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选择性还原氧化石墨烯

选择性还原氧化石墨烯
选择性还原氧化石墨烯

文章编号: 1007?8827(2014)01?0061?06

选择性还原氧化石墨烯

徐 超1, 员汝胜1, 汪 信2

(1.福州大学光催化研究所福建省重点实验室?国家重点实验室培育基地,福建福州350002;

2.南京理工大学教育部软化学与功能材料重点实验室,江苏南京210094)

摘 要: 还原氧化石墨烯已被广泛用于制备基于石墨烯的材料三目前,还原处理方法均是尽可能地将氧化石墨烯中的功能团去除,恢复石墨烯的电子结构三由于氧化石墨烯中氧基功能团(如羟基二羧基及环氧基)不同的反应活性,氧化石墨烯是可能通过分步的方法进行还原三利用醇溶剂如乙醇二乙二醇二丙三醇还原氧化石墨烯,并采用不同分析手段对样品进行表征三结果发现,在一定条件下这些醇可选择性地还原氧化石墨烯三经这些醇的处理后,氧化石墨烯中环氧功能团被大部分去除,而其他的功能团如羟基和羧基仍被保留三这种选择性去除氧化石墨烯表面功能团的方法可利于有效地控制氧化石墨烯的还原程度二获得具有特定功能团的石墨烯衍生物,从而扩大这类材料的使用范围三

关键词: 氧化石墨烯;氧化功能团;醇;选择性还原

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(21201036,21077023);福建省自然科学基金(2010J01035,2012J01039).

作者简介:徐 超,博士,讲师.E?mail:cxu@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e17514098.html,

Selective reduction of graphene oxide

XU Chao1, YUAN Ru?sheng1, WANG Xin2

(1.Research Institute of Photocatalysis,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory

of Photocatalysis??State Key Laboratory Breeding Base,Fuzhou University,Fuzhou350002,China;

2.Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional

Materials of Ministry Education,Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing210094,China)

Abstract: The reduction of graphene oxide has been widely used to control the properties of graphene?based materials.Traditional methods thoroughly remove oxygenated functional groups in graphene oxides.We show that ethanol,ethylene glycol and glycerol can se?lectively reduce epoxy groups in graphene oxide while hydroxyl and carboxyl groups remain unchanged.Hydrazine hydrate can reduce ox?ygen functional groups except carboxyl groups.These selective removals can be used to control the reduction degree of graphene oxides and their properties.The electrical conductivity of the reduced graphene oxides with different types of oxygen functional groups varied sig?nificantly and increased with the degree of reduction.

Keywords: Graphene oxide;Oxygenated functional groups;Alcohols;Selective reduction

CLC number: TQ127.1+1Document code: A

Received date:2013?07?10; Revised date:2013?12?22

Corresponding author:XU Chao,Ph.D,Lecturer.E?mail:cxu@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e17514098.html,

Foundation items:National Natural Science Foundation of China(21201036,21077023);Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2010J01035,2012J01039).

English edition available online ScienceDirect(http:∕∕https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e17514098.html,∕science∕journal∕18725805).

DOI:10.1016/S1872?5805(14)60126?8

1 Introduction

Graphene oxide(GO),utilized as precursor for a large?scale production of graphene?based materials,has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years[1?5]. GO sheets are electrically insulating,owing to their oxygenated functional groups(hydroxyl,carboxyl and epoxy groups)on surface,which usually need further treatments to restore the electrical conductivity for spe?cific applications[6].A lot of methods,such as chemi?cal reduction[7?9],laser irradiation[10,11],microwave ir?radiation[12,13],photocatalysis[14,15],solvothermal re?duction[16,17],have been explored to remove these atta?ched groups thoroughly and to recover graphene net?works of sp2bonds.

Actually,researchers recently have found that the reduction degree of graphene oxide or oxidation degree of graphene has certain influences on their properties,such as electrical conductivity,catalysis activity and semi?conductive band positions[18?20]. Among these research work,the reduction degree of

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NEW CARBON MATERIALS Vol.29 No.1 Feb.2014 

graphene oxide sheets(or oxidation degree of gra?phene)is controlled by adjusting the reactive temper?ature or time[19?21].It is very difficult for these meth?ods to control the reduction degree precisely and the repeatability is usually far from satisfactory,which limit further studies on their inherent characteristics.It is well known that the oxygenated functional groups on GO sheets mainly consist of hydroxyl,carboxyl and epoxy groups[22].In theory,these functional groups should have different reaction activities.Ac?cordingly,it is possible to utilize such diversified re?activities to remove these functional groups selectively through a stepwise manner,resulting in a controllable reduction of GO.

