微软Visual Studio

1微软Visual Studio

Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。

Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。

Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html,（通过Visual https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的

XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。

微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。

2架构

Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。

通过使用特定的VSPackage来支持的编程语言的服务，称为语言服务。一个语言服务定义了各种接口，而这些VSPackage实现包可以实现添加功能支持多种。功能性的方式，可以添加包括语法着色，语句完成，括号匹配，参数信息工具提示，成员名单和背景汇编的错误标记。如果接口完成，那么语言就可以使用这些功能。语言服务要在每个语言的基础实施。重用代码的实现可以从语言解析器实现。语言服务可以在本机代码或托管代码实现。对于本机代码，无论是本地COM接口或巴贝尔框架（部分Visual Studio SDK）都可以使用。对于托管代码，MPF服务，包括托管语言编写包装。

Visual Studio不包括任何源头控制内建支援，但它定义了两种可供选择的源代码控制系统的方法可以用IDE集成。一个源代码控制VSPackage可以提供自己的定制的用户界面。与此相反，源代码管理插件使用MSSCCI（Microsoft源代码控制接口）提供了一个功能集的控制功能，用于落实各项源接口，用标准的Visual Studio用户界面。MSSCCI首次使用集成的Visual SourceSafe 6.0，但后来在Visual Studio SDK中通过。Visual https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html, 2002使用MSSCCI 1.1，Visual https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html, 2003使用MSSCCI 1.2。Visual Studio 2005、2008和2010使用MSSCCI 1.3版，增加了重命名和删除的支持以及异步传输。

Visual Studio支持运行（每一个都有它自己的一套VSPackage）多个实例的环境。这些实例使用不同的注册表配置单元来存储它们的配置状态和区别他们的AppID（应用程序ID）。实例都是由一开始的AppID-specific.exe文件选择的AppID，设置根并启动IDE。一个AppID的登记VSPackage中集成了其他的VSPackage。Visual Studio的各种产品版本，是使用不同的AppID。在Visual Studio速成版产品都设有自己的AppIds，但标准，专业和团队套件产品共享相同的AppID。因此，人们可以安装Express版本并排侧其他版本，不同的是其他版本更新相同的安装。专业版包含标准版的超集VSPackage和包括对其他版本中的团队套件的VSPackage超集。AppID系统由Visual Studio 2008的Visual Studio Shell影响。

3特点

3.1代码编辑器

Visual Studio，像任何其它的集成开发环境一样，包括一个支持语法高亮和代码自动完成的代码编辑器，不仅变量，函数和方法，就连语言，如结构循环和查询都是使用智能感知的。在开发网站和Web应用程序时，智能感知是由内部语言支持的，当然XML、层叠样式表和JavaScript也同样支持。编辑器中会自动弹出一个无模式列表框的代码，覆盖在上面。在Visual Studio 2008年起，它可暂时半透明地看到它阻碍了代码。代码编辑器是用于所有支持的语言。

在Visual Studio代码编辑器还支持设置快捷导航代码书签，其他助航设备包括折叠代码块和渐进式搜索，还有正常的文本搜索与正则表达式（在计算机科学中，是指一个用来描述或者匹配一系列符合某个句法规则的字符串的单个字符串。在很多文本编辑器或其他工具里，正则表达式通常被用来检索和/或替换那些符合某个模式的文本内容）搜索。代码编辑器还包括一个多项目剪贴板和任务列表。代码编辑器支持代码片段，它保存模板重复的代码，也可以被插入到正在进行这项工作到的代码和项目自定义中。一个代码片段管理工具也是这样建立的。这些工具是在浮动窗口显示，当这个窗口不被使用或者停在屏幕一侧时，可以将它设置成自动隐藏。在Visual Studio代码编辑器也支持代码重构包括参数重新排序，变量和方法的重命名，界面的提取和内部成员属性的封装等等。

Visual Studio提供了背景编译（也称为增量编译）。正在写的代码时，Visual Studio编译背景为了强调它在提供反馈有关语法和编译错误，这时标有红色的波浪。警告标有绿色下划线。背景编译不生

