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材料概论英文版武汉理工大学

材料概论英文版武汉理工大学
材料概论英文版武汉理工大学

Material:Solids used by man kind to produce items which constitute the support for his

living environment

Characteristics of materials

◆Have certain compositions;

◆Can be processed;

◆With certain shape and color;

◆Can be used and reused or recycled.

◆特点:

?具有一定的成分和配比;

?可成型加工;

?保持一定形状和外观;

?具有使用价值并可回收再利用。

材料性能的决定因素

◆组成材料的各元素的原子结构,

◆原子间的相互作用、相互结合,

◆原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律,

◆原子集合体的形貌特征。

Classification of materials

◆Atomic structures

◆Nature of chemical bonds:

?Metallic bond 金属键

?Ionic bond 离子键

?Covalent bond 共价键

?Secondary bond 次价键

?Van der Waals bond 范德华力

?Hydrogen bond 氢键

Classification:

◆metals and their alloys:- metallic bonding

◆Organic polymers: Covalent bonding & secondary bonding

◆Ceramics:Ionic bonding & covalent bonding

Metals and their alloys:

◆are good conductors of heat and electricity;

◆are opaque to visible light;

◆are hard, rigid;

◆can undergo plastic deformation

◆have a high melting temperature (Tm).

Organic polymers:

◆made up of long-chain molecules;

◆are electrical and thermal insulators;

◆are light and easily formable;

◆the best-known organic polymers are:

?poly (vinyl chloride) (聚氯乙烯,PVC);

?polyethylene (聚乙烯,PE);

?polystyrene (聚苯乙烯,PS)。

Composite materials: Are constituted by two or more different materials with specific properties.

?Glass fiber reinforced resins:

lightweight composites with high

mechanical strength

?Concrete:

an agglomeration of cement, sand

and gravel

Mechanical properties:

?The behavior of materials deformed by a set of forces.

?弹性Elasticity

?塑性Plasticity

?强度Strength

?硬度Hardness

?韧性Toughness

?疲劳特性Fatigue behavior

?耐磨性Abrasion resistance

Physical properties:

◆The behavior of materials subjected to the action of temperature, electric or

magnetic fields, or light.

?电性能Electric properties

?磁性能Magnetic properties

?热性能Thermal properties

?光性能Optical properties

Chemical properties:

◆The behavior of material in a reactive environment.

◆抗腐蚀能力Corrosion resistance

?Atmospherically,

?Chemically (salts, acid, alkali)

Materials Engineering:

◆Concerned with

?Manufacturing,

?Transformation

?Shaping

?Processing.

The three most common crystal structures of metals are

?Body-centered cubic structure,

?Face-centered cubic structure,

?Hexagonal close-packed structure

Production of steel:

◆Pig iron contains too much carbon and too many impurities to be used directly in

most applications.

◆It must be converted to steel in one of several types of converters. These

converters may differ in appearance, but they do the same thing:

?burn off the carbon in the iron.

?Impurities are removed as gases and in the slag.

?Phosphorus and sulfur are reduced to less than 0.05 percent of the steel.

?Manganese content is reduced to an amount from 0.2 to 2.0 percent;

?Silicon is reduced to an amount from 0.01 to 3.5 percent.

Three primary ores are

?magnetite,

?hematite,

?taconite

铸铁概念:cast iron, essentially an alloy of iron, carbon and silicon, is composed of iron and from 2 to 6.67 percent carbon, plus manganese, sulfur, and phosphorus, and shaped by being cast in a mold.

The types and properties of cast iron ;white cast iron( hard , brittle ) , gray cast iron (brittle ,withstand large compressive loads but small tensile loads ), alloy cast iron , nodular or ductile cast iron (good castability ,toughness, good wear resistance ,low melting

point ,and hardenability ), malleable cast iron (strength ,toughness, ductility ,and machinability)

Stainless Steel :

●Ferritic

●Martensitic

●Austenitic

●PH Alloys

advantages of using Al:one-third of the weight of steel ;good thermal and electrical conductivity ;high strength-to-weight ratio ;can be given a hard surface by anodizing and hard coating ;most alloys are weldable ;will not rust ;high reflectivity ;can be die cast ;easily machined ;good formability; nonmagnetic ;nontoxic and one –third of the stiffness of steel.