Herein,we will show that under manipulative conditions,alcohols such as ethanol,ethylene glycol and glycerol can act as mild reducing agents to reduce GO selectively.Although some of these alcohols have been utilized to reduce GO,few attention is paid to their special reducing abilities[17,23,24].Our experi?mental results indicate that when GO was treated with these alcohols under appropriate conditions,only the signals from epoxy groups have been attenuated,but no obvious reactions are observed for the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on GO.Such selective elimina?tion of functional groups could enable us to manipu?late the reduction degree of GO in a well?controlled manner and to obtain certain functional groups?in?volved graphene consequently.

2 Experimental

2.1 Chemical reduction of GO

GO was prepared from purified natural graphite with a mean particle size of325mesh according to the method reported by Hummers and Offeman[25].All other reagents were purchased from Shanghai Ling?feng Chemical Reagents Co.Ltd.,China.

Three types of alcohols(ethanol,ethylene glycol and glycerol)were used to react with GO.Typically, GO powder was dispersed in50mL of ethylene glycol under sonication for30min at room temperature. Then the as?obtained suspension was heated in an oil bath at160℃for6h under vigorous stirring.Subse?quently,the mixture was centrifuged while still hot, which was further washed with anhydrous alcohol and deionized water completely and dried at60℃.The as?prepared products are labeled as RGO?EG.Sam?ples reduced by glycerol were prepared using the same procedure,and the products are labeled as RGO?GL. Reduction of GO by ethanol was carried out in a sealed autoclave and heated at160℃for6h,and the as?prepared samples are labeled as RGO?ET.The hy?drazine hydrate,a typically strong reducing agent for GO,was also used here as a comparison[8].200mg of GO was dispersed in100mL of water by sonication for30min to form a suspension.2mL of hydrazine hydrate(50%w/v)was then added to the suspen?sion that was refluxed(100℃)for24h.After the re?action,the solid product(RGO?Hy)was isolated by filtration and washed with water and anhydrous alco?hol,and finally dried at60℃in vacuum.

2.2 Characterization

Powder X?ray diffraction(XRD) were per?formed on a Bruker D8Advance diffractometer with Cu Kαradiation.The diffraction data were recorded for2θangles between5°and60°.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were carried out on a JEOL JSM?6380LV scanning electron microscope.Fourier?trans?formed infrared spectroscopy(FT?IR)were carried out on a Bruker Vector?22,for which samples were prepared in potassium bromide pellets.The X?ray photoelectron spectra(XPS)were recorded on a Per?kin?Elmer PHI5300X?ray photoelectron spectrome?ter,using Mg Kα(hυ=1253.6eV)X?ray as the excitation source.The elemental analysis were carried out on a Vario ELⅢ,and before test all samples were dried at100℃in vacuum for two days.Raman spectra were recorded from200to2000cm?1on a Renishaw Invia Raman Microprobe using a514.5nm argon ion laser.The electrical conductivity of each sample was was analyzed by a SDY?4four?point probe instrument.

3 Results and discussion

Hydrazine hydrate is a strong reducing agent which was employed here to reduce GO as a compari?son for other methods in this study[8].Fig.1shows the XRD patterns of GO and its derivatives treated by ethylene glycol and hydrazine hydrate(the resulting materials are labeled as RGO?EG and RGO?Hy,re?spectively).It can be clearly seen that the XRD pat?terns of RGO?EG are quite different from that of GO .

Fig.1 XRD patterns of GO,RGO?EG and RGO?Hy.

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The characteristic diffraction peak (001)of GO al?

most disappears ,while a new broad peak at around 24°is formed ,which is one characteristic diffraction peak observed in the traditional reduced GO [8,17].Furthermore ,the XRD patterns of RGO?ET and RGO?GL are similar to that of RGO?EG and RGO?Hy ,indicating structure of GO could be changed by reducing with these alcohols [17,26,27].

Fig .2displays SEM images of GO ,RGO?EG and RGO?Hy .By comparison ,it can be found that GO sheets possess a plat lamellar structure (Fig .2a ,b ),whereas RGO?EG and RGO?Hy possess a floccu?lent morphology ,forming a disordered solid (Fig .2b ),which is similar to that of reduced GOs reported in previous literatures [8,17].

Fig .2 SEM images of (a ,b )GO ,(c )RGO?EG and (d )RGO?Hy .

Fig .3 FT?IR spectra of GO ,RGO?EG and RGO?Hy .