成可执行代码，因为它需要一个不同的编译器而不是一个生成可执行代码的编译器。背景资料汇编最初是和Microsoft Visual Basic语言一起推出的，但现在它已经扩展到了所有内部语言。

3.2调试器

Visual Studio包含一个调试器既可以作为一个源代码级调试器工作，并作为机器级调试器工作。它可工作在托管代码以及本机代码，可用Visual Studio支持的任何语言调试应用程序。此外，它也可以附加到正在运行的进程，监测和调试这些进程。如果源代码的运行过程是可用的，它就会显示代码的运行。如果源代码是不可用，它可以显示反汇编。Visual Studio调试器还可以创建内存转储以及负荷调试它们。多线程程序也支持。调试器可以被配置为一个应用程序，运行在Visual Studio环境之外。

调试器可以设置（允许执行被暂时停止的位置）和监视（用于监视变量的值执行进度）断点。断点是有条件的，这意味着他们条件满足时触发。代码可以加强，即一次只运行一条（源代码）。它可以步进它里面的功能来调试，或者步过，即执行机构的功能。也就是说，它允许代码进行编辑，因为它的调试只有32位，不支持64位。在调试时，如果鼠标指针徘徊在任何变量，其当前值显示在工具提示（“数据提示”），如果需要的话，它也可以修改。在编码时，Visual Studio调试器让某些职能援引手动Immediate工具窗口。方法参数提供的是在立即窗口。

4设计

Visual Studio包括一个可视化设计，以帮助开发主机的应用程序。这些工具包括：

4.1Windows窗体设计器

Windows窗体设计器是用Windows窗体构建图形用户界面应用程序。它包括一个UI调色板部件和一些可以在窗体表面拖拽的控件（包括按钮，进度条，标签，布局容器和其他控制），布局可以通过控制其他容器的框架控件或锁定到窗体的一面来改变。显示数据的控件（如文本框，列表框，网格视图等）都可以绑定到数据源，如数据库或查询。UI是用一个事件驱动的编程模型与代码关联的。设计器会生成C＃或https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html,应用程序代码。

4.2 WPF设计

WPF设计器，代号为Cider，用Visual Studio 2008介绍。像Windows窗体设计器一样它支持拖拽。它是用来提交用户界面对象的Windows Presentation Foundation。它支持所有功能，包括WPF的数据绑定和自动布局管理。它为UI生成的XAML代码。生成的XAML文件兼容微软Expression设计，设计者为导向的产品。XAML代码是联系在一起的代码使用代码隐藏模型。

4.3网页设计师/开发

Visual Studio还包括一个网站编辑器，网页设计器，允许被拖放部件。它是用于开发https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html,应用程序和支持HTML，CSS和JavaScript。它使用代码隐藏模型，连接https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html,代码。从Visual Studio 2008年起，设计器的布局引擎所使用的网络共享与微软的Expression Web。还有https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html, MVC支持MVC的下载技术。

4.4类设计器

类设计器是用UML建模来编写和编辑类（包括其成员和他们的访问）。类设计器可以生成C＃和https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html,代码。它也可以生成手写类的类图。

4.5数据设计

这些数据可以用来设计图形编辑数据库模式，包括类型的表，主键和外键和约束。它也可以用来设计图形视图从查询。

4.6绘图设计器

从Visual Studio 2008年起，测绘设计器使用的LINQ到SQL来设计对应关系数据库模式和类封装了数据。这种从ORM、https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html,实体框架新的解决方案，取代和提高了旧技术。

Microsoft Visual Studio

1 Microsoft Visual Studio

Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment from Microsoft. It can be used to develop console and graphical user interface applications along with Windows Forms applications, web sites, web applications, and web services in both native code together withmanaged code for all platforms supported by Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Windows CE, .NET Framework, .NET Compact Frameworkand Microsoft Silverlight.

Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense as well as code refactoring. The integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger. Other built-in tools include a forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer, classdesigner, and database schema designer. It accepts plug-ins that enhance the functionality at almost every level—including adding support forsource-control systems (like Subversion and Visual SourceSafe) and adding new toolsets like editors and visual designers for domain-specific languages or toolsets for other aspects of the software development lifecycle (like the Team Foundation Server client: Team Explorer).

Visual Studio supports different programming languages by means of language services, which allow the code editor and debugger to support (to varying degrees) nearly any programming language, provided a language-specific service exists. Built-in languages include C/C++ (via Visual C++), https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html, (via Visual Basic .NET), C# (via Visual C#), and F# (as of Visual Studio 2010). Support for other languages such as M,Python, and Ruby among others is available via language services installed separately. It also supports XML/XSL T, HTML/XHTML, JavaScriptand CSS. Individual language-specific versions of Visual Studio also exist which provide more limited language services to the user: Microsoft Visual Basic, Visual J#, Visual C#, and Visual C++.

Microsoft provides "Express" editions of its Visual Studio 2010 components Visual Basic, Visual C#, Visual C++, and Visual Web Developer at no cost. Visual Studio 2010, 2008 and 2005 Professional Editions, along with language-specific versions (Visual Basic, C++, C#, J#) of Visual Studio 2005 are available for free to students as downloads via Microsoft's DreamSpark program.

2 Architecture

Visual Studio does not support any programming language, solution or tool intrinsically. Instead, it allows plugging in various types of functionality. Specific functionality is coded as a VSPackage. When installed, the functionality is available as a Service. The IDE provides three services: SVsSolution, which provides the ability to enumerate projects and solutions; SVsUIShell, which provides windowing and UI functionality (including tabs, toolbars and tool windows); and SVsShell, which deals with registration of VSPackages. In addition, the IDE is also responsible for coordinating and enabling communication between services. All editors, designers, project types and other tools are implemented as VSPackages. Visual Studio uses COM to access the VSPackages. The Visual Studio SDK also includes the Managed Package Framework (MPF), which is a set of managed wrappers around the COM-interfaces that allow the Packages to be written in any CLI compliant language. However, MPF does not provide all the functionality exposed by

the Visual Studio COM interfaces. The services can then be consumed for creation of other packages, which add functionality to the Visual Studio IDE.

Support for programming languages is added by using a specific VSPackage called a Language Service.

A language service defines various interfaces which the VSPackage implementation can implement to add support for various functionalities. Functionalities that can be added this way include syntax coloring, statement completion, brace matching, parameter information tooltips, member lists and error markers for background compilation. If the interface is implemented, the functionality will be available for the language. Language services are to be implemented on a per-language basis. The implementations can reuse code from the parser or the compiler for the language. Language services can be implemented either in native code or managed code. For native code, either the native COM interfaces or the Babel Framework (part of Visual Studio SDK) can be used. For managed code, the MPF includes wrappers for writing managed language services.

Visual Studio does not include any source control support built in but it defines two alternative ways for source control systems can integrate with the IDE. A Source Control VSPackage can provide its own customised user interface. In contrast, a source control plugin using the MSSCCI (Microsoft Source Code Control Interface) provides a set of functions that are used to implement various source control functionality, with a standard Visual Studio user interface. MSSCCI was first used to integrate Visual SourceSafe with Visual Studio 6.0 but was later opened up via the Visual Studio SDK. Visual Studio .NET 2002 used MSSCCI 1.1, and Visual Studio .NET 2003 used MSSCCI 1.2. Visual Studio 2005, 2008 and 2010 use MSSCCI V ersion 1.3, which adds support for rename and delete propagation as well as asynchronous opening.

