《计算机英语(第4版)》课后练习参考答案
《计算机英语（第4版）》练习参考答案
Unit One: Computer and Computer Science
Unit One/Section A
I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron
2. input; output
3. VLSI
4. workstations; mainframes
5. vacuum; transistors
6. instructions; software
7. digit; eight; byte
8. microminiaturization; chip
II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. artificial intelligence 人工智能
2. paper-tape reader 纸带阅读器
3. optical computer 光计算机
4. neural network 神经网络
5. instruction set 指令集
6. parallel processing 并行处理
7. difference engine 差分机
8. versatile logical element 通用逻辑元件
9. silicon substrate 硅衬底
10. vacuum tube 真空管
11. 数据的存储与处理the storage and handling of data
12. 超大规模集成电路very large-scale integrated circuit
13. 中央处理器central processing unit
14. 个人计算机personal computer
15. 模拟计算机analogue computer
16. 数字计算机digital computer
17. 通用计算机general-purpose computer
18. 处理器芯片processor chip
19. 操作指令operating instructions
20. 输入设备input device
III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
We can define a computer as a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output. According to the mode of processing, computers are either analog or digital.
They can also be classified as mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, or microcomputers.
All else (for example, the age of the machine) being equal, this categorization provides some indication of the compu ter’s speed, size, cost, and abilities.
Ever since the advent of computers, there have been constant changes. First-generation computers of historic significance, such as UNIVAC(通用自动计算机), introduced in the early 1950s, were based on vacuum tubes. Second-generation computers, appearing in the early 1960s, were those in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. In third-generation computers, dating from the 1960s, integrated circuits replaced transistors. In fourth-generation computers such as microcomputers, which first appeared in the mid-1970s, large-scale integration enabled thousands of circuits to be incorporated on one chip. Fifth-generation computers are expected to combine very-large-scale integration with sophisticated approaches to computing, including artificial intelligence and true distributed processing.
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
计算机将变得更加先进，也将变得更加容易使用。
语音识别的改进将使计算机的操作更加容易。
虚拟现实，即使用所有人类官能与计算机进行交互的技术，也将有助于创建更好的人机接口。
人们正在开发其他的奇异计算模型，包括使用生物机体的生物计算、使用具有特定属性的分子的分子计算，以及使用遗传基本单位DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）存储数据和执行
运算的计算。
这些都是可能的未来计算平台的例子，而它们迄今还能力有限或完全属于理论范畴。
科学家们研究它们，是因为嵌入硅中的电路的微小型化受到物理限制。
还有一些限制与即使最微小的晶体管也会产生的热量有关。
Unit One/Section B
I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. experimentation
2. interfacing
3. interdisciplinary
4. microprocessor
II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. artificial neural network 人工神经网络
2. computer architecture 计算机体系结构
3. robust computer program 健壮的计算机程序
4. human-computer interface 人机接口
5. knowledge representation 知识表示
6. 数值分析numerical analysis
7. 程序设计环境programming environment
8. 数据结构data structure
9. 存储和检索信息store and retrieve information
10. 虚拟现实virtual reality
Unit One/Section C
I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. output
2. supercomputer
3. microcontroller
4. handheld; convergence
II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. Web page （万维）网页
2. touch screen 触摸屏，触屏
3. blade server 刀片服务器
4. removable storage device 移动（式）存储设备
5. 声卡sound card
6. 存储服务器storage server
7. 便携式媒体播放器portable media player
8. 硬盘hard disk
Unit Two: Computer Architecture
Unit Two/Section A
I．Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. input; output; storage
2. Basic Input/Output System
3. flatbed; hand-held
4. LCD-based
5. dot-matrix; inkjet
6. disk; memory
7. volatile
8. serial; parallel
II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. function key 功能键，操作键，函数键
2. voice recognition module 语音识别模块
3. touch-sensitive region 触敏区
4. address bus 地址总线
5. flatbed scanner 平板扫描仪
6. dot-matrix printer 点阵打印机（针式打印机）
7. parallel connection 并行连接
8. cathode ray tube 阴极射线管
9. video game 电子游戏
10. audio signal 音频信号
11. 操作系统operating system
12. 液晶显示（器）LCD (liquid crystal display)
13. 喷墨打印机inkjet printer
14. 数据总线data bus
15. 串行连接serial connection
16. 易失性存储器volatile memory
17. 激光打印机laser printer
18. 磁盘驱动器disk drive
19. 基本输入／输出系统BIOS (Basic Input/Output System)
20. 视频显示器video display
III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
CD-ROM stands for compact disc read-only memory. Unlike floppy and hard disks, which use magnetic charges to represent 1s and 0s, optical discs use reflected light. On a CD-ROM disc, 1s and 0s are represented by flat areas and bumpy (高低不平的) areas (called “pits”) on its bottom surface. The CD-ROM disc is read by a laser that projects a tiny beam of light on these areas. The amount of reflected light determines whether the area represents a 1 or a 0.
