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英语语言学树形图举例

树形图详细讲解

1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.

a) The old lady suddenly left.

Det A N Qual V

b) The car stopped at the end of the road.

Det N V P Det N P Det N

c) The snow might have blocked the road.

Det N Aux Aux V Det N

d) He never appears quite mature.

N Qual V Deg A

2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each.

a) full of people

A P N

full of people

b) a story about a sentimental girl

NP PP

Det N P NP

Det A N

a story about a sentimental girl

c) often read detective stories

Qual V NP

A N

often read detective stories

d) the argument against the proposals

NP PP

Det N P NP

e) move towards the window

V PP

P Det N

move towards the window

3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences.

a) The jet landed.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N Pst V

The jet landed

b) Mary became very ill.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst V AP

Deg A

Mary became very ill

c) What will you talk about?

NP C S

N Infl NP Infl VP

VP NP

V P N

d) The apple might hit the man.

NP VP

Det N Aux V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det N V NP

Det N

The apple might hit the man

e) He often reads detective stories.

NP VP

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Present

N Qual V NP

A N

He often reads etective stories

4. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures.

a) A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V NP

Det A N

A frightened passenger landed the crippled airplane

b) A huge moon hung in the black sky.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP

Det A N

A huge moon hung in the black sky

c) An unusual event occurred before the meeting.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A N Pst V PP

P NP

Det N

An unusual event occurred before the meeting

d) A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill.

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

Det A NP Pst V PP

A N P NP

Det A N

A quaint old house appeared on the grassy hill

5. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.

a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.

InflP(=S)

NP VP

N Aux V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

N Infl V NP

Det A NP

N CON N

Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants b) Helen put on her clothes and went out.

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pst VP CON VP

VP NP V Adv

V P Det N

Helen put on her clothes and went out

c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.

NP VP

N VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

N Pres VP CON VP

VP NP VP NP

V A P N V A P N

Mary is fond of literature but (is) tired of statistics

d) The detective went out and the mysterious man came in.

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

Det N V Adv Det A N V Adv

The detective went out and the mysterious man came in

e) Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt.

NP VP

N V C S

S CON S

NP VP NP VP

N Aux V Det N Aux V

Crusoe knows that spring will come and the snow will melt

6. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.

a) Y ou know that I hate war.

NP VP

N V C S

NP VP

N V N

OR CP

C InflP(=S)

NP Infl VP

N Pres V C S

NP VP

N V NP

Y ou know that I hate war

b) He said that Tom asked whether the class was over.

NP VP

N V C S

NP VP

N V C S

NP VP

Det N V A

He said that Tom asked whether the class was over

c) Gerry can’t believe the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.

NP VP

N VP NP

Aux Neg V NP C S

Det N NP VP

N V NP

Det A N

d) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.

NP VP

N VL A C S

NP VP

Det N V NP NP

N Det N

Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce

e) The children argued over whether bats had wings.

NP VP

Det N VP C S

V P NP VP

N V NP

The children argued over whether bats had wings

7. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of the sentences.

a) The essay that he wrote was too long.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg A

NP Infl VP

N V NP

The essay he wrote that was too long

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V AP

C S Deg P

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pst V NP

The was too long

b) The dog that he keeps bites.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V

C Infl S

Pres NP VP

N V NP

The dog he keeps that bites

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Pres V NP

The dog bites

c) Herbert found the man she loved.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det N C S

NP Infl VP

N V

Herbert found the man she loved who

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP

N Infl V NP

Det N S

NP Infl VP

NP NP

N V

N N Herbert found the

d) The girl whom he often quarrels with majors in linguistics.

Deep structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

P NP

C Infl S

NP VP

N Qual VP NP

V P N

The girl he often quarrels with whom majors in linguistics

Surface Structure

C S

NP VP

Det N CP V PP

P NP

C S

NP NP Infl VP

N N Qual VP NP

V P N

The girl majors in linguistics

8. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure trees for each of these sentences.

a) Would you come tomorrow?

Deep structure

C S

NP AdvP

N Infl V Adv

you would come tomorrow

Surface structure

C S

NP AdvP

Infl

N Infl V Adv

come tomorrow

b) Can you pass me the newspaper?

Deep structure

C S

NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

you can pass me the newspaper

Surface structure

C S

Infl NP NP NP

N Infl V N Det N

pass me the newspaper

c) Should the students report the incident?

Deep structure

C S

NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

the students should report the incident

Surface structure

C S

Infl NP NP

Det N Infl V Det N

report the incident

d) What did you eat for lunch?

Deep structure

C S

NP PP

NP NP

N Infl V P

N N

you did eat what for lunch

Surface structure

NP C S

Infl NP PP

NP NP N N Infl V P

N N

for lunch

e) Who should this be reported to ?

Deep structure

C S

NP PP

VP NP

N Infl V V P

this should be reported to whom

Surface structure

NP C S

N Infl NP PP

VP NP

N Infl V V P

f) What was Helen bringing to the party?

Deep structure

C S

NP PP

NP NP

N Infl V P

N Det N

Helen was bringing what to the party

Surface structure

NP C S

N Infl NP PP

NP NP

N Infl V P

N Det N

to the party

英语语言学树形图举例

树形图详细讲解 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP

e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP Deg A Mary became very ill c) What will you talk about? CP NP C S N Infl NP Infl VP VP NP V P N d) The apple might hit the man. S NP VP Det N Aux V NP Det N The apple might hit the man

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《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization

语言学树形图课后答案.

树形图详细讲解网上的相对理想的树形图答案，注意正两点： 1. 短语和中心词在一竖线上 2. 含有形容词修饰语的名词短语的画法 NP Det N A N a little boy 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N

full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories

英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题

《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.