Visual Studio supports running multiple instances of the environment. The instances use different registry hives (see MSDN's definition of the term "registryhive" in the sense used here) to store their configuration state and are differentiated by their AppId (Application ID). The instances are launched by an AppId-specific .exe that selects the AppId, sets the root hive and launches the IDE. VSPackages registered for one AppId are integrated with other VSPackages for that AppId. The various product editions of Visual Studio are created using the different AppIds. The Visual Studio Express edition products are installed with their own AppIds, but the Standard, Professional and Team Suite products share the same AppId. Consequently, one can install the Express editions side-by-side with other editions, unlike the other editions which update the same installation. The professional edition includes a superset of the VSPackages in the standard edition and the team suite includes a superset of the VSPackages in both other editions. The AppId system is leveraged by the Visual Studio Shell in Visual Studio 2008.

3 Features

3.1 Code editor

Visual Studio, like any other IDE, includes a code editor that supports syntax highlighting and code completion using IntelliSense for not only variables, functions and methods but also language constructs like loops and queries. IntelliSense is supported for the included languages, as well as for XML and for Cascading Style Sheets and JavaScript when developing web sites and web applications. Autocomplete

suggestions are popped up in a modeless list box, overlaid on top of the code editor. In Visual Studio 2008 onwards, it can be made temporarily semi-transparent to see the code obstructed by it. The code editor is used for all supported languages.

The Visual Studio code editor also supports setting bookmarks in code for quick navigation. Other navigational aids include collapsing code blocks andincremental search, in addition to normal text search and regex search. The code editor also includes a multi-item clipboard and a task list. The code editor supports code snippets, which are saved templates for repetitive code and can be inserted into code and customized for the project being worked on. A management tool for code snippets is built in as well. These tools are surfaced as floating windows which can be set to automatically hide when unused or docked to the side of the screen. The Visual Studio code editor also supports code refactoring including parameter reordering, variable and method renaming,interface extraction and encapsulation of class members inside properties, among others.

Visual Studio features background compilation (also called incremental compilation). As code is being written, Visual Studio compiles it in the background in order to provide feedback about syntax and compilation errors, which are flagged with a red wavy underline. Warnings are marked with a green underline. Background compilation does not generate executable code, since it requires a different compiler than the one used to generate executable code. Background compilation was initially introduced with Microsoft Visual Basic but has now been expanded for all included languages.

3.2 Debugger

Visual Studio includes a debugger that works both as a source-level debugger and as a machine-level debugger. It works with both managed code as well as native code and can be used for debugging applications written in any language supported by Visual Studio. In addition, it can also attach to running processes and monitor and debug those processes. If source code for the running process is available, it displays the code as it is being run. If source code is not available, it can show the disassembly. The Visual Studio debugger can also create memory dumps as well as load them later for debugging. Multi-threaded programs are also supported. The debugger can be configured to be launched when an application running outside the Visual Studio environment crashes.

The debugger allows setting breakpoints (which allow execution to be stopped temporarily at a certain position) and watches (which monitor the values of variables as the execution progresses). Breakpoints can be conditional, meaning they get triggered when the condition is met. Code can be stepped over, i.e., run one line (of source code) at a time. It can either step into functions to debug inside it, or step over it, i.e., the execution of the function body isn't available for manual inspection. The debugger supports Edit and Continue, i.e., it allows code to be edited as it is being debugged.When debugging, if the mouse pointer hovers over any variable, its current value is displayed in a tooltip ("data tooltips"), where it can also be modified if desired. During coding, the Visual Studio debugger lets certain functions be invoked manually from the Immediate tool window. The parameters to the method are supplied at the Immediate window.

4 Designer

Visual Studio includes a host of visual designers to aid in the development of applications. These tools

include:

4.1 Windows Forms Designer

The Windows Forms designer is used to build GUI applications using Windows Forms. It includes a palette of UI widgets and controls (including buttons, progress bars, labels, layout containers and other controls) that can be dragged and dropped on a form surface. Layout can be controlled by housing the controls inside other containers or locking them to the side of the form. Controls that display data (like textbox, list box, grid view, etc.) can be bound to data sources like databases or queries. The UI is linked with code using an event-driven programming model. The designer generates either C# https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html, code for the application.

