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语言学基础理论第2版中值得商榷的几个概念唐秀伟

语言学基础理论第2版中值得商榷的几个概念唐秀伟
语言学基础理论第2版中值得商榷的几个概念唐秀伟

岑运强主编的《语言学基础理论》(第2版)于2005年由北京师范大学出版社出版,该书在第1版(1994年由北京师范大学出版社出版)的基础上增加了不少内容,如非线性音系学、语义指向、言语的词汇、语义类型学分类、主位推进模式、文字的应用等内容,并对第1版中出现的一些错误进行了修订。该书以现代语言学之父索绪尔提出的语言的语言学和言语的语言学、共时语言学和历时语言学、内部语言学和外部语言学六种语言学作为全书的框架,特别是对索绪尔提出但没有研究过的“言语的语言学”首次在高校教材中进行了全面的挖掘与系统的阐述,并设“交叉语言学”一章把语言学的新发展分专题进行介绍,和其他同类教材相比,这是一个重大的创新与突破。该书被评为“新世纪高等学校教材”、“普通高等教育‘十一五’国家级规划教材”,近年来还被一些高校列为研究生入学考试指定教材。几年来,齐齐哈尔大学中文系一直使用这本教材,使用效果不错,学生反映良好。可是,笔者在备课的过程中发现该教材虽然对第1版进行了修订,但还是有一些问题值得商榷。下面我就对备课过程中发现的几个有问题的概念进行分析,以求教于同行。

一、反义义场

这个概念出现在教材的第3章,该教材是这样对反义义场定义的:“含有一个对立或相反义素的词义的聚合成为反义义场,也称反义词聚。”〔1〕并以“爱戴”和“轻慢”为例:

爱戴:〔+动作,+喜爱,+对人〕轻慢:〔+动作,-喜爱,+对人〕

对于反义义场的定义,大多数学者往往是从词义的角度来下的,如:

詹人凤(2008):“反义词聚是由词义相反或相对的两个词组成的聚合体。”〔2〕

王红旗(2008):“反义词聚是由两个意义相反的词构成的词聚。”〔3〕

从义素的角度给反义义场下定义,岑先生还是第一个,

这一点可以说是一个创新。但经过我们仔细分析,发现该定义有些问题,并不能准确地概括反义义场。我们试以下面几组词语为例进行分析。

男人:〔+人,+男性,+成年〕女人:〔+人,-男性,+成年〕

男人:〔+人,+男性,+成年〕男孩:〔+人,+男性,-成年〕

父亲:〔+亲属,+直系,+生育,+长辈,+男性,+书面语〕爸爸:〔+亲属,+直系,+生育,+长辈,+男性,-书面语〕按照该教材对反义义场的定义,“男人”、“女人”含有一个相反的义素〔±男性〕,因此“男人”、“女人”可以组成一个反义义场。“男人”、“男孩”也含有一个对立的义素〔±成年〕,那么依据岑先生的定义来判断“男人”、“男孩”应该可以构成一个反义义场;“父亲”、“爸爸”含有一个对立的义素〔±书面语〕,那么“父亲”、“爸爸”也应该可以构成一个反义义场。而实际上,“男人”、“男孩”不能构成一个反义义场,“父亲”、“爸爸”更不能构成一个反义义场。由此可以得出,含有一个对立或相反义素的词义的聚合并不都能成为反义义场,该教材对反义义场的定义是有问题的,它扩大了反义义场的范围。导致语言中的很多词都可以构成反义义场,甚至把有些同义义场变成了反义义场,这和语言实际是不相符的。下面我们举几个反义义场的词语进行义素分析:

教师:〔+人,+学校的,+教学〕学生:〔+人,+学校的,-教学〕

东:〔+方向,+太阳升起的一边〕西:〔+方向,-太阳升起的一边〕

《语言学基础理论》第2版中

值得商榷的几个概念

唐秀伟,刘春宇

(齐齐哈尔大学,黑龙江

齐齐哈尔

161006)