It is worth noting that there are some differences between these reduced GO using alcohols and hydra?zine hydrate .Fig .3shows the FT?IR spectra of GO ,RGO?EG and RGO?Hy .As shown in Fig.3,the characteristic features in the FT?IR spectra of GO are =the absorption bands corresponding to the C O

carbonyl stretching at 1720cm ?1,the C OH stretc?hing at 1224cm ?1,and the C O stretching at 1050cm ?1[28,29].=The spectra also show a C C peak at 1620cm ?1corresponding to the remaining sp 2charac?ter [30].These absorption bands in the RGO?Hy are not pronounced ,indicative of an apparent removal of the oxygen?containing groups [31].Several absorption bands at around 1721,1568and 1210cm ?1are still ob?servable in the spectrum of RGO?EG .It has been =demonstrated that C O carbonyl stretching at a?round 1720cm ?1is hard to be reduced ,even with hy?drazine hydrate .The same phenomenon is observed in our samples [7].The bands at around 1568and 1210cm ?1may be attributed to the vibrations of skeleton and C OH bonds of RGO?EG ,respectively [17].It is worth noting that the absorption of epoxy groups (around 1050cm ?1)almost disappear as the arrow ,which may be ascribe to the reactions between the ep?

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oxy groups and alcohols .Analogously ,the RGO?ET and RGO?GL possess almost the same absorption bands .

The functional groups present in these samples are further analyzed by XPS .The C 1s XPS spectrum of GO (Fig .4a )clearly indicates that there are four kinds of carbon :the sp 2?hybridized C C ,the C in C OH bonds ,the epoxy C ,and the carboxylate car?bon [8,32].Strong reductants such as hydrazine hydrate can usually remove oxygen in GO considerably (Fig .4c ).However ,by comparison ,it can be clearly seen that only epoxy C 1s peak intensity of RGO?EG re?duced significantly after reduction with ethylene gly?col ,and the change of the C 1s peak intensities of hy?droxyl and carboxyl groups in RGO?EG is not notice?able (as shown in Fig .4b ),which is consistent with the results of FT?IR spectra .On the other hand ,the increased area percentage of the peak associated with sp 2=?hybridized C indicates the formation of C C bond .Therefore ,it is assumed that in our system ,the oxygen in epoxy groups are mostly removed ,while hydroxyl and carboxyl groups left un?attacked .

Fig .4 C 1s XPS spectra of (a )GO ,(b )RGO?EG and (c )RGO?Hy .

Theoretically ,the C /O atomic ratio will increase as a result of the de?oxygenation of the functional groups of GO .Indeed ,there is a significant change of the C /O atomic ratios by chemical reductions from the starting GO (2.9)to the reduced GO [8].Howev?er ,the C /O atomic ratio of RGO?EG (5.4)is much lower than that of RGO?Hy (10.8)whose oxygen functional groups are almost removed .Such feature of

selective reduction for GO with alcohols can be also supported by Raman spectroscopy .In Fig .5,two prominent peaks of GO appear at around 1355and 1598cm ?1,which are attributed to D and G band ,re?spectively [33,34].After reduction with alcohols or hy?drazine hydrate ,the D and G peaks still exist but with an increased D /G intensity ratio compared to that of GO (0.85).Generally ,D /G intensity ratio is in?versely proportional to the average crystallite size in graphite materials ,so the increase in D /G intensity ratio after reduction indicated a decrease in the aver?age size of the graphitic domains ,which is caused by the small re?graphitized sp 2domains [8,33,34].Due to the selective reduction with alcohols ,the small gra?phitic domains in RGO?EG are created merely by graphitization of the epoxy groups ,while that of RGO?Hy consisted of the graphitization of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in addition to epoxy groups .As a result ,the D /G intensity ratio of RGO?EG (0.97)is lower than that of RGO?Hy (1.1).The similar phenomena are also found in Raman spectra of RGO?ET and RGO?GL .Thus ,the Raman analysis provides further evidences for the selective reduction of GO with these alcohols .

Fig.5 Raman spectra of GO ,RGO?EG and RGO?Hy .

Since RGO?EG is only partially reduced ,some of its physical properties ,for example electrical con?ductivity ,should be between that of GO and RGO?Hy .Earlier researches have suggested that the GO is electrically insulating ,and chemical reduction can re?store the electrical conductivity of such materials closed to that of pure graphite [8].We find that after reduction with EG ,the electrical conductivity of RGO?EG indeed increase from 0.02to 6.7S 四m ?1.Nevertheless ,compared with that of RGO?Hy (2100S 四m ?1),the extent of restoration of electrical conductivity is much lower .Though the re?established graphite domains increase the conductivity of RGO?EG ,the presence of functional groups especially the hydroxyl groups are still decorated sporadically on the surface of RGO?EG ,makes the electrically conduc?

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tive graphite domains discontinuous.Consequently, the conductivity of RGO?EG is much lower than that of RGO?Hy(Table1).