4.2 WPF Designer

The WPF designer, codenamed Cider, was introduced with Visual Studio 2008. Like the Windows Forms designer it supports the drag and drop metaphor. It is used to author user interfaces targeting Windows Presentation Foundation. It supports all WPF functionality including data binding and automatic layout management. It generates XAML code for the UI. The generated XAML file is compatible with Microsoft Expression Design, the designer-oriented product. The XAML code is linked with code using a code-behind model.

4.3 Web designer/development

Visual Studio also includes a web-site editor and designer that allows web pages to be authored by dragging and dropping widgets. It is used for developing https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html, applications and supports HTML, CSS and JavaScript. It uses a code-behind model to link with https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html, code. From Visual Studio 2008 onwards, the layout engine used by the web designer is shared with Microsoft Expression Web. There is also https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html, MVC support for MVCtechnology as a separate downloadand https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html, Dynamic Data project available from Microsoft.

4.4 Class designer

The Class Designer is used to author and edit the classes (including its members and their access) using UML modeling. The Class Designer can generate C# and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html, code outlines for the classes and methods. It can also generate class diagrams from hand-written classes.

4.5 Data designer

The data designer can be used to graphically edit database schemas, including typed tables, primary and foreign keys and constraints. It can also be used to design queries from the graphical view.

4.6 Mapping designer

From Visual Studio 2008 onwards, the mapping designer is used by LINQ to SQL to design the mapping between database schemas and the classesthat encapsulate the data. The new solution from ORM approach, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0519490234.html, Entity Framework, replaces and improves the old technology.

计算机专业外文文献翻译6

外文文献翻译（译成中文2000字左右）： As research laboratories become more automated,new problems are arising for laboratory managers.Rarely does a laboratory purchase all of its automation from a single equipment vendor. As a result,managers are forced to spend money training their users on numerous different software packages while purchasing support contracts for each. This suggests a problem of scalability. In the ideal world,managers could use the same software package to control systems of any size; from single instruments such as pipettors or readers to large robotic systems with up to hundreds of instruments. If such a software package existed, managers would only have to train users on one platform and would be able to source software support from a single vendor. If automation software is written to be scalable, it must also be flexible. Having a platform that can control systems of any size is far less valuable if the end user cannot control every device type they need to use. Similarly, if the software cannot connect to the customer’s Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database,it is of limited usefulness. The ideal automation software platform must therefore have an open architecture to provide such connectivity. Two strong reasons to automate a laboratory are increased throughput and improved robustness. It does not make sense to purchase high-speed automation if the controlling software does not maximize throughput of the system. The ideal automation software, therefore, would make use of redundant devices in the system to increase throughput. For example, let us assume that a plate-reading step is the slowest task in a given method. It would make that if the system operator connected another identical reader into the system, the controller software should be able to use both readers, cutting the total throughput time of the reading step in half. While resource pooling provides a clear throughput advantage, it can also be used to make the system more robust. For example, if one of the two readers were to experience some sort of error, the controlling software should be smart enough to route all samples to the working reader without taking the entire system offline. Now that one embodiment of an ideal automation control platform has been described let us see how the use of C++ helps achieving this ideal possible. DISCUSSION C++: An Object-Oriented Language Developed in 1983 by BjarneStroustrup of Bell Labs,C++ helped propel the concept of object-oriented programming into the mainstream.The term ‘‘object-oriented programming language’’ is a familiar phrase that has been in use for decades. But what does it mean? And why is it relevant for automation software? Essentially, a language that is object-oriented provides three important programming mechanisms:

计算机网络外文文献外文翻译英文文献新技术的计算机网络

New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network. Then came e-mail a few years later, a core communications protocol called TCP/IP in the late 70s, the domain name system in the 80s and the World Wide Web - now the second most popular application behind e-mail - in 1990. The Internet expanded beyond its initial military and educational domain into businesses and homes around the world.

