Lesson 2 翻译专业

Lesson 2

教学时数：4学时

教学重点：英汉语言的对比—英汉词汇现象的对比

考核要求：掌握英汉语言在词汇方面的差异

1. 词义的构成

一个词的词义不是单一的个体，而往往是由多方面组成的统一体。词义可以分成概念意义（Conceptual Meaning）和关联意义（Associative Meaning）。

概念意义（conceptual meaning）：概念意义是词义的核心，它直接地，明确地表示所指对象。

实际上也就是词典给词下的定义。

关联意义（associative meaning）：关联意义是词的附带意义，包括词的内涵意义（Connotative

Meaning），文体意义（Stylistic Meaning），感情意义

（Affective Meaning），等等。

内涵意义（connotative meaning）：词的概念意义的属性。如比喻意义，象征意义，联想意义等。

颜色词：红（Red）白（White）

Woman （概念）+人，-男人，+成年

（内涵）女性所有特征，品质及属性，生理，心理，社会，家庭角色等。

“Anyway, she is a woman.”这句话在不同的场合有不同的含义。

Gold: 财富，价值Moon：纯洁，宁静，孤独Dragon Dog

文体意义（Stylistic Meaning）：语言中，有的词可以用于所有场合，而有的词只能用语特定

的场合。前者具有中性文体意义，后者具有特定的文体意义

（正式，非正式，方言土语，行业用语，俚语）。

中性：常用的基本词汇，具有常用，构词能力强，多义性，是词汇的核心。

Father, dad, daddy, papa, the old man, male parent

sanguinary---blood corporal---body nebular-----cloud

domestic----home insular----island juvenile----youth

accommodation----rooms commence----begin dwell----live

endeavor----try purchase----buy edifice----building

locate---find cease----stop

非正式：有标准与次标准之分。标准非正式用词也就是口语词（colloquialism），次标准的非正式用词包括俚语（slang）俗语（vulgarism）行业用语（professionalism, jargon）等。

感情意义：即词的褒贬色彩，有中性词，褒义词，贬义词之分。

Slim thin skinny

Bachelor girl single woman spinster (old maid)

Ambition：野心抱负

总之，词义是多方面意义的统一体。在翻译时要时刻遵循这样一个原则，那就是首先确

保在上下文中起决定作用的意义的翻译。

Green-eyed-------jealous------红眼病（内涵意义）

一寸光阴一寸金。——An inch of time is an inch of gold. （One inch =2.54 cm，一寸= 3.3 cm）

女卑为婢，女又可称奴

人曾是僧，人弗能成佛

No X in Nixon.

Able was I ere I saw Elba.

这些句子之所以被认为不可译，不是因为其概念意义无法翻译，而是因为关联意义无法与概念意义同时有效翻译。

2. 英汉词汇差异

词汇是构成语言的重要部分。英语、汉语分属不同的语言系统，它们的词类有一定的共性，也存在很多的差异，主要表现如下：

1）词类比较

词类指语言中词汇在语法上的划分，英语和汉语词类划分基本相同，主要词类基本对应，如：名词、动词、代词、连词、介词、数词、形容词、副词和感叹词。但是，英语和汉语在词类的划分上也有一些不同之处。除了上面列举的主要几种词类以外，英语还有冠词，汉语还有量词和助词。这些词类的作用在英语和汉语中有相近之处，但在使用的数量、频率以及语法功能等方面存在一定差异。

2）词的形态变化比较

在英语中，词类有较为复杂的形态变化，如名词、代词、动词和形容词在数、格、时、体、态、式、级、人称方面都有变化，以动词为例，英语中就有16种时态，每个动词有五种形式（一般形式，一般现在时第三人称，过去式，过去分词，现在分词），还有不同语态（主动，被动），不同语气（虚拟、陈述、祈使）。而汉语的词类变化较少，动词变化也较少，没有形式变化，时态借助几类助词来表示。