Table1 Electrical conductivity of the graphite,

GO,RGO?EG and RGO?Hy

Graphite GO RGO?EG RGO?Hy Electrical

conductivity

k/S四m?1

2800±100.02±0.0026.5±0.52100±150

Furthermore,the as?prepared RGO?EG can be further de?oxygenated by hydrazine hydrate,resulting in the formation of a well?reduced GO.Accordingly, GO sheets can be reduced controllably by a stepwise removal of functional groups,which may be benefi?cial for studying properties and potential applications of graphene derivatives relating to the type of oxygen groups in the future.

4 Conclusions

We have demonstrated that GO can be selectively reduced by alcohols such as ethanol,ethylene glycol and glycerol under thermal treatments.One typical feature of this reduction is that the epoxy groups are mainly reduced and re?graphitized,while hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are maintained.Our research in?dicates that it is feasible to reduce GO selectively ac?cording to the activity differences between these atta?ched functional groups.And such selective removal of functional groups could be utilized to control the reduction degree of graphene oxide and prepare gra?phene derivatives with specific functional groups, which is useful to relate functional groups and proper?ties of graphene?based materials. Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported Natural Sci?ence Foundation of Fujian Province(2010J01035and 2012J01039).

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四66四 新 型 炭 材 料第29卷

选择性还原氧化石墨烯

作者:徐超, 员汝胜, 汪信, XU Chao, YUAN Ru-sheng, WANG Xin

作者单位:徐超,员汝胜,XU Chao,YUAN Ru-sheng(福州大学光催化研究所福建省重点实验室-国家重点实验室培育基地,福建福州,350002), 汪信,WANG Xin(南京理工大学教育部软化学与功能材

料重点实验室,江苏南京,210094)

刊名:

新型炭材料

英文刊名:New Carbon Materials

年,卷(期):2014(1)

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氧化石墨烯的结构及应用

氧化石墨烯的结构及应用 2004年,英国曼彻斯特大学物理学家安德烈?海姆(Andre Geim)和康斯坦丁?诺沃肖洛夫(Konstantin Novoselov)成功地从石墨中分离出一层碳原子构成的石墨烯,两人也因“在二维石墨烯材料的开创性实验”,共同获得2010年诺贝尔物理学奖。自此,石墨烯由于其突出的导热性、室温高速载流子迁移率、透光性和力学性能等,同时具有完美的量子隧道效应、半整数的量子霍尔效应、从不消失的电导率等一系列性质,受到了世界各界的广泛关注,也成为科研领域的新兴宠儿。 氧化石墨烯是石墨粉末经化学氧化后的产物,它是一种性能优异的新型碳材料,具有较高的比表面积和表面丰富的官能团。氧化石墨烯复合材料包括聚合物类复合材料以及无机物类复合材料更是具有广泛的应用前景,因为成为研究的又一重点。 一、氧化石墨烯的分子结构 石墨被强氧化剂氧化,氧原子进入到石墨层间,结合л电子,使层面内的二键断裂,并以C=O,C-OH, -COOH等官能团与密实的碳网面中的碳原子结合,形成共价键型石墨层间化合物。氧化石墨烯的理想结构组成为C400H,也有文献报道其组成为C X+(OH)Y-(H20)2,其中C、H、O等各元素的含量随氧化程度不同而发生改变,一般范围为C7O4H2-C24O13H9,目前,普遍认为氧化石墨是一个准二维固体物质。氧化石墨烯由尺寸不定的未被氧化的芳香“岛”组成,而这些“岛”则被含有醇羟基、环氧基团和双键的六元脂环所分开,芳香环、双键和环氧基团使得碳原子点阵格式近乎处于同一平面,仅有连接到羟基基团的碳原子有较轻微的四面体构型畸变,导致了一些层面的卷翘。官能团处于碳原子点阵格子的上下,形成了不同密度的氧原子分布。 干燥的氧化石墨在空气中稳定性较差,很容易吸潮而变成水合氧化石墨,层间距也会随其含水量的高低而有所不同。随含水量的增加,层间距从0.6nm增加到1.1nm,从而导致X射线(100)衍射峰的位置的变化。 鉴于氧化石墨烯在石墨烯材料领域中的地位,许多科学家试图对氧化石墨烯的结构进行详细和准确的描述,以便有利于石墨烯材料的进一步研究,虽然已经利用了计算机模拟、拉曼光谱,核磁共振等手段对其结构进行分析,但由于种种原因(不同的制备方法,实验条件的差异以及不同的石墨来源对氧化石墨烯的结构都有一定的影响),氧化石墨烯的精确结构还无法得到确定。 二、氧化石墨烯的制备方法 氧化石墨烯的制备方法主要有Brodie、Staudenmaier和Hummers三种方法,它们都是用无机强质子酸(如浓硫酸、发烟硝酸或它们的混合物)处理原始石墨,将强酸小分子插入石墨层问,再用强氧化剂(如KMnO4、KC104等)对其进行氧化。 1、Brodie法 1898年Brodie采用发烟HNO3体系,以KC103为氧化剂,反应体系的温度需先维持在0℃,然后,不断搅拌反应20-24h。洗涤后获得的氧化石墨的氧化程度较低,需进行多次氧化处理以提高氧化程度,反应时间相对较长。该法的优点是其氧化程度可利用氧化时间进行控制,合成的氧化石墨结构比较规整。但因采用KC103作氧化剂,有一定的危险性。