[摘

要]岑运强主编的《语言学基础理论》第2版中反义义场和异根的定义偏宽泛,蕴涵的

定义偏狭窄。概念的描述不当直接导致了定义欠准确性和科学性。从义素的角度定义反义义场概念有必要规定相对或相反的必须是核义素;异根的前提“词汇意义相同”不该被忽略。蕴涵的定义中遗漏了句子里语言单位含有整体和局部关系的那一部分。

[关键词]反义义场;蕴涵;异根

[中图分类号]H0[文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009—2234(2012)05—0133—02

[收稿日期]2012—09—12

[作者简介]唐秀伟(1973—),男,黑龙江拜泉人。副教授,硕士,研究方向:汉语言教学。

2012年第5期理论观察

N o.5,2012(总第77期)

Theoretic Observation

S erial N o.77

133——

生:〔+生物的生理状态,+有新陈代谢〕

死:〔+生物的生理状态,-有新陈代谢〕

通过对以上词语作义素分析,我们发现每组词语中均含有一个对立的核义素,如:“教师—学生”〔±教学〕、“东—西”〔±太阳升起的一边〕、“生—死”〔±有新陈代谢〕。而我们前面分析的“男人—男孩”、“父亲—爸爸”虽然也有对立的义素,但那不是核义素,而是表义素。由此,我们可以对岑先生定义的反义义场做这样的表述:含有一个对立或相反的核义素的词义的聚合成为反义义场,也称反义词聚。

二、蕴涵

蕴涵,有的教材也作“蕴含”。这个概念也出现在该教材的第3章,是这样定义的:“两个句子中如果有一个对应的语言单位是上下位概念,这两个句子之间的关系就是蕴涵关系,含有下位概念的句子蕴涵含有上位概念的句子。”〔4〕教材仅举了一个例子:“我看见了一个小伙子”蕴涵了“我看见了一个人”。这个定义概括得很不全面,把很多应属蕴涵的句子排除在蕴涵之外。下面我们举一些例子来分析一下:(1)我看了一场京剧。→我看了一场戏。

(2)医院大门口停着救护车。→医院大门口有车。

(3)我买了一台电视机。→我卖了一台电器。

(4)他不爱吃鲤鱼。→他爱吃鱼。

以上例子中的“京剧”和“戏”、“救护车”和“车”、“电视机”和“电器”、“鲤鱼”和“鱼”均是对应的语言单位,也是上下位概念,但(1)(2)是蕴涵,(3)(4)不是蕴涵。也就是说,两个句子中如果有一个对应的语言单位是上下位概念,这两个句子之间的关系不一定就是蕴涵关系。可见,该教材对蕴涵的定义是有问题的。我们再举一些的例子来分析一下,就更能发现这个定义的不足之处。

(5)小王不该在上班时间玩游戏。→小王有件事做得不对。

(6)他弟弟给汽车撞伤了。→他弟弟出了车祸。

(7)他打了小李一个耳光。→他打了小李。

(8)他到过天安门。→他到过北京。

(9)什么戏他都爱看。→京剧他爱看。

(10)人都会死。→他会死。

(11)他全身湿透了。→他头发湿透了。

(12)他吃完了一只鸡。→他吃了鸡腿。

以上八个例子均属于蕴涵,但又有所不同。(5)中的“玩游戏”和“有件事”虽然是上下位概念,但不是对应的语言单位。(6)中的“撞伤了”和“出了车祸”既是上下位概念,又是对应的语言单位。这两个例子均是含有下位概念的句子蕴涵含有上位概念的句子。(7)(8)中的“耳光”和“小李”、“天安门”和“北京”虽然是对应的语言单位,但不是上下位概念,而是局部与整体的关系。这两个例子都是含有局部概念的句子蕴涵含有整体概念的句子。(9)(10)中的“什么戏”和“京剧”、“人”和“他”既是上下位概念,又是对应的语言单位,与(6)不同的是,这两个例子是含有上位概念的句子蕴涵含有下位概念的句子。(11)(12)中的“全身”和“头发”、“鸡”和“鸡腿”既是对应的语言单位,又是整体与局部的关系,与(7)(8)不同的是,这两个例子是含有整体概念的句子蕴涵含有局部概念的句子。

通过以上分析可知:

1.两个句子中如果有一个对应的语言单位是上下位概念,这两个句子之间的关系不一定就是蕴涵关系,如(3)(4)。

2.具有蕴涵关系的句子不仅仅局限于上下位概念,含有整体与局部关系的词语的句子也可以,如(7)(8)(11)(12)。

3.具有蕴涵关系的句子,并不都是含有下位概念的句子蕴涵含有上位概念的句子,也可以相反,如(9)(10)。含有整体与局部关系的词语的句子也如此。

可见,该教材对蕴涵的定义是不准确的,它缩小了蕴涵的范围,把很多含有蕴涵关系的句子排除在蕴涵之外。那么,怎么来定义蕴含比较准确呢?就上述所举例子来看,具有蕴涵关系的句子或者含有上下位概念,或者含有整体与部分关系的词语,而且前一个句子的说法成立,后一个句子的说法才能成立。对此,石安石(1993)是这样概括的:“就话语本身表达的意义来说,有甲就必然有乙,而且两者是上下位关系或整体局部的关系,就意味着甲蕴含乙。”〔5〕

三、异根

该教材第5章语法部分在论述语法手段时,谈到了“异根”这种语法手段。教材是这样对异根定义的:“异根又称为错根或增补。它是用不同的词根表示不同的语法意义。”〔6〕,接着举了以下几个例子:

I——

—me she——

—her we——

—us go——

—went am——

—was

bad——

—worse good——

—better

按照该教材对异根的定义,只要是不同的词根表示不同的语法意义都是异根,那么,语言中很多词都属于异根这种语法手段。如:

I——

—her go——

—was bad——

—better she——

—him work——

—went good——

—less 这无疑扩大了异根的范围,实际上异根并不是一种很活跃的构形手段,它只是古代语言残留的形式,在现代语言中是不能产的。下面我们看看一些学者对异根是如何定义的:

王德春(1997):“是用不同词根或词干表示相同词汇意义不同语法意义的手段。”〔7〕

池昌海(2004):“换用词干不同而意义相同的词来实现语法意义的手段。”〔8〕

伍铁平(2006):“通过不同的词来表现语法意义的变化,因为这些词的词根不同,所以叫做异根法。”〔9〕胡晓研(2006):“指利用历史来源不同而词汇意义完全一样的不同词根表达同一个词的不同语法意义的方法。”〔10〕王红旗(2008):“用历史来源不同而词汇意义相同的不同词根来构成词的不同语法形式。”〔11〕

詹人凤(2008):“语法意义的变化是通过不同的词来表现的,因为这些词有不同的词根,所以叫做异根法。”〔12〕以上学者在他们的语言学论著中对异根定义之后,所举的例子是相同的。即代词的主格和宾格、动词的原形和过去式(不规则的)、形容词的原级和比较级。

不难看出,伍铁平和詹人凤对异根的解释和岑运强的观点一致,而王德春、池昌海、胡晓研、王红旗对异根的解释相去不远。相比之下,我们认为王德春等人对异根的解释是比较好的,尤以王德春对异根的定义比较准确。

这三个概念是我们在备课过程中发现的有很大出入的概念,很值得商榷。我们对这三个概念的观点和看法也未必恰切,特撰写此文以和同行商榷,期望学界对这三个概念作出准确的表述。虽然岑先生的《语言学基础理论》(第2版)中出现了这种情况,但瑕不掩瑜,这本书还不失为一部优秀的教材。该书在语音、语义、词汇等部分均从语言和言语两个方面进行论述,并增设了交叉语言学,这在国内同类教材中是一个明显的创新与突破。我们也希望岑先生再次修订时能对这个问题引起重视并予以解决,使这部教材更加完善,成为国内语言学领域一颗璀璨的明珠。

〔参考文献〕

〔1〕〔4〕〔6〕岑运强.语言学基础理论〔M〕.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2005.

〔2〕〔12〕詹人凤.语言学概论〔M〕.北京:高等教育出版社,2008.

〔3〕〔11〕王红旗.语言学概论(修订版)〔M〕.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2008.

〔5〕石安石.语义论〔M〕.北京:商务印书馆,1993.