Magnesium:

1.The lightest of all structural metals

2.Specific gravity:1.75

3. Magnesium weighs 1.5 times less than an equal volume of aluminum and 4 times less than zinc.

4.High strength, stiffness, dimensional stability,

5.High strength-to-weight ratio. Magnesium alloys have

?relatively high thermal and electrical conductivities;

?good energy absorption characteristics;

?Nonmagnetic properties

The four types of stresses:ductility, tensile strength, proportional limit, elastic limit, modulus of elasticity, resilience, yield point, yield strength, ultimate strength, and breaking strength

Four basic types of stresses : tensile, compressive, shear ,torsion (拉力,压力,剪切力,扭转力)

Metals and nonmetals

◆Ability to donate electrons and form a positive ion;

◆Crystalline structure – grain structure;

◆High thermal and electrical conductivity;

◆Ability to be deformed plastically, and

◆Metallic luster or reflectivity

Crystalline unit structures

◆Body-centered cubic (BCC)

◆Face-centered cubic (FCC)

◆Hexagonal close-packed (HCP)

◆Cubic

◆Body-centered tetragonal

◆Rhombohedral

There are several factors that may speed the corrosion process. Among these factors are ?an increase in temperature,

?the presence of certain gases,

?environmental factors such as acid rain,

?metal fatigue,

?cold working/forming,

?and other similar factors

Ceramic compounds:Can be defined as inorganic compounds made by heating clay or other mineral matter to a high temperature at which they partially melt and bond together Ceramics Classification

?traditional ceramics: derived and processed from clay or nonclay minerals including refractories(耐火材料), white wares, cement(水泥), porcelain(瓷

器), and structural clay ceramics.

?advanced ceramics: high purity, better mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties

Nature of Ceramics

◆Crystalline solids composed of metallic and nonmetallic materials

◆Ceramics are crystal structures made of metallic ions and Inorganic materials

◆Bonding is either partially or completely ionic.

◆Variables include

?The magnitude of the electrical charge on the ions;

?The relative size of the ions

Properties of Ceramics

◆Corrosion resistance, chemical inertness, thermal shock resistance wear-resistance

◆Electrical properties: solid electrolytes in experimental batteries and fuel cells

◆Other uses: include automotive sensors, packaging for integrated circuits,

electronic/optical devices, fiber optics, microchips, and magnetic heads

Porosity and Density

◆Mass density, which uses the mass of a material divided by its volume refers to this

theoretical density

◆Atomic weight is a major factor in determining the density of a material

◆Close-packed metals are more dense than open-structured material s

◆The optimum density of spherical particles can be reached by varying the size

distribution of particles to permit smaller particles (50 nm or less) to locate in the interstices (空隙) of the larger ones.

Ceramic Processing

◆Traditional Processing

?structural clay products and the whitewares.

?Formation → Drying →Firing

◆Advanced Ceramic Processing

1.制备工艺:不再以熔炉为主要烧结工具, 如真空烧结、气氛烧结、热压烧结、气压

烧结等。

2.性能:高强度、高硬度、耐腐蚀、导电、绝缘以及磁、电、光、生物相容性等。Classification of glasses according to compositions

◆Oxide glasses

◆Chalcogenide Glasses (硫属化物玻璃)

◆Thioborate glasses (B

S3) (硫硼玻璃)

2

◆Halide glasses (BeF

, ZnCl2 etc.) (卤化物玻璃)

2

◆Heavy metal fluoride glasses (ZrF

) (重金属氟化玻璃)

4

◆Oxy-halide glasses (氧卤玻璃)

◆Oxynitride glasses (氧氮玻璃)

◆Metallic glasses (金属玻璃)

◆Glass-like Carbon (玻璃碳)

◆Silica and silicate glasses (硅酸盐玻璃)

◆B

O3 and borate glasses (硼酸盐玻璃)

2

◆GeO

and germanate glasses (锗酸盐玻璃)

2

◆P

O5 and phosphate glasses (磷酸盐玻璃)

2

◆Complex oxide glasses

The glass transition is the region of temperatures where the properties of a cooled liquid continuously change from being “liquid-like” to “solid-like

Properties of glass

◆Density

?The density of most glasses is dependent upon its thermal history and decreases with temperature

?Glasses cooled at various rates from above the annealing point will differ in density with the more rapidly cooled glasses having a lower density

◆Hardness

?Glasses are brittle in a macroscopic scale, but they can flow under shear stresses in a microscopic scale

?Hardness is a property closely related to the mechanical strength of a glass and to its low temperature viscosity

◆Hardness

?Glasses are brittle in a macroscopic scale, but they can flow under shear stresses in a microscopic scale

?Hardness is a property closely related to the mechanical strength of a glass and to its low temperature viscosity

◆Brittleness

?One of the main causes of this loss of strength is the presence of surface defects

?The stress will concentrate over only a few inter-atomic bonds at the apex (顶点) of the crack

?If the glass is cooled too rapidly it does not have time to release stresses set up within it during cooling. These stresses are “frozen-in” and can cause

the glass to shatter(粉碎) when it becomes a solid.