英语语言学树形图举例word精品

树形图详细讲解 1. In dicate the category of each word in the follow ing senten ces. a) The old lady sudde nly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He n ever appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. b) a story about a sen time ntal girl NP Det A N a story about a sen time ntal girl c) ofte n read detective stories Qual V NP ofte n read detective stories d) the argume nt aga inst the proposals NP NP a) full of people AP full of people NP PP VP Det N

八 Det N the argume nt aga inst the proposals

语言学第四单元课后答案 synta 树状图 the s rule

syntax 1. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences. a) The old lady suddenly left. Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road. Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road. Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature. N Qual V Deg A 2. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each. a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP

A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP V PP P Det N move towards the window 3. Draw phrase structure trees for each of the following sentences. a) The jet landed. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP Det N Pst V The jet landed b) Mary became very ill. InflP(=S) NP Infl VP N Pst V AP

新编简明英语语言学教程何兆熊第五章笔记和习题

Chapter 5 Semantics ?Semantics----the study of language meaning. ?Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies meaning. ?Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis of conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context. ?Meaning is central to the study of communication. ?Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist) ? 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to. ? 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces the properties of the referent, peripheral ? 3. Social meaning (stylistic meaning) –what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression ? 4. Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer towards what is referred to ? 5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression ?Taboos ? 6. Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it ?(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be together called associative meaning–meaning that hinges on referential meaning, less stable, more culture-specific ) 7. Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order ?What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning. Some views concerning the study of meaning ?Naming theory (Plato) ?The conceptualist view ?Contextualism (Bloomfield) ?Behaviorism Naming theory (Plato): Words are names or labels for things. The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things ?Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…

大学英语语言学Chapter_3_Morphology

Chapter 3 Morphology 1. What is word? ?Definition: A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. ? A vague definition.Three senses are involved in defining “word”, none of which is satisfactory to cope with all the situations. 1.1 Identification of words ?Stability:stable linguistic units. chairman, but not *manchair ?Relative uninterruptibility:though we recognize three components in the word disappointment, we cannot pause and add another component in between, as in *disinterestappointment. But we can add another word between words: Paul, (John) and Mary ... ? A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself. Sentence---the maximum free form Word---the minimum free form, the smallest unit that can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance ?Eg --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly. Hi. Wonderful. ?词的特征词是由词素构成，比词素高一级的句法单位。词具有以下特征：一词具有固定的语音形式。二词具有一定的意义。词可以分属实义语类和功能语类。实义语类主要表示词汇意义，包括名词，动词，形容词，副词和介词。功能语类主要表示语法意义，起连接或附着作用，包括限定词，助动词，代词，标句词和连词。三词是能够独立运用的最小的语言单位。 2 Classification of words 2.1 Variable and invariable words ?V ariable words:One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats ?Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings. 2.2 Grammatical words and lexical words Grammatical words:express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions,

教你如何画语言学树型图

树形图详细讲解 1、 Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences、 a) The old lady suddenly left、 Det A N Qual V b) The car stopped at the end of the road、 Det N V P Det N P Det N c) The snow might have blocked the road、 Det N Aux Aux V Det N d) He never appears quite mature、 N Qual V Deg A 2、 The following phrases include a head, a plement, and a specifier、 Draw the appropriate tree structure for each、 a) full of people AP A P N full of people b) a story about a sentimental girl NP NP PP Det N P NP Det A N a story about a sentimental girl c) often read detective stories VP Qual V NP A N often read detective stories d) the argument against the proposals NP NP PP Det N P NP Det N the argument against the proposals e) move towards the window VP

语言学课后习题树形图

8.（c）the argument against the proposals PP NP P NP Det N Det N against the (d)already above the windows PP AdvP P NP Adv Det N already above the window

NP Infl VP Det AP N pst V PP A P NP Det AP N A huge moon hung in the black sky (C) The man examined his car carefully yeseterday S NP Infl VP Det N pst V NP AdvP Det N AdvP Adv Adv A man examined his car carefully yesterday 10．（b）Helen put on her clothes and went out S

N pst V PP Con V PP P NP P Det N Helen put on her clothes and went out c)Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics. S NP Infl VP N Pre V AP Con AP A PP A PP P NP P NP N Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics 11.(b) Gerry belives the fact that Anna fluncked the English exam. S NP Infl VP

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1.What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics. 2. What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Design features of language: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. (1)Arbitrariness is the core feature of language, which means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Arbitrariness is a matter of degree. (2)Duelity of structure refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning.At the first level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningfulunits(such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second , lower level, it is seen as sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. (3)Productivity refers to the ability to construct and understand an difinitely large number of sentences in one's language, including those that one has never heard before. (4)Displacement refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. (5)Cultural transmission shows that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but have to be learned and taught. (6)Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3. The orgin of language (1)The bow-bow theory: in primitive times people imitated the sounds of animal calls in the wild enironment they lived and speech developed from that. Onomatopoetic words seem to be a convenient evidence for this theory. (2)The pooh-pooch theory: in the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pain, anger, and joy. (3)The "yo-he-yo" theory: as primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4. Functions of language (1)The informative function is regarded as the most important function of language (2)The interpersonal function is the most important sociological use of language by which people establish and maintain their status in a society. (3)The performative function is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies. the language used is quite formal and even ritualized. (4)The emotive function changes the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. It is similar to expressive function but the latter can be totally without any implication of communication to others. (5)the phatic communion enables people to maintain a comfortable relationship without involving any factual content.

英语语言学树形图举例

英语语言学树形图举例

英语语言学概论复习

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新编简明英语语言学教程何兆熊第五章笔记和习题

大学英语语言学Chapter_3_Morphology

教你如何画语言学树型图

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