Like a commercial CD found in music stores, a CD-ROM is a “read-only” disc.
Read-only means it cannot be written on or erased by the user. Thus, you as a user have access only to the data imprinted (压印) by the publisher.
A single CD-ROM disc can store 650 megabyte s (兆字节) of data. That is equivalent to
451 floppy disks. With that much information on a single disc, the time to retrieve or access the information is very important. An important characteristic of CD-ROM drives is their access rate.
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
调制解调器是在模拟与数字信号之间进行转换的设备。
计算机使用的是数字信号，这种信号由离散单元组成，通常用一系列1和0表示。
模拟信号是连续变化的；声波就是模拟信号的一个例子。
调制解调器经常用于实现计算机之间通过电话线的互相通信。
调制解调器将发送端计算机的数字信号转换成可通过电话线传输的模拟信号。
信号到达目的地后，另外一个调制解调器重构原来的数字信号，供接收端计算机处理。
如果两个调制解调器可同时互相发送数据，那么它们采用的就是全双工工作方式；
如果一次只有一个调制解调器可以发送数据，那么它们采用的则是半双工工作方式。
Unit Two/Section B
I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. graphical
2. file; scheduler
3. virtual
4. slice
II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. interrupt handler 中断处理程序
2. virtual memory 虚拟存储（器），虚存，虚拟内存
3. context switch 上下文转换，语境转换
4. main memory 主存（储器）
5. bit pattern 位模式
6. 外围设备peripheral device
7. 进程表process table
8. 时间片time slice
9. 图形用户界面graphical user interface
10. 海量存储器mass storage
Unit Two/Section C
I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. repository
2. central; sub-systems
3. network
4. layered或abstract machine
II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. code generator 代码生成程序，代码发生器
2. abstract machine 抽象机
3. program editor 程序编辑程序，程序编辑器
4. configuration item 配置项
5. 计算机辅助设计CAD (computer-aided design)
6. 数据冗余data redundancy
7. 指挥与控制系统command and control system
8. 视频压缩与解压缩video compression and decompression
Unit Three: Computer Language and Programming Unit Three/Section A
I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. artificial; instructions
2. low-level; high-level
3. machine
4. machine
5. functional; logic
6. statement
7. module
8. digital
II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. storage register 存储寄存器
2. function statement 函数语句
3. program statement 程序语句
4. object-oriented language 面向对象语言
5. assembly language 汇编语言
6. intermediate language 中间语言，中级语言
7. relational language 关系（型）语言
8. artificial language 人工语言
9. data declaration 数据声明
10. Structured Query Language 结构化查询语言
11. 可执行程序executable program
12. 程序模块program module
13. 条件语句conditional statement
14. 赋值语句assignment statement
15. 逻辑语言logic language
16. 机器语言machine language
17. 函数式语言functional language
18. 程序设计语言programming language
19. 运行计算机程序run a computer program
20. 计算机程序员computer programmer
III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It lets
the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to machine-specific details.
The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the development of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics (助记符) for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a program known as an assembler (汇编程序，汇编器) into the binary encoding used by the computer.
Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders (连接装入程序) combine pieces of
assembled code and load them into the machine’s main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. The concept of linking separate pieces of code was important, since it allowed “libraries” of programs to be built up to carry out common tasks—a first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) were invented in the 1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languages became more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science problem in itself.