〔7〕王德春.语言学概论〔M〕.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997.

〔8〕池昌海.现代语言学导论〔M〕.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2004.

〔9〕伍铁平.普通语言学概要(第二版)〔M〕.北京:高等教育出版社,2006.

〔10〕胡晓研.语言学概论〔M〕.长春:东北师范大学出版社,2006.

〔责任编辑:冯延臣〕

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any of its rivals.获胜的那辆车达到了时速40 英里—远远超过任何 对手。 (1)winning 为现在分词作定语: Those of the winning team jumped happily. 获胜队的队员们高兴地跳着。 (2)表示速度为多少时可用 a speed of+ 数量词这个结构: You must have been driving at a speed of seventy miles an hour. 你刚才一定是以每小时70 英里的速度在开车。 (3)破折号后面的部分补充说明这个速度。 much是用得较多的与 比较级连用的修饰语: House are much more expensive these days. 如今的房价贵多了。 6. It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it. 它在接近终点时。冲下了山坡,驾驶员费了好大劲才把车停下来。 (1)speed 作不及物动词时能够表示“疾驶”、“急行”等含义: The police car sped past us. 警车从我们身边疾驶而过。 The two men sped out of the room. 那两个人快步走出了房间。 (2) 表示“在 ... 的末尾 / 最后部分”时能够用 at the end of 这个短语:

新概念2第56课重点内容解析

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A lot of cars entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excitement just before it began. 1)enter for,参加(比赛)。 2)a great deal of,很多、大量。注意只能用来 修饰不可数名词。 3)just before,就在...之前。 One of the most handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. 1)handsome,英俊的、漂亮的。 2)Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost,劳斯莱斯银魅。这款车享有“世界上的汽车”的美誉。silver,银。ghost,魔鬼。 The most unusual car was a Benz which had only three wheels. Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part. 1)Benz,奔驰车。 2)Built in 1885是过去分词短语,作为伴随状语。 3)taking part用作car的定语,其完整原形为that took part。 After a great many loud explosions, the race began. 1)a great many,很多、大量。与a great deal of只能用来修饰不可数 名词不同的是,a great many只能用来修饰可数名词。 2)explosion,爆炸。源自动词explode。 Many of the cars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them! 1)break down,抛锚。 2)on the course,在赛道上。 3)注意体会本 句话中的幽默笔触:一些司机选手花了更多的时间躺着车底下,而不 是坐在车里面,意思是车子坏了,得躺到车底去修车。注意under和 in要重读,以突出前后对比效果。 A few cars, however, completed the race. The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour - much faster than any of its rivals. 1)complete,完成。 2)winning,取胜的。 3)reach a speed of,达到...速度。 4)注意much常用来修饰比较级。 5)rival,竞争对手。

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新概念英语第二册课文及翻译31到40 ###新概念频道为大家整理的新概念英语第二册课文及翻译31到40 ,供大家参考。更多阅读请查看本站频道。 Lesson31 Success story 成功者的故事 Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as a young man. Frank is now the head of a very large business company, but as a boy he used to work in a small shop. It was his job to repair bicycles and at that time he used to work fourteen hours a day. He saved money for years and in 1938 he bought a small work-shop of his own. During the war Frank used to make spare parts for aeroplanes. At that time he had two helpers. By the end of the war, the small work-shop had become a large factory which employed seven hundred and twenty-eight people. Frank smiled when he remembered his hard early years and the long road to success. He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in. She wanted him to repair their son's bicycle! 昨天下午弗兰克.霍金斯向我讲述了他年轻时的经历。在退休前,弗兰克是一家非常大的商业公司的经理,但他小时候却在一家小铺里做工。他那时的工作是修理自行车,并且通常是一天工作14个小时。他靠多年积蓄,于1958年买下了自己的一个小铺子。20多岁的时候,弗兰克曾生产飞机零配件。那时他有两个帮手。几年之后,小铺子已经发展成了一个雇有728人的大工厂。弗兰克回想着他早年的艰难经历和走过的漫长的成功之路,微笑了。他正笑着的时候门开了,他的妻子走了进来。她叫他去修理孙子的自行车。 Lesson32 Shopping made easy 购物变得很方便