石墨烯的制备与表征综述

氧化石墨烯还原的评价标准 摘要还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)是一种 有趣的有潜力的能广泛应用的纳米 材料。虽然我们花了相当大的努力 一直致力于开发还原方法,但它仍然 需要进一步改善,如何选择一个合适 的一个特定的还原方法是一个棘手 的问题。在这项研究中,还原氧化石 墨烯的研究者们准备了六个典型的 方法:N2H4·H2O还原,氢氧化钠还 原,NaBH4还原,水浴还原 ,高温还原以及两步还原。我们从四个方面系统的对样品包括:分散性,还原程度、缺陷修复程度和导电性能进行比较。在比较的基础上,我们提出了一个半定量判定氧化石墨烯还原的评价标准。这种评价标准将有助于理解氧化石墨烯还原的机理和设计更理想的还原方法。 引言 单层石墨烯,因为其不寻常的电子性质和应用于各个领域的潜力,近年来吸引了巨大的研究者的关注。目前石墨烯的制备方法,包括化学气相沉积(CVD)、微机械剥离石墨,外延生长法和液相剥离法。前三种方法因为其获得的石墨烯的产品均一性和层数选择性原因而受到限制。此外,这些方法的低生产率使他们不适合大规模的应用。大部分的最有前途生产的石墨烯的路线是石墨在液相中剥离氧化然后再还原,由于它的简单性、可靠性、大规模的能力生产、相对较低的材料成本和多方面的原因适合而适合生产。这种化学方法诱发各种缺陷和含氧官能团,如羟基和环氧导致石墨烯的电子特性退化。与此同时,还原过程可能导致发生聚合、离子掺杂等等。这就使得还原方法在化学剥离法发挥至关重要的作用。 到目前为止,我们花了相当大的努力一直致力于开发还原的方法。在这里我们展示一个简单的分类:使用还原剂(对苯二酚、二甲肼、肼、硼氢化钠、含硫化合物、铝粉、维生素C、环六亚甲基四胺、乙二胺(EDA) 、聚合电解质、还原糖、蛋白质、柠檬酸钠、一氧化碳、铁、去甲肾上腺素)在不同的条件(酸/碱、热处理和其他类似微波、光催化、声化学的,激光、等离子体、细菌呼吸、溶菌酶、茶溶液)、电化学电流,两步还原等等。这些不同的还原方法生成的石墨烯具有不同的属性。例如,大型生产水分散石墨烯可以很容易在没有表面活性稳定剂的条件下地实现由水合肼还原氧化石墨烯。然而,水合肼是有毒易爆,在实际使用的过程中存在困难。水浴还原方法可以减少缺陷和氧含量的阻扰。最近,两个或更多类型的还原方法结合以进一步提高导电率或其他性能。例如,水合肼还原经过热处理得到的石墨烯通常显现良好的导电性。