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
面向对象程序设计语言，如C++和Java，基于传统的高级语言，但它们使程序设计员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。
诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径一类的属性，以及在计算机屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。
一个对象类可以从其他的对象类继承特征。例如，定义正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直角等特征。
这一套程序设计类简化了程序设计员的工作，带来了更多“可复用的”计算机代码。
可复用代码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。
这使得程序设计员的工作变得比较容易，并带来更加可靠和高效的程序。
Unit Three/Section B
I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. objects
2. platform-independent
3. multithreading
4. runtime
II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. native code 本机（代）码
2. header file 头标文件；页眉文件
3. multithreaded program 多线程程序
4. Java-enabled browser 支持Java的浏览器
5. malicious code 恶意代码
6. 机器码machine code
7. 汇编码assembly code
8. 特洛伊木马程序Trojan horse
9. 软件包software package
10. 类层次class hierarchy
Unit Three/Section C
I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. subscript; index
2. fixed
3. histogram
4. two-dimensional
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. bar chart 条形图
2. frequency array 频率数组
3. graphical representation 图形表示
4. multidimensional array 多维数组
5. 用户视图user(’s) view
6. 下标形式subscript form
7. 一维数组one-dimensional array
8. 编程结构programming construct
Unit Four: Software Development
Unit Four/Section A
I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. application; operating
2. assemblers
3. compiler
4. interpreter
5. debugger
6. loop
7. driver
8. John von Neumann
II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. inference engine 推理机
2. system call 系统调用
3. compiled language 编译执行的语言
4. parallel computing 并行计算
5. pattern matching 模式匹配
6. memory location 存储单元
7. interpreter program 解释程序
8. library routine 库程序，程序库例行程序
9. intermediate program 中间程序，过渡程序
10. source file 源文件
11. 解释执行的语言interpreted language
12. 设备驱动程序device driver
13. 源程序source program
14. 调试程序debugging program
15. 目标代码object code
16. 应用程序application program
17. 实用程序utility program
18. 逻辑程序logic program
19. 墨盒ink cartridge
20. 程序的存储与执行program storage and execution
III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code into
object code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code.
Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer’s machine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programs—such as assemblers, binders (联编程序), linkers, and loaders (加载程序)—finish the translation.
Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types of computers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personal computers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce versions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary between manufacturers.
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
在软件中，错误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。
较轻微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性影响。
较严重的错误会导致程序“中止”（对命令停止反应），可能使用户别无选择，只能重新启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做好但尚未保存的工作丢失。
两种情况无论是哪一种，程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。
由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险，商用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。
程序发行后发现的较轻微错误在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软件加以修补，以规避问题或减轻其影响。
Unit Four/Section B
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. entity
2. duration
3. data; process或process; data
4. implemented
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. check box 复选框，选择框，校验框
2. structured design 结构化设计
3. building block 积木块，构建模块，构件
4. database schema 数据库模式
5. radio button 单选（按）钮
6. 系统建模技术system modeling technique
7. 模型驱动开发model-driven development
8. 数据流程图data flow diagram
9. 下拉式菜单drop-down (或pull-down) menu
10. 滚动条scroll bar
Unit Four/Section C
I.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. heterogeneous
2. asynchronous
3. bridges
4. openness
II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. procedure call 过程调用
2. fault tolerance 容错
3. homogeneous system 同构系统
4. autonomous agent 自主主体
5. 路由算法routing algorithm
6. 异构型环境heterogeneous environment
7. 多址通信协议multicast protocol
8. 通信链路communication(s) link
Unit Five: Software Process
Unit Five/Section A
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. off-the-shelf
2. exclusive
3. cascade
4. requirements; integration
5. throwaway
6. immediate; stable
7. reuse-oriented; framework
8. software; compromises
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. system specification 系统规格说明
2. unit testing 单位（或单元、部件）测试
3. software life cycle 软件生命周期（或生存周期）
4. system validation testing 系统验证测试
5. evolutionary development process 演化开发过程
6. linear model 线性模型
7. program unit 程序单元
8. throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型
9. text formatting 正文格式编排，文本格式化
10. system evolution 系统演变
11. 系统设计范例system design paradigm
12. 需求分析与定义requirements analysis and definition
13. 探索式编程方法exploratory programming approach
14. 系统文件编制system documentation
15. 瀑布模型waterfall model
16. 系统集成system integration
17. 商用现成软件commercial off-the-shelf (或COTS) software
18. 基于组件的软件工程component-based software engineering (CBSE)
19. 软件维护工具software maintenance tool
20. 软件复用software reuse
III.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance to repair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors are more expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirements errors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may be necessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operating environment. This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the system’s environment such as the hardware, the platform operating system or other support software changes. The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmental changes. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the system’s functionality.
This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response to organizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is often much greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice, there isn’t a clear-cut distinction between these types of maintenance. When you adapt the system to a new environment, you may add functionality to take advantage of new environmental features.
Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways.
Changing the system to accommodate their way of working is the best way to fix these faults.