3）词义比较

英、汉语言的词汇都很丰富，但对于词汇的涵义范围不尽相同，主要有以下几种：

A) 完全对等

briefcase 公文包

movie 电影

self-confidence 自信

in detail 详细地

security checks 安全检查

B) 部分对等

painful 令人痛苦的；疼痛的

envy 嫉妒，羡慕

brother 兄，弟

elementary 初级的，基础的，小学的

C) 无适当对等词

teenager 13至19岁的青少年

amount （指不可数的）量，数额

overkill 过度杀伤力，表示宣传活动等方面不必要的过度行为

4）搭配差异

英语和汉语在词的搭配能力方面有所差异。如英语某些动词的搭配能力很强，以动词“fall”为例，它在不同的语境之下就有多种搭配能力，在译成中文时需要选择不同的词汇，以符合汉语表达习惯，如：

Don't walk along the top of the wall; you might fall. 别在墙顶上行走，你会摔下来的。

The ripe fruit fell from the tree. 熟了的果子从树上掉了下来。

Interest rates fell sharply last week. 上周利率下跌很厉害。

A prayer was said in memory of those who fell in the war. 举行祷告是为了纪念战争中的阵亡

将士。

She fell asleep. 她入睡了。

The city fell to the enemy. 这座城市沦陷了。

Her face fell when I told her the news.当我告诉她这个消息时，她突然沉下脸来。

3. 翻译中的选词

1）. 根据上下文辨词义。

2）. 论褒贬。即要注意同义词之间有不同的语体色彩、使用范围及程度。

任何语言都有语体之分，有高雅的、通俗的、粗野的，还有俚语、公文用语及术语等。文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻画人物的性格特征，更是常用的方法。翻译时，必须审其雅俗，量其轻重，这样，才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。

（1）词义有轻重的不同，例如表示“打破”的词：

Break是最一般的用语，意思是经打击或施加压力而破碎。

Crack是出现了裂缝，但还没有变成碎片。

Crush是从外面用力往内或从上往下而压碎。

Demolish是破坏、铲平或削平(如土堆、建筑物、城堡等)。

Destroy是完全摧毁，使之无法复原。

Shatter是突然使一物体粉碎。

Smash指由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而彻底粉碎。

又如表示“闪光”的词

Shine照耀；指光的稳定发射。

Glitter闪光；指光的不稳定发射。

Glare耀眼；表示光很强。

Sparkle闪烁；指发射微细的光亮。

（2）词义有范围大小和侧重点的不同。在一定的上下文中，如在agriculture，farming，cultivation，agronomy四个词中：agriculture指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程，所包含的范围最广；farming指农业的实践；cultivation指农业物的栽培过程；agronomy指把科学原理运用到农业耕作中去的实践。

又如在empty，vacant，hollow这组同义词中，它们各自有不同的形容对象和强调的内容：

Empty可以用来形容house，room，cup，box，stomach，head，words等词，表示“空的，一无所有”。

Vacant可以用来形容position，room，house，seat等词表示“没有人占用的，空缺的”。Hollow可以和tree，voice，sound，cheeks等词连用，表示“空洞的，虚的，不实的，下陷

的”。

（3）词义有感情色彩（如憎恶、蔑视、讽刺、诅咒、尊敬、亲昵等等）和语体色彩（如庄严、高雅、古朴、俚语、方言词语、公文用语、委婉语等等）的不同。如“死”就有许多委婉的说法：

to expire 逝世to pass away 与世长辞

to close (end) one's day 寿终to breathe one's last 断气

to go west 归西天to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘

to depart to the world of shadows 命归黄泉to give up the ghost 见阎王

to kick the bucket 翘辫子to kick up one's heels 蹬腿

又如“怀孕”也有许多委婉的说法：

She is having a baby. She is expecting.

She is in the family way. She is knitting little booties.

She is in a delicate condition. She is in an interesting condition.