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Lesson Plan Name 罗玲段姗姗虞佳 Grade NCE2 Times Date Place Ⅰ Lesson Type: New Lesson Ⅱ Contents & Purposes: Lesson 22 a glass envelope Ⅲ key structures and key words: 介词的用法 Ⅳ Teaching procedure: Step1 Greeting, Step 2 :Lead-in 1)T: In what way can we make friends? Ss: talk about how to make friends: talking on phone, chatting online( QQ, MSN, Skype),. T: Today I’ll tell you another way of making friends. T: Take out some bottles, and ask to Ss to write a letter to make friends, and put their letters into bottles. T: Put all the bottles into a bag. And let the Ss to choose one of them and read out the letter and find the friends and exchange their stickers. 2) Let’s listen to the story today. And let’s see how Jane make friends. Step 3 Listen again and answer more Qs: (Summary writing) Step 4) words: Dream: T ask: What do you dream of? I dream of receiving a …on my birthday? What about you? Ss: I dream of receiving…/being… Age: of one’s own age T ask S1 of 12: How old are you? And then ask another S2 of the same age So S1 is of S2’s own age. Let Ss ask others’ age and find out who is of their own age and tell the others: ….is of my own age. Channel: show pics of some famous channels. Intro the biggest channel in the world..

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本句是对地点提问的疑问句,回答是In a small village,只有a. Where 是问地点的,所以a. 是准确答案,而其他3个选择都不是问 地点的。 6. d a. to 和 b. to be 都不合乎语法,因为以that引导的是从句,应 该有主语和谓语,而不应该是用to引导的动词不定式, c. they也不合乎语法,因为主句动词是过去式,从句也应该是过去时态. d. they would 是过去将来时,最合乎语法,所以只能选它. 7. c 本句有表示过去时间的状语twenty years ago(20年前),所以应 该用一般过去时。a. stolen 是过去分词,不能做谓语;b. has stolen 是现在完成时,不合乎时态; d. was stolen 是被动语态, 不准确,因为本句的主语是人,是动作的执行者,应该用主动语态;只 有c. stole 是过去式,符合语法,所以应该选c. 8. b a. topical(话题的), b. local(地方的,当地的), c. native(出生地的,本地的,本国的),d. neighbourly(友好的,睦邻的)。只有b. 最适合于这个句子,其他3个词都不合乎题目意思。 9. c 只有选c. on之后才表示“拜访”,最合乎题目意思和语法。 a. at 后面应该跟地点,而不应该跟人;b. in 不是准确表达方式;选d. up 之后表示“给……打电话”,不合乎题目意思。 10. b 只有选b. 才能同前一句The bicycle was picked up four hundred miles away(自行车是在400英里外发现的)意思相符。 Picked up (发现,拾到)同found意思最接近;而a. picked(挑选,

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most (1)adj.用于级,表示"最……": This is the most beautiful can/ garden I've even seen.这是我见过的最漂亮的车/花园。 The most intelligent girl in this class is Jane.这个班上最聪明的姑娘是简。 (2)adj.大多数的,大部分的: Most doctors don't smoke.大多数医生不吸烟。 Most women have to stay at home in this country.在这个国家,大部分妇女都得呆在家里。 (3)adv.非常,很(相当于very, 但通常用于表达主观感情、见解等): This is a most interesting/ exciting story.这是个非常有趣/激动人心的故事。(说话者的观点) Dan was most surprised when he heard the news.丹听到这个消息后,惊奇万分。 练习答案 Key to written exercises 1.关键句型练习答案 A 1 Dan Robinson has been worried all the week. 2 Dan was asked to call at the local police station. 3 Dan wondered why he was wanted by the police. 4 Dan was told at the station that his bicycle had been found. 5 Dan's bicycle was picked up in a small village four hundred miles away. 6 The bicycle is being sent to Dan's home. 7 Dan was surprised and amused when he heard the news.