选择性还原氧化石墨烯

文章编号: 1007?8827(2014)01?0061?06 选择性还原氧化石墨烯 徐 超1, 员汝胜1, 汪 信2 (1.福州大学光催化研究所福建省重点实验室?国家重点实验室培育基地,福建福州350002; 2.南京理工大学教育部软化学与功能材料重点实验室,江苏南京210094) 摘 要: 还原氧化石墨烯已被广泛用于制备基于石墨烯的材料三目前,还原处理方法均是尽可能地将氧化石墨烯中的功能团去除,恢复石墨烯的电子结构三由于氧化石墨烯中氧基功能团(如羟基二羧基及环氧基)不同的反应活性,氧化石墨烯是可能通过分步的方法进行还原三利用醇溶剂如乙醇二乙二醇二丙三醇还原氧化石墨烯,并采用不同分析手段对样品进行表征三结果发现,在一定条件下这些醇可选择性地还原氧化石墨烯三经这些醇的处理后,氧化石墨烯中环氧功能团被大部分去除,而其他的功能团如羟基和羧基仍被保留三这种选择性去除氧化石墨烯表面功能团的方法可利于有效地控制氧化石墨烯的还原程度二获得具有特定功能团的石墨烯衍生物,从而扩大这类材料的使用范围三 关键词: 氧化石墨烯;氧化功能团;醇;选择性还原 基金项目:国家自然科学基金(21201036,21077023);福建省自然科学基金(2010J01035,2012J01039). 作者简介:徐 超,博士,讲师.E?mail:cxu@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e17514098.html, Selective reduction of graphene oxide XU Chao1, YUAN Ru?sheng1, WANG Xin2 (1.Research Institute of Photocatalysis,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis??State Key Laboratory Breeding Base,Fuzhou University,Fuzhou350002,China; 2.Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry Education,Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Nanjing210094,China) Abstract: The reduction of graphene oxide has been widely used to control the properties of graphene?based materials.Traditional methods thoroughly remove oxygenated functional groups in graphene oxides.We show that ethanol,ethylene glycol and glycerol can se?lectively reduce epoxy groups in graphene oxide while hydroxyl and carboxyl groups remain unchanged.Hydrazine hydrate can reduce ox?ygen functional groups except carboxyl groups.These selective removals can be used to control the reduction degree of graphene oxides and their properties.The electrical conductivity of the reduced graphene oxides with different types of oxygen functional groups varied sig?nificantly and increased with the degree of reduction. Keywords: Graphene oxide;Oxygenated functional groups;Alcohols;Selective reduction CLC number: TQ127.1+1Document code: A Received date:2013?07?10; Revised date:2013?12?22 Corresponding author:XU Chao,Ph.D,Lecturer.E?mail:cxu@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e17514098.html, Foundation items:National Natural Science Foundation of China(21201036,21077023);Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2010J01035,2012J01039). English edition available online ScienceDirect(http:∕∕https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e17514098.html,∕science∕journal∕18725805). DOI:10.1016/S1872?5805(14)60126?8 1 Introduction Graphene oxide(GO),utilized as precursor for a large?scale production of graphene?based materials,has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years[1?5]. GO sheets are electrically insulating,owing to their oxygenated functional groups(hydroxyl,carboxyl and epoxy groups)on surface,which usually need further treatments to restore the electrical conductivity for spe?cific applications[6].A lot of methods,such as chemi?cal reduction[7?9],laser irradiation[10,11],microwave ir?radiation[12,13],photocatalysis[14,15],solvothermal re?duction[16,17],have been explored to remove these atta?ched groups thoroughly and to recover graphene net?works of sp2bonds. Actually,researchers recently have found that the reduction degree of graphene oxide or oxidation degree of graphene has certain influences on their properties,such as electrical conductivity,catalysis activity and semi?conductive band positions[18?20]. Among these research work,the reduction degree of  第29卷 第1期 2014年2月新 型 炭 材 料 NEW CARBON MATERIALS Vol.29 No.1 Feb.2014

氧化石墨烯的制备及表征

氧化石墨烯的制备及表征 文献综述 材料0802班 李琳 200822046

氧化石墨烯的制备及表征 李琳 摘要:石墨烯(又称单层石墨或二维石墨)是单原子厚度的二维碳原子晶体,被认为是富勒烯、碳纳米管和石墨的基本结构单元[1]。石墨烯可通过膨胀石墨经过超声剥离或球磨处理来制备[2,3],其片层厚度一般只能达到30~100 nm,难以得到单层石墨烯(约0.34 nm),并且不容易重复操作。所以寻求一种新的、容易和可以重复操作的实验方法是目前石墨烯研究的热点。而将石墨氧化变成氧化石墨,再在超声条件下容易得到单层的氧化石墨溶液,再通过化学还原获得,已成为石墨烯制备的有效途径[4]。通过述评氧化石墨及氧化石墨烯的制备、结构、改性及其与聚合物的复合,展望了石墨烯及其复合材料的研究前景。 关键词:氧化石墨烯,石墨烯,氧化石墨,制备,表征 Oxidation of graphite surfaces preparation and Characterization LI Lin Abstrat:Graphite surfaces (also called single graphite or 2 d graphite )is the single atoms thickness of the 2 d carbon atoms crystal, is considered fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphite basic structure unit [1].Graphite surfaces can through the expanded graphite after ultrasonic stripping or ball mill treatment topreparation [2,3], a piece of layer thickness normally only up to 30 to 100 nm, hard to get the single graphite surfaces (about 0.34 nm), and not easy to repeated operation. So to search a new, easy to operate and can be repeated the experiment method of the graphite surfaces is the focus of research. And will graphite oxidization into oxidation graphite, again in ultrasonic conditions to get the oxidation of the single graphite solution, again through chemical reduction get, has become an effective way of the preparation of graphite surfaces [4]. Through the review of graphite oxide and oxidation graphite surfaces of the preparation, structure, modification of polymer and the