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
软件过程比较复杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定
和判断。
由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。
计算机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。
然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设计。
计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。
不存在理想的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。
软件过程不断演变，以利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。
对于一些系统来说，需要的是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能更为有效。
Unit Five/Section B
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. acceptance
2. code
3. automation; coverage
4. regression
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. black box testing 黑盒测试（法）
2. acceptance testing 验收测试
3. code execution path 代码执行路径
4. test harness 测试框架
5. equivalence partitioning 等价（类）划分
6. 捕获／回放工具capture/playback tool
7. 视频分辨率video resolution
8. 白盒测试white box testing
9. 测试脚本test script
10. 用例use case
Unit Five/Section C
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. problem
2. consequences
3. design
4. specific; general
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. procedural language 过程语言
2. common design structure 通用设计结构
3. class and object interaction 类与对象交互
4. design constraint 设计约束
5. 设计模式design pattern
6. 可复用软件reusable software
7. 面向对象的系统object-oriented system
8. 继承层次inheritance hierarchy
Unit Six: Database
Unit Six/Section A
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. flat
2. data
3. application; administrators
4. conceptual
5. tables
6. fragmented; replicated
7. structured
8. entity-relationship; attributes
II.Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. end user 最终用户，终端用户
2. atomic operation 原子操作
3. database administrator 数据库管理员
4. relational database model 关系数据库模型
5. local data 本地数据
6. object-oriented database 面向对象数据库
7. database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统
8. entity-relationship model (ERM) 实体关系模型
9. distributed database 分布式数据库
10. flat file 平面文件
11. 二维表two-dimensional table
12. 数据属性data attribute
13. 数据库对象database object
14. 存储设备storage device
15. 数据类型data type
16. 数据插入与删除data insertion and deletion
17. 层次数据库模型hierarchical database model
18. 数据库体系结构database architecture
19. 关系数据库管理系统relational database management system (RDBMS)
20. 全局控制总线global control bus
III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
A database is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory and
designed for easy access by authorized users. The data may be in the form of text, numbers, or encoded graphics. Small databases were first developed or funded by the U.S. government for agency or professional use. In the 1960s, some databases became commercially available, but their use was funnelled(传送) through a few so-called research centers that collected information inquiries and handled them in batches (批，批量). Online databases—that is, databases available to anyone who could link up to them by computer—first appeared in the 1970s. Since their first,experimental appearance in the 1950s, databases have become so
important that they can be found in almost every field of information. Government, military, and industrial databases are often highly restricted, and professional databases are usually of limited interest. A wide range of commercial, governmental, and nonprofit databases are available to the general public, however, and may be used by anyone who owns or has access to the equipment that they require.
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
在关系数据库中，表的行表示记录（关于不同项的信息集），列表示字段（一个记录的特定属性）。
在进行搜索时，关系数据库将一个表中的一个字段的信息与另一个表的一个相应字段的信息进行匹配，以生成将来自这两个表的所要求数据结合起来的另一个表。例如，如果一个表包含EMPLOYEE-ID、LAST-NAME、FIRST-NAME和HIRE-DATE字段，另一个表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字段，关系数据库可匹配这两个表中的EMPLOYEE-ID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有挣到一定薪水的雇员的姓名或所有在某个日期之后受雇的雇员所属的部门。
换言之，关系数据库使用两个表中的匹配值，将一个表中的信息与另一个表中的信息联系起来。微型计算机数据库产品一般是关系数据库。
Unit Six/Section B
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. commit
2. scheduler
3. shared; exclusive
4. wound-wait
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. nonvolatile storage system 非易失性存储系统
2. equipment malfunction 设备故障
3. wound-wait protocol 受伤―等待协议
4. exclusive lock 排它锁，互斥（型）锁
5. database integrity 数据库完整性
6. 共享锁shared lock
7. 数据库实现database implementation
8. 级联回滚cascading rollback
9. 数据项data item
10. 分时操作系统time-sharing operating system
Unit Six/Section C
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. patterns; data
2. knowledge
3. centralized; distributed
4. wireless
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:
1. data set 数据集
2. data warehouse 数据仓库
3. Web community Web社区，网络社区
4. sensor network 传感器网络，传感网，感知网
5. 数据挖掘data mining
6. 社交网络social network
7. 软件错误software bug
8. 实时real time
Unit Seven: Computer Networks
Unit Seven/Section A
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:
1. MAN
2. open; closed
3. bus
4. token
《最新英美概况》练习参考答案(美国部分)
《最新英美概况》 练习参考答案 （本答案不包括练习中的开放性习题、思考题和讨论题） ==================================================== PART TWO The United States Chapter Eight The Land P. 209—210 I Fill in the blanks with proper words or expressions. 1. the Star-Spangled Banner, Defense of Fort McHenry, 181 2. 2. the Stars and the Stripes, Old Glory, the Star-Spangled Banner. 3. The White House, The Capitol, The Pentagon. 4. June, 14th, June 14th. 5. the Potomac, no state, the Federal government. 6. 36, 36 states. 7. Amerigo Vespucci, American War of Independence. 8. Pierre L’Enfant, light, service. II Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. 1. C 2. D 3. C 4. A B C D 5. C D III Decide which of the following statements is TRUE: 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T IV Answer the following questions. 1. (1) At first the Continent was named as “America” after explorer Amerigo Vespucci. (2) During the American War of Independence, the former British colonies first used “the thirteen united States of America” in the Declaration of Independence. (3) The official name of America was adopted on November 15, 1777, when the Second Continental Congress passed the Articles of Confederation. 2. The 50 stars represent the 50 States, while the 13 stripes represent the original thirteen colonies. White indicates purity and innocence; red indicates valour and bravery, and blue symbolizes vigilance, perseverance and justice; it is also a symbol of respect to God. 3. The stars and strips have different meanings. Each star represents each state in America, while strips represent the original thirteen colonies before the independence of America.