新概念英语第二册第25课—第34课测试卷与答案

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裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记 第56课

11-14-2013sound n 声音excitement n 激动,兴奋handsome adj Rolls-royce Benz n wheel n 轮子explosion n course n 跑道;行程rival n 对手speed v 疾驶sped--sped downhill adv 下坡sound 1n 声音the sound of the wind 风声the sound of the sea 大海的声音the sound of a car 汽车的声音the sound of music 音乐之声the sound of voices 说话的声音like the sound of one`s own voice 滔滔不绝的讲话(常指不想听别人说话,只听自己来说)sound-recording n 录音2v sound like 听起来像eg That music sounds beautiful.那个音乐听起来很美。eg That music sounds sad.那个音乐听起来很忧伤。eg Your explanation sounds reasonable.你的解释听起来合情合理。3adj soundly adv sleep soundly 睡得很香很甜have a sound sleep 美美的睡了一觉excitement n [u]激动,兴奋cause excitement/arouse excitement 引起激动excite v eg His story excites me very much. 他的故事令我非常激动。eg The scene would excite the hardest man to pity. 那个场面就算是最铁石心肠的人也会同情的。eg His speech excited everyone present to anger. 他的发言激怒了所有在场的人。excited adj 感到激动的主语是人an excited mob 激动的人群exciting adj 令人激动的主语是物an exciting moment 兴奋的时刻handsome 1adj (指男子)好看的,漂亮的,英俊的,相貌堂堂的2adj (指事物)美观的,漂亮的a handsome horse 一匹漂亮的马a handsome building 漂亮的建筑物--some 与名词或动词复合构成adj,描述人或物的特征或属性。quarrelsome adj 爱与人争吵的adj 令人讨厌的或惹人恼火的worrisome adj 令人担心的adj 惹麻烦的wheel n 1the wheels of a car 汽车的轮子2be behind wheel/ sit behind wheel 握着方向盘(在开车/开船)be at the wheel/ sit at the wheel 握着方向盘(在开车/开船)eg Will you take the wheel ? 你来开车好吗?eg America is a country on the wheel ? 美国是一个车轮上的国家。eg Australia is a country on the back of sheep.澳大利亚是一个羊背上的国家。 wheel chair 轮椅 stretcher 担架 Lesson 56Faster than sound New words and expressions 漂亮的,美观的听起来(感官动词,后面+adj 表达感觉)罗尔斯-罗伊斯(劳斯莱斯)奔驰爆炸,轰响使…兴奋,刺激(睡眠)酣睡的,香甜的(睡眠)酣睡地,香甜地bothersome/tiresome troublesome 车轮,轮子方向盘,舵轮(steering wheel)

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Lesson 22 A glass envelope 玻璃信封 Text How did Jane receive a letter from a stranger? My daughter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland. Last year, we were travelling across the Channel and Jane put a piece of paper with her name and address on it into a bottle. She threw the bottle into the sea. She never thought of it again, but ten months later, she received a letter from a girl in Holland. Both girls write to each other regularly now. However, they have decided to use the post office. Letters will cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster. New words and expressions 生词和短语 Dream [dri:m] v. 做梦,梦想 age [e?d?] n. 年龄 channel [?t??nl] n. 海峡 throw [θr??] v. 扔,抛★dream v. 做梦, 梦想 Have a good/sweat dream!祝你做个好梦! She is daydreaming.她做白日梦 daydream : 思想开小差 dream of doing something : 梦想 I dreamed of flying in the sky. I dreamed of finding the gold. / I dream of be a good teacher. ★age n. 年龄 teengager : 十几岁的人 adolenscent n.青春期(一般指成年以前由13至15的发育期) ★channel n. 海峡 ★throw v. 扔, 抛(threw,thrown)throw away 扔掉 参考译文: 我的女儿简从未想过会接到荷兰一位同龄姑娘的来信。去年,当我们横渡英吉利海峡时,简把写有她姓名和住址的一张纸条装进了一只瓶子,又将瓶子扔进了大海。此后她就再没去想那只瓶子。但10个月以后,她收到了荷兰一位姑娘的来信。现在这两位姑娘定期通信了。然而她们还是决定利用邮局。这样会稍微多花点钱,但肯定是快得多了。

裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记-第34课

Lesson 34 Quick work破案“神速” How long had the police taken to find his bicycle? Dan Robinson has been worried all week. Last Tuesday he received a letter from the local police. In the letter he was asked to call at the station. Dan wondered why he was wanted by the police, but he went to the station yesterday and now he is not worried anymore. At the station, he was told by a smiling policeman that his bicycle had been found. Five days ago, the policeman told him, the bicycle was picked up in a small village four hundred miles away. It is now being sent to his home by train. Dan was most surprised when he heard the news. He was amused too, because he never expected the bicycle to be found. It was stolen twenty years ago when Dan was a boy of fifteen! 参考译文 丹.鲁宾逊焦虑了整整一个星期。上星期二他收到当地警察局的一封信,要他到警察局去一趟。丹奇怪警察为什么找他,但昨天还是去了,结果他一再担心了。在警察局里,一位面带笑容的警察告诉他,他的自行车找到了。那位警察对他说,那辆自行车是5天前在400英里外的一个小村里发现的,现在正用火车给他运回家来。丹听到这个消息后,惊奇万分,但又感到非常好笑,因为他从未指望那辆自行车还能找到。这是20年前丹还是一个15岁的孩子时被人偷走的! 【New words and expressions】(2) station 1)n.(政府机关等)局、所、中心:供应站;(广播)电台 a police station 警察局

裕兴新概念英语第二册笔记_第56课_课文讲解

Text Once a year,a race is held for old cars. (held 是hold 的过去分词)be held, 被召开,被举行 once a year,每年一次,一年一次 once a week ,一星期一次 once a month , 一个月一次once(一次)---twice(两次)---three times(三次)---four times(四次) once or twice 一两次 once 曾经 eg We once lived in San Francisco. 我们曾经住在旧金山。 A lot of cars entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excitement just before it began. enter for 参加(比赛,考试) join in 参加 take part in 参加 handsome adj (指男子)好看的,漂亮的,英俊的,相貌堂堂的eg He is a very handsome young man. 他是一个非常清秀的年轻人。pretty/beautiful adj (指妇女或儿童)很漂亮的eg good-looking adj 好看的(复合词),即可以修饰女子,也可以修饰男子 eg one of +(pl.)n. …之一 The most unusual car was a Benz which had only three wheels. the most unusual 最不寻常的 Built in 1885,it was the oldest car taking part. …taking part 现在分词短语作定语修饰car take part 参加 take part in+(宾语) 参加…比赛,同意短语有,join in/ enter for eg The professor took no small part in thedispute. 在那次争论中,这位教授参与不少。 take place (必要事件)发生 be held 被召开,举行 occur/happen (偶然事件)发生 eg The next race will take place in a year`s time. 下次比赛一年以后举行。 After a great many loud explosions, the race began.一阵轰鸣之后,比赛开始了。 a great many +(pl.) 许多,大量。修饰复数名词break down, 抛锚,出故障eg The telephone system has broken down. 电话系统出故障了。 eg We broken down on the motorway. 我们在高速公路上抛锚了。 break v 休息Many of the cars broke down on the couse and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them! excitement 是不可数名词,用great deal 修饰 The most unusual car was a Ben ,是一辆什么样的Benz 呢?which had only three wheels 定语从句(只有三个轮子),修饰Benz. built in 1885, 过去分词短语做状语,表示原因。相当于as it was built in 1885 (因为他建造于1885年).可以还原成一个原因状语从句。 One of the most handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. 最漂亮的汽车之一是劳斯莱斯银铃系列的车She used to be very pretty as a child. She is now a beautiful woman. 孩提时代她很漂亮,现在她是一个漂亮的女 子了。 She is a very good-looking girl, and her boy friend`s good-looking too. 她是个好看的女孩子,她的男朋友也很好看。 Once a year , a race is held for old cars. A lot of cars entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excitement just before it began. One of the most handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. The most unusual car was a Benz which had only three wheels. Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part. After a great many loud explosions , the race began. Many of the cars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them ! A few cars , however , completed the race. The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour —— much faster than any of its rivals. It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it. The race gave everyone a great deal of pleasure. It was very different from modern car races but no less exciting.

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