氧化石墨烯的绿色还原方法

龙源期刊网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0e17514098.html, 氧化石墨烯的绿色还原方法 作者:肖祖萍 来源:《学校教育研究》2018年第14期 石墨烯是一种单原子层的碳二维纳米材料,它是由碳六元环组成的二维蜂窝状点阵结构,碳原子的排列与石墨原子层排列相同。地球上不缺少石墨材料,为制备石墨烯材料提供了充足的原材料。目前常用的石墨烯只要由两大类方法制备,一种是将石墨氧化为氧化石墨烯,再通过化学方法将氧化石墨烯还原为石墨烯。另一种是通过化学方法或某些操作将石墨直接转化为石墨烯。在本文主要研究第一种方法中的绿色还原方法。本文中的石墨烯都是由氧化石墨烯通过还原得到的。石墨烯是由碳原子按六边形晶格整齐排布而成的碳单质,结构非常稳定。因为石墨烯的晶格结构,常会被误认为它很僵硬,但实际上却并非如此。例如,石墨烯作为目前已知的力学强度最高的材料,并有可能作为添加剂广泛应用于新型高强度复合材料之中;石墨烯良好的导电性及其对光的高透过性又让它在透明导电薄膜的应用中独具优势,而这类薄膜在液晶显示以及太阳能电池等领域的应用至关重要。 一、氧化石墨烯的制备 氧化石墨烯即石墨烯的氧化物,它是由石墨粉末经化学氧化及剥离后的产物。氧化石墨烯一般由石墨经强酸氧化而得。主要有三种制备氧化石墨的方法:Brodie法、Staudenmaier法和Hummers法。其中Hummers法的制备过程的时效性相对较好而且制备过程中也比较安全。目前最常用的制取氧化石墨烯的方法是由一个修改过的Hummer方法制备的。 二、氧化石墨烯的还原 1.绿色还原法 随着社会的发展和人们都环境的关注,我们越来越需要研究一些绿色的还原方法。绿色的还原方法即在还原氧化石墨烯的过程中不使用有毒的还原剂或不产生对环境产生危害的物质。绿色还原法对环境不会有危害或危害几乎可以不计,并可以得到较好的石墨烯。但有些绿色还原法还存在无法大规模生产的弊端,无法在应用到工业生产中去。目前常见的绿色还原方法有水热热还原氧化石墨烯、电化学还原氧化石墨烯、柠檬酸钠还原氧化石墨烯法、超声辅助镍粉绿色还原制备石墨烯、氧化石墨热解膨胀氢气还原法等。下面我们对这几种绿色还原方法做一个介绍。 (1)水热热还原氧化石墨烯 水热热还原氧化石墨烯是指在密封的压力容器中,以水为溶剂,在高温、高压的条件下进行的化学反应。将氧化石墨烯溶解于溶剂中,在液相或超临界条件下,反应物分散且变得活

石墨烯的氧化还原法制备及结构表征

实验目的: (1)了解石墨烯的结构和用途。 (2)了解氧化后的石墨烯比纯石墨烯的性能有何提升 (3)了解Hummers法的原理 一、实验原理: 天然石墨需要进行先氧化,得到氧化石墨,再经过水合肼的作用下还原,才能得到在水相条件下稳定分散的石墨烯。 石墨的氧化过程采用浓硫酸和高锰酸钾这两种强氧化剂,氧化过程中先加浓硫酸,搅拌均匀后再加高锰酸钾,氧化过程从石墨的边沿进行,然后再到中间,氧化程度与持续时间有关。氧化过程中要增加石墨的亲水性,以便于分散,分散一般使用超声分散法。 氧化后的氧化石墨烯需要进行离心处理,使得pH值在6到7之间,目的是洗去氧化石墨烯的酸性,根本原因是研究表明氧化石墨烯和石墨烯在碱性条件下可以形成稳定的悬浮液。 氧化石墨烯的还原有多种方法,化学还原和热还原等,化学还原采用水合肼,热还原采用作TGA后,加热到200℃,一般大部分的含氧官能团都能除去。 二、实验内容: 1、利用氧化还原法制备石墨烯 2、对制得的石墨烯进行结构表征 三、实验过程: 实验利用Hummers法进行实验: 1、在三颈瓶外覆盖冰块,制造冰浴环境,并在三颈瓶内放入搅拌磁石; 2、将冰状天然石墨4g和硝酸钠2g倒入三颈瓶中; 3、将92ml浓硫酸倒入三颈瓶中; 4、开启磁力搅拌器,把溶液搅拌均匀后再缓慢加入高锰酸钾12g,在冰浴环境下搅拌3h; 5、升温至35℃,保持搅拌0.5h或1h,此时是对石墨片层中间进行氧化作用,氧化程度与持续时间有关; 6、加入去离子水184ml,缓慢滴加,保持温度低于100℃,升温至90℃,保温3h,溶液变红; 7、加300ml去离子水和30%的双氧水溶液10ml,使得高锰酸钾反应掉,静置一晚,倒掉上层清液; 8、对溶液进行离心操作7-8次,使得pH值在6-7; 9、减压蒸馏,进行还原反应得到石墨烯; 10、对得到的产物进行结构表征。