研究生学术综合英语课文翻译unit1-4
第一单元? 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。? ???? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。? 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。? 如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。? 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。? 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。??????? 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。? ???????在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些，但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形，这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果，例子应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是：演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌，并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造，因此，对于演说者来说，一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴，并且要确保统计方法正确，数据来源可靠。?
课后练习参考答案
课后练习参考答案 Unit 3 Topic 1 Section A ※课后练习I. 1-5 BBDBD 6. D 7. D 8. D II. 1. throughout 2. characters 3. cartoon 4. are ready for 5. are pleased with/at 6. garage 7. film-maker 8. foreigners III. 1. Are you ready for the trip? 2. Thank you. 3. am very pleased with 4. Don't worry. 5. Try your best and work much harder Topic 1 Section B ※课后练习I. 1-5 DACBC II. 1. interpreters 2. dug 3. twins 4. tonight 5. impossible III. 1-5 BDCAE Topic 1 Section C ※课后练习I.1-5 AAACC II. 1. European 2. trader/businessman 3. root 4. conferences 5. tourists III. 1-5 BBCAB Topic 1 Section D ※课后练习I. 1-5 CBBCA II. 1. try 2. afraid 3. English 4. way 5. what 6. easily 7. worry 8. something 9. in 10. look III.1. The tree is planted by them. 2. The apple is divided into halves. 3. Disneyland is enjoyed by millions of children. Unit 3 Topic 2 Section A ※课后练习I. 1-6 CBCBCB II. 1. stranger 2. Whenever 3. ask for a ride 4. worried about 5. see her off III. 1. is going 2. is moving 3. is leaving 4. are coming 5. are flying Ⅳ. 1. Get on the train 2. What's up?/ What's the matter? 3. Could you please give me a ride? 4. What time is the next flight? 5. I'm coming. Topic 2 Section B ※课后练习I. 1-6 BCDBD II. 1. victory 2. praise 3. silent 4. secret 5. research III. 1-5 ACBBC 6-10 ABBCA Topic 2 Section C ※课后练习I. 1-5. BCCBA II. 1. pride 2. positive 3. courage 4. attention 5. negative III. 1-5 CBCAA Topic 2 Section D ※课后练习I.1-5 CAACA II. 1. Pronunciation 2. totally 3. spelling III. 1. always 2. winters 3.summers 4. sets 5. changed 6. animals 7. as 8. more 9. used 10. weather Ⅳ. 1. Peter is flying to Paris tomorrow. 2. Body language is the second language. 3. British English is different from American English. Unit 3 Topic 3 Section A ※课后练习I. 1-5 BAAAD 6. A 7. D II. 1. dare 2. copies 3. sleepy 4. accents 5. notebook 6. tapes 7. retell 8. composition 9. oral III. 1. How nice to see you back! 2. afraid of 3. Me, too. 4. Who is good at English at the class? 5. I don't know what to do next. Topic 3 Section B ※课后练习I. 1-5 BABBA II. 1. ability 2. aloud 3. objects 4. toothpaste III. 1-5 BCBAC 6-10 CABCA Topic 3 Section C ※课后练习I. 1-5 BDCDB II. 1. translate 2. exactly 3. achieve 4. discussion III. 1-5 DCABA
英美概况课后习题答案
1. What is the full name of the U.K.? ----United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2. Why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland? ----They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery, to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes. 3. How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they? ----The development of the English language can be divided into three periods: Old English, Middle English and Modern English. 4. Why did English become more important after Black Death? ----The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death, so English also grew in importance compared to French. 1. Who are the British People? ----The first known inhabitants in Britain were Celts who are the ancestors of the Welsh, Scottish and Irish people. Then came the Anglos, the Saxons and the Jutes who brought with them the English language. Many people from other European countries came later, and in modern times there are a lot of immigrants from many former Commonwealth countries from every part of the world. Britain is a country of mixed cultures, and the Britain people are also composed of people from different ethic and culture backgrounds. 2. What is Standard English? ----Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is widely used in media and taught at schools. It is preferred by the educated, middle-class people. It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct Britain English. It is also the norm carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used. 1. What are the two components of the British Parliament? ----the House of Commons and the House of Lords. 2. What were some of Queen Victoria's major achievement? ---- Queen Victoria made tremendous achievements in almost every aspect.