计算机科学与技术 外文翻译 英文文献 中英对照

附件1：外文资料翻译译文 大容量存储器 由于计算机主存储器的易失性和容量的限制, 大多数的计算机都有附加的称为大容量存储系统的存储设备, 包括有磁盘、CD 和磁带。相对于主存储器，大的容量储存系统的优点是易失性小，容量大，低成本, 并且在许多情况下, 为了归档的需要可以把储存介质从计算机上移开。 术语联机和脱机通常分别用于描述连接于和没有连接于计算机的设备。联机意味着，设备或信息已经与计算机连接，计算机不需要人的干预，脱机意味着设备或信息与机器相连前需要人的干预，或许需要将这个设备接通电源，或许包含有该信息的介质需要插到某机械装置里。 大量储存器系统的主要缺点是他们典型地需要机械的运动因此需要较多的时间，因为主存储器的所有工作都由电子器件实现。 1. 磁盘 今天，我们使用得最多的一种大量存储器是磁盘，在那里有薄的可以旋转的盘片，盘片上有磁介质以储存数据。盘片的上面和（或）下面安装有读/写磁头，当盘片旋转时，每个磁头都遍历一圈，它被叫作磁道，围绕着磁盘的上下两个表面。通过重新定位的读/写磁头，不同的同心圆磁道可以被访问。通常，一个磁盘存储系统由若干个安装在同一根轴上的盘片组成，盘片之间有足够的距离，使得磁头可以在盘片之间滑动。在一个磁盘中，所有的磁头是一起移动的。因此，当磁头移动到新的位置时，新的一组磁道可以存取了。每一组磁道称为一个柱面。 因为一个磁道能包含的信息可能比我们一次操作所需要得多，所以每个磁道划分成若干个弧区，称为扇区，记录在每个扇区上的信息是连续的二进制位串。传统的磁盘上每个磁道分为同样数目的扇区，而每个扇区也包含同样数目的二进制位。（所以，盘片中心的储存的二进制位的密度要比靠近盘片边缘的大）。 因此，一个磁盘存储器系统有许多个别的磁区, 每个扇区都可以作为独立的二进制位串存取，盘片表面上的磁道数目和每个磁道上的扇区数目对于不同的磁盘系统可能都不相同。磁区大小一般是不超过几个KB; 512 个字节或1024 个字节。

计算机 软件工程 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

一、外文资料译文： Java开发2.0：使用Hibernate Shards 进行切分 横向扩展的关系数据库 Andrew Glover，作者兼开发人员，Beacon50 摘要：Sharding并不适合所有网站，但它是一种能够满足大数据的需求方法。对于一些商店来说，切分意味着可以保持一个受信任的RDBMS，同时不牺牲数据可伸缩性和系统性能。在Java 开发 2.0系列的这一部分中，您可以了解到切分何时起作用，以及何时不起作用，然后开始着手对一个可以处理数TB 数据的简单应用程序进行切分。 日期：2010年8月31日 级别：中级 PDF格式：A4和信（64KB的15页）取得Adobe?Reader?软件 当关系数据库试图在一个单一表中存储数TB 的数据时，总体性能通常会降低。索引所有的数据读取，显然是很耗时的，而且其中有可能是写入，也可能是读出。因为NoSQL 数据商店尤其适合存储大型数据，但是NoSQL 是一种非关系数据库方法。对于倾向于使用ACID-ity 和实体结构关系数据库的开发人员及需要这种结构的项目来说，切分是一个令人振奋的选方法。 切分一个数据库分区的分支，不是在本机上的数据库技术，它发生在应用场面上。在各种切分实现，Hibernate Shards 可能是Java? 技术世界中最流行的。这个漂亮的项目可以让您使用映射至逻辑数据库的POJO 对切分数据集进行几乎无缝操作。当你使用Hibernate Shards 时，您不需要将你的POJO 特别映射至切分。您可以像使用Hibernate 方法对任何常见关系数据库进行映射时一样对其进行映射。Hibernate Shards 可以为您管理低级别的切分任务。 迄今为止，在这个系列，我用一个比赛和参赛者类推关系的简单域表现出不同的数据存储技术比喻为基础。这个月，我将使用这个熟悉的例子，介绍一个实际的切分策略，然后在Hibernate实现它的碎片。请注意，切分首当其冲的工作是和Hibernate没有必然关系的，事实上，对Hibernate stards编码部分是容易的。真正难的是搞清楚内容碎片和你的工作方式。。

