest of life on Earth, Taiz points out. "Isn't that enough?"
42. According to Paragraph 1, a plant neurobiologist would most probably agree that ______.
A. plants are capable of independent thinking
B. plants are as biologically complex as animals
C. plants developed nervous systems for survival
D. plants feel emotions in the same way as animals
43. What does the underlined "one” in Paragraph 4 refer to?
A. A predator.
B. A meal.
C. An inactive plant.
D. A living being.
44 Which statement does Linchol Taiz believe?
A. Plants possess brain-like command centers.
B. The lifestyle of plants requires nervous systems.
C. It is unnecessary for plants to have consciousness.
D. Nervous systems enable plants to fight their predators.
45. Lincoln Taiz introduces a forest fire to ______.
A. suggest new ways to study the behaviors of plants
B. discuss the possibility of plants escaping a disaster
C. illustrate how plants make decisions in face of dangers
D. prove consciousness would do plants more harm than good
【答案】42. A 43. B 44. C 45. D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文，介绍了神经生物学认为植物拥有意识，但是加州大学圣克鲁斯分校的塔伊兹教授并不同意这种观点。并对此进行了说明。
【42题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“That debatable field is based on the idea that plants which do not possess brains handle information in ways similar to complicated animal nervous systems. This thinking implies that plants could feel happiness or sorrow or pain, make intentional decisions and even possess consciousness.”可知，神经生物学认为没有大脑的植物处理信息的方式与复杂的动物神经系统相似，这种观点暗示着植物可以感受快乐或悲伤或痛苦，做出有意的决定，甚至拥有意识，由此判断出，神经生物学家很可能会同意“植物能够独立思考”这一说法，故A项正确。
【43题详解】
词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“Complicated animal brains advanced in part to help a living being catch a meal”可知，复杂的动物大脑进化的部分原因是为了帮助它们捕捉食物，此处承接这一话题，是说它们避免让自己成为别人的食物，由此可知画线词指的就是前面提到的meal，故B项正确。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第三段““What use would consciousness be to a plant?” Taiz asks. The energy required to power awareness would be too costly, and the benefit from such awareness too small. If a plant worried and suffered when faced with a threat, it would be wasting so much energy that it wouldn't have any left to do anything about that threat, Taiz says.”可知，意识对植物有什么用?塔伊兹问道，为意识提供所需的能
源成本太高，而这种意识带来的好处又太小，塔伊兹说，如果一株植物在面临威胁时忧心忡忡并受苦，那么它就会浪费太多的能源，以致对这种威胁束手无策，由此判断出塔伊兹认为植物没有必要具有意识，故C项正确。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Imagine a forest fire. "It's unbearable to even consider the idea that plants would be conscious beings aware of the fact that they're being burned to ashes, watching the young trees die in front of them," Taiz says. The frightening scene illustrates "what it would actually cost a plant to have consciousness."”可知，想象一下森林大火，塔伊兹说：“我们甚至都无法想象这样的想法，即植物是有意识的生物，意识到它们正被烧成灰烬，看着小树在它们面前死去”，这个可怕的场景说明了“植物拥有意识的实际代价是什么”，这说明拥有意识会让植物在森林大火中承受自己被烧和失去孩子的双重痛苦，由此判断出，塔伊兹提到森林大火是为了证明拥有意识对植物弊大于利，故D项正确。
【点睛】本篇第4题难度较大，抓住提到森林大火时塔伊兹说的话是关键，根据倒数第二段“Imagine a forest fire. "It's unbearable to even consider the idea that plants would be conscious beings aware of the fact that they're being burned to ashes, watching the young trees die in front of them," Taiz says. The frightening scene illustrates "what it would actually cost a plant to have consciousness."”可知，想象一下森林大火，塔伊兹说：“我们甚至都无法想象这样的想法，即植物是有意识的生物，意识到它们正被烧成灰烬，看着小树在它们面前死去”，这个可怕的场景说明了“植物拥有意识的实际代价是什么”，这说明拥有意识会让植物在森林大火中承受自己被烧和失去孩子的双重痛苦，由此判断出，塔伊兹提到森林大火是为了证明拥有意识对植物弊大于利。
第二节（共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，共 10 分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Why does rain seem to make you sleepy?
This spring on the east coast of the US, it feels like we’ve lost touch with the sun. In Washington, DC, 14 of the first 17 days of May were rainy. ___46___. It means that for me, Mary has been one of the months l've felt the sleepiest. The dull weather can hit almost all of our senses in a way that gives a sign to us it is time