◆Optical Properties

?The refractive index depends upon the wavelength of light, the density, temperature, thermal history, stress, and composition of the glass ?Glasses of higher refractive index have greater dispersion. The higher the index, the more the dispersion tends to increase with decreasing wavelength ?The refractive index of a glass and its change with the composition and heat treatment are of primary importance for optical glasses

Polymers are macromolecules built up by the linking together of large numbers of much smaller molecules. Elastomers, Fibers, and Plastics

?The small molecules that combine with each other to form polymer

molecules are termed monomers(单体).

?The reactions by which they combine are termed polymerizations(聚合). Chain polymerization consists of a sequence of three steps:

Initiation reaction (birth)

Propagation reaction (growth)

Termination reaction (death)

Control of Tm and Tg

1.Thus a highly flexible chain has a low Tg, which increases as the rigidity of the chain becomes greater.

2.Similarly, strong intermolecular forces tend to raise Tg and also increase crystallinity.

General consideration

◆The chemical level.

?This deals with information on the fine structure, namely what type of monomer constitutes the chain and whether more than one type of

monomer is used (copolymer),

◆The architectural aspects.

?These are concerned with the chain as a whole, and now we are required to ask such questions as:

◆is the polymer linear, branched, or crosslinked;

◆what distribution of chain lengths exist;

◆what is the chain conformation and rigidity?

Mechanical Properties

◆Modulus. The resistance to deformation as measured by the initial stress divided by

?L / L.

◆Ultimate Strength or Tensile Strength. The stress required to rupture the sample.

◆Ultimate Elongation.The extent of elongation at the point where the sample

ruptures.

◆Elastic Elongation. The elasticity as measured by the extent of reversible elongation.

◆Polymers vary widely in their mechanical behavior depending on the degree of

crystallinity, degree of crosslinking, and the values of Tg and Tm.

1.High strength and low extensibility are obtained in polymers by having

various combinations of high degrees of crystallinity or crosslinking or rigid

chains (characterized by high Tg).

2.High extensibility and low strength in polymers are synonymous with low

degrees of crystallinity and crosslinking and low Tg values.

3.The temperature limits of utility of a polymer are governed by its Tg and/or

Tm. Strength is lost at or near Tg for an amorphous polymer and at or near

Tm for a crystalline polymer.

◆Different polymers are synthesized to yield various mechanical behaviors by the

appropriate combinations of crystallinity, crosslinking, Tg, and Tm.

1.Depending on the particular combination, a specific polymer will be used as

a fiber, flexible plastic, rigid plastic, or elastomer.

◆Commonly encountered articles that typify these uses of polymers are clothing and

rope (fiber), packaging films and seat covers (flexible plastic), eyeglass lenses and

housings for appliances (rigid plastic), and rubber bands and tires (elastomer).

The Definition of composite: A composite is a combined material created by the synthetic assembly of two or more components a selected filler or reinforcing agent and a compatible matrix(基体)binder (i.e., a resin) in order to obtain specific characteristics and properties. 复合材料定义:由两种或两种以上组分,通常一种是填料或增强材料,另一种是与之相容的基体粘结材料结合而成,以获得最佳或特殊性能的一种材料。

on the basis of the form of their structural components (the reinforcing agent )(按增强材料的形式分类)

1.fibrous (composed of fibers in a matrix)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/091365834.html,minar (composed of layers of materials)

3.particulate (1)flake (2)skeletal (composed of particles in a matrix)

polymer matrix composite(聚合物基复合材料)

PMC Matrix : polymer (聚合物)

Reinforcement: glass,carbon and Aramid(芳纶纤维)

metal matrix composite(金属基复合材料)

MMC Matrix : metal (aluminum)

Reinforcement: SiC

ceramic matrix composite(无机非金属基复合材料)

CMC Matrix : ceramic

Reinforcement: SiC, Boron in short fiber or whisker(晶须)style

The Advantage and disadvantages of Fillers

1.Advantage: increased strength and stiffness, heat resistance, heat conductivity, stability, wet strength, fabrication mobility, viscosity, abrasion resistance, and impact strength; reduced cost, shrinkage, exothermic heat(放热), thermal-expansion(热膨胀), coefficient, porosity, and crazing(裂纹); and improved surface appearance.