计算机毕业论文文献翻译

目录 1 外文文献译文1 ...................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。 2 外文文献原文1 (5) 3 外文文献译文2 (9) 4 外文文献原文2 (12)

1 外文文献译文1 Access2000关系型数据库 在Office的家族成员当中，人们最初对于Access2000的了解，往往只是局限在它的操作界面中，对于数据库的管理功能仍然只是停留在建立数据表、数据的输入、使用窗体向导、使用报表向导、数据访问的向导等一些相对比较简单的应用上面。其实Access2000的功能非常强大，而且超乎你的想象。它是微软自发布Access以来功能最全面、与Windows和Internet结合最密切的数据库软件，是一个功能非常强大，且简单易用的数据库管理系统（DBMS），就是对数据库进行存储、管理和处理的系统。 Access2000数据库管理系统是Microsoft公司的Office办公自动化软件的一个组成部分。它可以有效地组织、管理和共享数据库的信息，并且将数据库的信息与Web结合在一起，并通过Internet共享数据信息提供了基础的平台。伴随着信息技术的发展，信息技术平台的选择往往是建立或者是重新建立应用系统的重要问题，而数据库正是它们要做出选择的关键平台。Access2000是一种关系型数据库管理系统，是中小型企业管理系统的最理想的开发环境，在当前的数据库领域，已经有越来越多的人在使用。它是一个功能非常强大的数据库管理系统的MIS系统开发工具。数据库是存储在一起的相关数据的集合，这些数据是结构化的，数据库是一种用来存储数据并且对数据进行管理的工具。数据库的作用就在于组织和表达信息，简单来说，数据库就是不同信息的集合。计算机的数据库可以分为两大类：非关系型的数据库（flat-file）和关系型的数据库（relational）。关系型的数据库中包含了多个数据表的信息，数据库含有各个不同部分的术语，像记录等。关系型的数据库管理系统曾经处于技术主流而且独领风骚，但是这种传统的数据库管理系统因为采用了两维的数据模型，而且存在着本身固有的约束和限制。难以适应现在迅速变化的业务需求，以及新技术的发展。信息技术的飞速发展，数据处理不仅在数量上需要越来越大，而且在质量上也要求越来越高，数据库所管理的数据已经发生了根本上的变化。这样一个变化给数据库技术带来了巨大的挑战，数据库管理的对象已经不再局限于文本数据等一些简单的数据类型，而是需要描述和保存大量多媒体非结构化的复杂数据，以及数据之间的关系。另外，随着热门网站访问数量的逐渐增加，对数据库本身的存储机制、大量并发

(整理)计算机_外文翻译_英文文献_中英版__仓库管理系统(_WMS_)

Warehouse Management Systems (WMS). The evolution of warehouse management systems (WMS) is very similar to that of many other software solutions. Initially a system to control movement and storage of materials within a warehouse, the role of WMS is expanding to including light manufacturing, transportation management, order management, and complete accounting systems. To use the grandfather of operations-related software, MRP, as a comparison, material requirements planning (MRP) started as a system for planning raw material requirements in a manufacturing environment. Soon MRP evolved into manufacturing resource planning (MRPII), which took the basic MRP system and added scheduling and capacity planning logic. Eventually MRPII evolved into enterprise resource planning (ERP), incorporating all the MRPII functionality with full financials and customer and vendor management functionality. Now, whether WMS evolving into a warehouse-focused ERP system is a good thing or not is up to debate. What is clear is that the expansion of the overlap in functionality between Warehouse Management Systems, Enterprise Resource Planning, Distribution Requirements Planning, Transportation Management Systems, Supply Chain Planning, Advanced Planning and Scheduling, and Manufacturing Execution Systems will only increase the level of confusion among companies looking for software solutions for their operations. Even though WMS continues to gain added functionality, the initial core functionality of a WMS has not really changed. The primary purpose of a WMS is to control the movement and storage of materials within an operation and process the associated transactions. Directed picking, directed replenishment, and directed put away are the key to WMS. The detailed setup and processing within a WMS can vary significantly from one software vendor to another, however the basic logic will use a combination of item, location, quantity, unit of measure, and order information to determine where to stock, where to pick, and in what sequence to perform these operations.