(完整word版)学术综合英语课后答案解析
Unit 1 C 1.The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2.In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3.An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4.By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5.The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6.When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in your speech.
有机化学课后习题参考答案完整版
目录lin 湛
第一章绪论 扼要归纳典型的以离子键形成的化合物与以共价键形成的化合物的物理性质。 答案： NaCl与KBr各1mol溶于水中所得的溶液与NaBr及KCl各1mol溶于水中所得溶液是否相同？如将CH4及CCl4各1mol混在一起，与CHCl3及CH3Cl各1mol的混合物是否相同？为什么？ 答案： NaCl与KBr各1mol与NaBr及KCl各1mol溶于水中所得溶液相同。因为两者溶液中均为Na+,K+,Br－, Cl－离子各1mol。由于CH4与CCl4及CHCl3与CH3Cl在水中是以分子状态存在，所以是两组不同的混合物。碳原子核外及氢原子核外各有几个电子？它们是怎样分布的？画出它们的轨道形状。当四个氢原子与一个碳原子结合成甲烷（CH4）时，碳原子核外有几个电子是用来与氢成键的？画出它们的轨道形状及甲烷分子的形状。 答案： 写出下列化合物的Lewis电子式。 答案： 下列各化合物哪个有偶极矩？画出其方向。 答案： 根据S与O的电负性差别，H2O与H2S相比，哪个有较强的偶极-偶极作用力或氢键？ 答案： 电负性O>S,H2O与H2S相比，H2O有较强的偶极作用及氢键。 下列分子中那些可以形成氢键？ b. CH3CH3 c. SiH4 d. CH3NH2 e. CH3CH2OH f. CH3OCH3 答案： d. CH3NH2 e. CH3CH2OH 醋酸分子式为CH3COOH，它是否能溶于水？为什么？ 答案：能溶于水，因为含有C=O和OH两种极性基团，根据相似相容原理，可以溶于极性水。 第二章饱和烃 卷心菜叶表面的蜡质中含有29个碳的直链烷烃，写出其分子式。 答案：C29H60 用系统命名法（如果可能的话，同时用普通命名法）命名下列化合物，并指出(c)和(d)中各碳原子的级数。答案： a. 2,4,4－三甲基－５－正丁基壬烷５－butyl－2,4,4－trimethylnonane b. 正己烷 hexane ,3－二乙基戊烷 3,3－diethylpentane －甲基－５－异丙基辛烷５－isopropyl－3－methyloctane e.２－甲基丙烷（异丁烷）２－methylpropane(iso-butane) ,2－二甲基丙烷（新戊烷） 2,2－dimethylpropane(neopentane)
高级英语课后习题paraphrase和translation部分答案
P a r a p h r a s e&T r a n s l a t i o n Lesson 1 1.Conversation is not for making a point. Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view. In a conversation we should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument. 2.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rules. 3.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. The phrase, the King’s English, has always been used disparagingly and joking by the lower classes. The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people. 4....that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once there was a focus. Then?suddenly?a?magical?transformation?took?place?and?there?was ?a?focal?subject?to?talk?about.
学术综合英语unit1_5课后习题答案解析
Task 2 A contrary to implicit assertion look up adapted Sustain unbiased In the course of metaphor clutter B bolster credible impromptu sparingly anecdote Credentials testimony hypothetical paraphrase juxtaposition Task 3 Translation B.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的思想是相关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常，准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 在准备发言提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点，发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰，易于辨认。 C. 1. The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2. In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3. An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4. By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5. The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6. When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in you speech. 7. When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8. A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers’ ideas clearly and interestingly. 9. You should mot blindly use a word that you are not sure about, and if you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary. 10. Your language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful. D. Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of all, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be exp licit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.