2.Disadvantage: They may limit the method of fabrication, inhibit curing of certain resins, and shorten the pot life(存储期)of the resin.

the properties of the composite are determined by:

?The properties of the fibre

?The properties of the resin

?The ratio of fibre to resin in the composite (复合材料中纤维和树脂的比例)(Fibre Volume Fraction (FVF)纤维的体积含量)

?The geometry and orientation of the fibres in the composite(复合材料中纤维的形态和取向)

材料概论英文版武汉理工大学

Material:Solids used by man kind to produce items which constitute the support for his living environment Characteristics of materials ◆Have certain compositions; ◆Can be processed; ◆With certain shape and color; ◆Can be used and reused or recycled. ◆特点: ?具有一定的成分和配比; ?可成型加工; ?保持一定形状和外观; ?具有使用价值并可回收再利用。 材料性能的决定因素 ◆组成材料的各元素的原子结构, ◆原子间的相互作用、相互结合, ◆原子或分子在空间的排列分布和运动规律, ◆原子集合体的形貌特征。 Classification of materials ◆Atomic structures ◆Nature of chemical bonds: ?Metallic bond 金属键 ?Ionic bond 离子键 ?Covalent bond 共价键 ?Secondary bond 次价键 ?Van der Waals bond 范德华力 ?Hydrogen bond 氢键 Classification: ◆metals and their alloys:- metallic bonding ◆Organic polymers: Covalent bonding & secondary bonding ◆Ceramics:Ionic bonding & covalent bonding

房屋建筑学复习材料(武汉理工大学出版社)

房屋建筑学复习材料 一、民用建筑设计 1、构成建筑的基本要素是:建筑功能、建筑技术和建筑形象。 2、建筑的分类:按使用性质通常可分为:生产建筑(即工业建筑,农业建筑),非生产建筑(即民用建筑)。 3、按层数分:低层建筑(1-2层),多层建筑(4-6层),中高层建筑(7-9层),高层建筑(10层及10层以上,包括首层设置商业服务网点的住宅) 4、按高度分 普通建筑:建筑高度不大于24m的公共建筑和建筑高度大于24m的单层公共建筑 高层建筑:建筑高度超过24m的公共建筑 超高层建筑:建筑高度大于100m的民用建筑 5、按耐火等级划分为四级,一级的耐火性能最好,四级最差 建筑物的耐火等级是按组成房屋构件的耐火极限和燃烧性能这两个因素确定的 a 构件耐火极限:指按建筑构件的时间--温度标准曲线进行耐火试验,从受到火的作用时起,到失去支持力或完整性被破坏或失去隔火作用时止的这段时间,用小时表示. b 构件燃烧性能:分为三类,即非燃烧体,燃烧体,难燃烧体. 6、设计使用年限:5年(临时性建筑);25年(易于替换结构构件的建筑);50年(普通建筑和构筑物);100年(纪念性建筑和特别重要的建筑) 7、建筑模数协调统一标准 (1)基本模数:数值规定为100mm,符号为M. (2)导出模数:分为扩大模数和分模数: 分模数:指整数除基本模数的数值,分模数的基数 为:1/10M,1/5M,1/2M. 8、建筑设计的依据 (1)使用功能:①人体尺度及个体活动所需空间尺度;②家具、设备尺

寸和使用它们所需的必要空间. (2)自然条件:①气象条件②地形、地质及地震烈度(烈度在6度以下时,地震对建筑物影响较小,一般可不考虑抗震措施。9度以上地区,地震破坏力很大,一般应避免在该地区建造房屋)7-9°③水文. 二、建筑平面设计 平面设计的内容 1、建筑平面设计包括单个房间平面设计及平面组合设计 2、对使用房间平面设计的要求主要有(简答) 3、房间形状常采用矩形的主要原因(简答) 4、从视听的功能考虑,教室的平面尺寸应满足的要求(简答) 5、门窗宽度及数量:一般单股人流通行最小宽度取550mm 6、交通联系部分包括水平交通空间(走道),垂直交通空间(楼梯、电梯、自动扶梯、坡道),交通枢纽空间(门厅、过厅)等 7、平面组合大致可归纳为:走道式组合、套件式组合、大厅式组合、单元式组合、混合式组合 三、建筑剖面设计 1、房间的剖面形状可分为矩形和非矩形两类,大多数民用建筑均采用矩形,这是因为矩形剖面简单、规整、便于竖向空间的组合,容易获得简洁而完整的体型,同时结构简单,施工方便 2、房间的净高:楼地面到结构层(梁、板)底面或顶棚下表面之间的距离。 层高:该层楼面到上一层楼地面之间的距离 3、窗台一般常取900—1000mm 室内外地面高度以不超过300mm为宜 4、对于托儿所、幼儿园等建筑,考虑到儿童的生理特点和安全,同时为便于室内与室外活动场所的联系,其层数不宜参加超过三层,医院门诊部为方便病人就诊,层数也以不超过三层为宜

武汉理工材料概论重点

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理工-机械设计复习概要概论

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