又如“警察”：

policeman 正式用语cop 美国口语bobby 英国口语nab 美国俚语

3）. 看搭配。任何一种语言，在长期使用的过程中，会形成一种固定的词组或常见的搭配。这些比较固定的说法，有时可以译成另一种语言，有时则不行。翻译时，必须注意英汉两种语言中词的不同搭配。

以kill为例：

He killed the man. 他杀死了那个人。

He killed his chances of success.他断送了成功的机会。

He killed the motion when it came from the committee.他否决了委员会提出来的提议。

He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.他一周内喝光了三瓶威士忌。

kill the peace 扼杀和平

kill the promise 取消诺言

kill a marriage 解除婚约

还要注意英汉定语与名词的搭配不同：

heavy crops 丰收heavy news 令人悲痛的消息

heavy road 泥泞的路heavy sea 波涛汹涌的海洋

heavy heart 忧伤的心heavy reader 沉闷冗长的读物

又如：

a broken man 一个绝望的人 a broken soldier 一个残废军人

a broken promise 背弃的诺言 a broken spirit 消沉的意志

broken money 零钱

Homework:

I. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

1. We, or the things we do, are typical of our nation.

2. They place great emphasis on their individual differences.

3. Whereas, for example, Italians or Germans form a largely

homogeneous society, white, Christian, and speaking one language, Americans do not.

4. Such difficulties, which stem from the enormous variety of America and Americans, should be rather obvious.

5. Less apparent at first thought is that much of what was once said to be typically American is often no longer just American.

6. More and more American social and cultural habits have taken hold in Europe.

7. Similarly，to talk about a car culture，a throw-away culture, or the generation gap as exclusively American concerns makes little sense today.

8. More and more of the m are cooking “from scratch” instead of using prepared foods.

9. German cars and Dutch cheese are selling well in the U.S.

10. This is because it is not only central but also the heart of London’s entertainment world.

11. In the middle of Piccadilly Circus, there is a statue said to be

of Eros, the god of love.

12. Few people know that it really represents the Angel of Christian Charity.

13. This statue is the first that was ever cast in aluminum.

14. The Contractor shall from time to time during the progress

of the Works clear away and remove all surplus materials and rubbish. On completion of the Works the Contractor shall remove all Contractor’s Equipment and leave the whole of the Site and the Works clean and in a safe condition, to the satisfaction of the Employer.

15. The Acceptance Test manual shall be the document prepared

by the Seller which will be used by the Seller and the Buyer for checking that the Equipment is in accordance with the Specifications.

16. Except to the extent specified in Part II, the Contractor shall

provide all Contractor’s equipment necessary to complete the Works. All Contractors’ Equipment shall, when brought on to the Site, be deemed to be exclusively intended for the execution of the Works.

17. The contractor shall at its own risk and expense transport all

the Plant and Equipment to the Site by the mode of transport the Contractor judges most suitable under all the

circumstances.

18. The Contractor shall be entitled to use for the purpose of the

Works such supplies of utilities and other services as may be available on the Site and of which details are given in Appendix 3. The Contractor shall pay the Employer a fair price for such use. The Contractor shall at his own cost provide any apparatus necessary for such use.

19. With respect to defects in equipment parts manufactured as

per the Seller’s detailed design, the seller’s liability is limited to making good at its factory by replacement, or, at the Seller’s option, repair the defects which under proper use appear therein within a period of two years after the date of signing the Site Acceptance Certificate.

II. Translate the paragraph into Chinese.

Online learning is not easier than study in regular classrooms. In fact, many students say it requires much more time and effort. Requirements for online courses are not less than those of any quality program. Successful students, however, see online learning as a convenient way to receive their education ---- not an easier way. Many online students sit at computers for hours at a time during evenings and on weekends

in order to complete their assignments. When other people are fineshed and having fun is most likely the time when online students do their course work. Online students need to commit 4 to 15 hours a week for each course.

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