三年级语文下册课后习题参考答案
第1课古诗三首 1.有感情地朗读课文。背诵课文。默写《绝句》。 〔名师来指导〕有感情地朗读古诗,要正确划分古诗的节奏,如:“迟日/江山/丽,春风/花草/香。”韵脚要读得响亮而稍长,读出古诗的韵味。如“竹外桃花三两枝,春江水暖鸭先知”的韵脚是“zhī”,朗读时韵脚要重读;还要把握古诗的情感基调,感受古诗的节奏美和韵律美。如朗读《三衢道中》时语速要平缓,语调要欢快些,读出诗人山行时的愉悦心情。 背诵古诗要讲究方法,尝试回忆背诵法:朗读到一定程度后,合上书试背,尝试对记忆内容进行回忆,这样能增强记忆的效果。 2.结合诗句的意思,想象画面,说说三首诗分别写了怎样的景象。 〔答案大家找〕《绝句》描写的是春回大地,万物苏醒,暖融融的太阳,将万里江山照耀得非常美丽;春风吹拂,绿草如茵,鲜花飘香,春意盎然。春风吹送着初放的百花和茵茵芳草发出的芳香。冻土融化,土地湿润,燕子正繁忙地飞来飞去,衔泥筑巢,日丽沙暖,鸳鸯在溪边的沙洲上静睡不动。 《惠崇春江晚景》描写的是早春的清晨,诗人信步江畔。迷离的晨雾尚未散尽,令人仿佛置身仙境。转过青青的竹林,一株桃树闪入眼帘,看那满树花苞,已有两三枝绽放笑脸。一阵“嘎嘎”的欢叫传入耳中,循声望去,三两只鸭子迈着蹒跚的步子,游过水边的嫩苇丛,在江水中自在游弋。江水转暖了,河豚上市的时节也到了! 《三衢道中》描写的是梅子泛黄的时候,正是雨季,却遇上天天晴朗的日子坐上小船,游到了小溪的尽头。回程正好走山路,看到的是一路绿荫浓浓并不比以前看到的少,而绿荫深处传来的声声黄鹂的啼鸣,更增添了不少游兴。 第2课燕子
1.朗读课文,边读边想象画面,并读出对燕子的喜爱之情。背诵第1~3自然段。 〔名师来指导〕(1)朗读指导:首先把课文读正确、读流利,然后想象画面,什么样的燕子在怎样的春日里飞行、停歇。朗读时要突出燕子的活泼可爱和春天的美景,读出作者对春天和燕子的喜爱之情。 (2)背诵时要先反复朗读课文,想象画面进行背诵。 2.读一读,记一记,再说几个这样的词语。 〔名师来指导〕这些词语都是偏正式词语,前面的词修饰后面的词。形式是:形容词+名词,即中心语被修饰语修饰。 〔答案大家找〕壮丽的山河伟大的人民尊敬的长辈漂亮的蝴蝶崎岖的道路明媚的春光金灿灿的果实俊俏的脸庞 3.找出课文中优美生动的语句,读一读,再抄写下来。 〔答案大家找〕(1)一身乌黑的羽毛,一对轻快有力的翅膀,加上剪刀似的尾巴,凑成了那样可爱的活泼的小燕子。 (2)二三月的春日里,轻风微微地吹拂着,如毛的细雨由天上洒落着,千条万条的柔柳,红的白的黄的花,青的草,绿的叶,都像赶集似的聚拢来,形成了烂漫无比的春天。 (3)小燕子带了它的剪刀似的尾巴,在阳光满地时,斜飞于旷亮无比的天空,叽的一声,已由这里的稻田上,飞到那边的高柳下了。 (4)另有几只却在波光粼粼的湖面上横掠着,小燕子的翼尖或剪尾,偶尔沾了一下水面,那小圆晕便一圈一圈地荡漾开去。 第3课荷花 1.有感情地朗读课文,注意读好下面的词语。背诵第2~4自然段。 〔名师来指导〕(1)朗读指导:结合对课文的理解,把自己想象成作者也来到公园看荷花,体验入画的美好心境。朗读时,要把荷花的优
全新版大学英语综合教程2_课后习题之翻译和作文
I.translation 1背离传统需要极大勇气 It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢在大庭广众面前上台表演了 Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的 Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4假设那幅画的确是名作，你觉得值得购买吗？ Assuming this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy it? 5如果这些数据统计上是站的住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. 要提高我们的英语水平，关键是多读多写多听多说。此外尽可能多背熟一些好文章也十分重要。如果你脑子没有储存大量好的英语文章，你就不能用英语自由地表达自己的思想。一边学一边总结经验也很有帮助，因为这样做，我们就能搞明白哪种学习方法更有效的，能够产生最理想的效果。只要我们坚持努力学习，到时候我们就会完成掌握英语的任务 To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking. Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along,
课后习题参考答案
第五章 组合逻辑电路 1． 写出如图所示电路的输出信号逻辑表达式，并说明其功能。 解：（a ）C B A Y 1⊕⊕=（判奇功能：1的个数为奇数时输出为1） BC AC AB C )B A (AB Y 2++=⊕+=（多数通过功能：输出与输入多数一致） （b ）B A AB B )B A (A )B A (Y 1+=+++++=（同或功能：相同为1，否则为0） 2． 分析如图所示电路的逻辑功能 解：（a ）11001B A B A Y ⊕+⊕= （判奇电路：1的个数为奇数时输出为1） （b ）)A )A )A A (((Y 32102⊕⊕⊕=（判奇电路：1的个数为奇数时输出为1） （c ）M A Y M A Y M A Y 321100⊕=⊕=⊕=（M=0时，源码输出；M=1时，反码输出） 3． 用与非门设计实现下列功能的组合逻辑电路。 （1）实现4变量一致电路。 （2）四变量的多数表决电路 解：（1） （a ） （b ） （a ） （b ） （c ）
1）定变量列真值表： 2）列函数表达式：D C B A ABCD D C B A ABCD Y ?=+= 3）用与非门组电路 （2）输入变量A 、B 、C 、D ，有3个或3个以上为1时输出为1，输人为其他状态时输出为0。 1）列真值表 2）些表达式 3）用与非门组电路