计算机专业外文文献翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 （本科学生用） 题目：Plc based control system for the music fountain 学生姓名：_ ___学号：060108011117 学部（系）: 信息学部 专业年级: _06自动化（1）班_ 指导教师： ___职称或学位：助教__ 20 年月日

外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）： 【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封 底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文】 英文节选原文： Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons).Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form. of light diodes for error signalization. System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development. User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory. PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines),

计算机专业毕业设计论文外文文献中英文翻译(Object)

外文资料 Object landscapes and lifetimes Technically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, inheritance, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as important. The remainder of this section will cover these issues. One of the most important factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object controlled? There are different philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that control of efficiency is the most important issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocation and release, and control of these can be very valuable in some situations. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact quantity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided design, warehouse management, or air-traffic control, this is too restrictive. The second approach is to create objects dynamically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know until run-time how many objects you need, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is running. If you need a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you need it. Because the storage is managed dynamically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is significantly longer than the time to create storage on the stack. (Creating storage on the stack is often a single assembly instruction to

计算机专业毕业设计论文外文文献中英文翻译(Object)

计算机专业毕业设计论文外文文献中英文翻译(Object) LT

itself whenever necessary to accommodate everything you place inside it. So you don’t need to know how manyobjects you’re going to hold in a container. Just create a container object and let it take care of the details. Fortunately, a good OOP language comes with a set of containers as part of the package. In C++, it’s part of the Standard C++ Library and is sometimes called the Standard Template Library (STL). Object Pascal has containers in its Visual Component Library (VCL). Smalltalk has a very complete set of containers. Java also has containers in its standard library. In some libraries, a generic container is considered good enough for all needs, and in others (Java, for example) the library has different types of containers for different needs: a vector (called an ArrayList in Java) for consistent access to all elements, and a linked list for consistent insertion at all elements, for example, so you can choose the particular type that fits your needs. Container libraries may also include sets, queues, hash tables, trees, stacks, etc. All containers have some way to put things in and get things out; there are usually functions to add elements to a container, and others to fetch those elements back out. But fetching elements can be more problematic, because a single-selection function is restrictive. What if you want to manipulate or compare a set of elements in the container instead of just one? The solution is an iterator, which is an object whose job is to select the elements within a container and present them to the user of the iterator. As a class, it also provides a level of abstraction. This abstraction can be used to separate the details of the container from the code that’s accessing that container. The container, via the iterator, is abstracted to be simply a sequence. The iterator allows you to traverse that sequence without worrying about the underlying structure—that is, whether it’s an ArrayList, a LinkedList, a Stack, or something else. This gives you the flexibility to easily change the underlying data structure without disturbing the code in your program. Java began (in version 1.0 and 1.1) with a standard iterator, called Enumeration, for all of its container classes. Java 2 has added a much more complete container library that

计算机科学与技术专业深入浅出JavaScript大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文） 外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：深入浅出JavaScript 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：计算机科学与技术 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 题目：Beginning JavaScript with DOM Scripting and Ajax 学院：信息工程学院系计算机 专业：计算机科学与技术 班级： 学号： 姓名： 指导教师： 起讫日期：

外文资料翻译译文 深入浅出JavaScript 1.1 JavaScript产生的原因 在Web发展的初期，主要有HTML和公共管理接口(GUI)。HTML定义了大部分的文本文档并且只是用户代理（通常为网页浏览器）如何显示。比如，标签 之间的文字就会成为一个段落，在这个段落中可以使用标签