4．有一水箱由大、小两台水泵ML 和Ms 供水，如图所示。水箱中设置了3个水位检测元件A 、B 、C ，如图（a ）所示。水面低于检测元件时，检测元件给出高电平；水面高于检测元件时，检测元件给出低电平。现要求当水位超过C 点时水泵停止工作；水位低于C 点而高于B 点时Ms 单独工作；水位低于B 点而高于A 点时ML 单独工作；水位低于A 点时M L 和Ms 同时工作。试用门电路设计一个控制两台水泵的逻辑电路，要求电路尽量简单。 解：（1）根据要求列真值表（b ） （2）真值表中×对应的输入项为约束项，利用卡诺图化简（c ）（d ） 得： （M L 、M S 的1状态表示工作，0状态表示停止） （3）画逻辑图（e ） （d ） （c ） （e ） （a ） （b ） B M C B A M L s =+=
英语散文课后练习答案
Unit 1 Text A Hit the Nail on the Head Comprehension 1. B. II. CCCA II. Paraphrase 1. A writer who is particular about the exactness of an expression in English will never feel happy with a word which fails to express an idea accurately. 2. To a certain extent, the process of finding the right words to use is a process of perfection where you try to search for words that may most accurately express your thoughts and feelings, and words that may most effectively make your listeners and readers understand your thoughts and feeling. 3. Finding the most suitable word to use is in no sense easy. But there is nothing like the delight we shall experience when such a word is located. 4. Once we are able to use language accurately, we are in a position to fully understand the subject matter. III. Choices 1-5 Unskillful, skillful, vague, tricky, accurate, 6-10: Alteration, ambiguous, conscientious, want of knowledge, drawbacks 11-15: developing, erroneous, trivial, dim, adaptable, 16-20: subtle, emotional, quintessence, compulsion, absorbing Text B Things: the Throw-away Society Comprehension 1.C II. FTFFT TFF II. Paraphrase 1. The reason why Barbie is deeply loved so much by little girls is that she looks just like a real person in real life who can be dressed up in the way they wish. 2. Moreover Mattel made public that, for the first time, all girls who want to buy a new Barbie from its company were to be given the right of turning in their old dolls in exchange for new models at a reduced price. 3. But more and more, man-made products form a very important part in the lives of people.
《英美概况》课后练习
期末考试 一、单项选择题 1. The UK is bordered on the _____ by the English Channel. A. east B. west C. north D. south 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK), 2. The narrowest part of the English Channel is called _____. A. the Straits of Dover B. Chunnel C. Strait of Gibraltar D. Marroqui 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover.参见教材P86。 本题知识点：Geographical features(UK),
3. The UK has a _____ climate. A. arid climates B. semi-humid C. continental D. maritime 【正确答案】D 【答案解析】答案选D。The UK has a maritime climate.参见教材P88。本题知识点：Climate(UK), 4. The UK is an island country which lies between latitude _____ north. A. 50° to 60° B. 30° to 40° C. 40° to 50° D. 60° to 70° 【正确答案】A 【答案解析】答案选A。The UK is an island country which lies between latitude 50° to 60° north.参见教材P88。 本题知识点：Climate(UK), 5. The UK has a _____ throughout the whole year.