还原氧化石墨烯横向尺寸分布影响因素初探_张天友

还原氧化石墨烯横向尺寸分布影响因素初探* 张天友,张东 (同济大学材料科学与工程学院,上海200092) 摘要:化学还原剥离氧化石墨法制备的还原氧化石墨烯具有诸多优异性能,但所得还原氧化石墨烯横向尺度差异较大。利用化学还原法制备了还原氧化石墨烯,基于还原氧化石墨烯的AFM观测结果,初步统计分析了静置、磁力搅拌、离心和超声处理及它们的次序对还原氧化石墨烯横向尺寸分布的影响,结果表明后述3个步骤及次序是影响斑点状(横向尺寸< 100nm@100nm)和树叶状(横向尺寸>500nm@ 500nm)还原氧化石墨烯横向尺寸分布的主要因素。 关键词:化学法;还原氧化石墨烯;磁力搅拌;超声处理;离心处理 中图分类号:TQ127.1文献标识码:A 文章编号:1001-9731(2009)10-1695-04 1引言 石墨烯是由碳原子构成的二维晶体,碳原子的排列方式与石墨中单原子层一致;该新型二维碳材料具有诸多优异的性能,自2004年被发现以来引起了研究人员的广泛关注[1,2]。目前常用的制备方法包括:微机械剥离法[3]、外延生长法[4]和化学法[5,6]。其中化学法的生产成本相对低廉,且可实现大量生产,成为目前研究的热点之一。该方法的基本思路是,在一定条件下剥离分散在某些极性介质氧化石墨为氧化石墨烯(gr aphene ox ide[7],GO),再经化学还原处理得到还原氧化石墨烯(reduced gr aphene oxide[8],RGO)。近期的研究结果表明,化学制备的RGO是一种p型半导体材料[9,10],使得RGO不仅可以用作纳米复合材料的增强相[2],而且有望用作纳米电子器件的原料[1,9,10]。但是由化学法生产的还原氧化石墨烯横向尺度差异较大,从几十纳米到数千纳米[5,7]。Ritter等人[11]的研究表明石墨烯形貌影响其能带结构,进而影响石墨烯在纳米电子器件领域中的应用,所以需对化学法制备的还原氧化石墨烯进行分离,以满足不同的应用需求。因此,对RGO横向尺寸影响因素的探讨,有助于缩小RGO横向尺寸分布方法的发现。本文利用化学法制备RGO,研究了静置、磁力搅拌、超声、离心处理以及它们的次序对RGO横向尺寸分布的影响。2实验 2.1主要试剂 浓硫酸(98%,CR),盐酸(AR),双氧水30% (AR),高锰酸钾(AR),鳞石墨(500目),水合肼85% (CR)。 2.2主要仪器 超声波细胞粉碎机(KS-600),台式低速离心机(80-2),电热恒温水浴锅(DK-S22)。 RGO的制备过程主要包括4个部分:(1)配制氧化石墨和去离子水的混合液(150ml,1mg/ml),并在磁力搅拌和静置处理不同阶段取样,得到样品?、ò和ó(图1);(2)制备GO溶胶,调整离心(10min,4000r/ min)和超声(10min)处理次序,得到样品A,B和C(图2);(3)以水合肼为还原剂在一定温度下还原所得GO 溶胶,得到样品A.、B.和C.(图3);(4)制备对比样品D.(图4)。实验所用氧化石墨由改进后的H umm er s 法[12] 制得。 图1样品?、ò、ó的制备流程图 Fig1The flow char t of preparing sample?,ò, ó 图2样品A、B、C的制备流程图 Fig2T he flow chart of preparing sample A,B, C 图3样品A.、B.、C.的制备流程图 Fig3The flo w chart of preparing sample A.,B.,C. *基金项目:国家高技术研究发展计划(863计划)资助项目(2009A A05Z419);教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划资助项目(NCET-07-0626);上海市/科技创新行动计划0国际合作资助项目(0816*******) 收到初稿日期:2009-03-30收到修改稿日期:2009-08-03通讯作者:张东 作者简介:张天友(1981-),男,山东聊城人,在读博士,师承张东教授,从事纳米材料研究。

石墨烯氧化还原法

四:石墨烯的氧化还原法制备及结构表征 摘要:采用改进的 Hummers 法对天然鳞片石墨进行氧化处理制备氧化石墨,经超声分散,然后在水合肼的作用下加热还原制备了在水相条件下稳定分散的石墨烯。用红外光谱、拉曼光谱、扫描探针显微镜和ζ电位仪对样品进行了结构、谱学、形貌和ζ电位分析。结果表明,石墨被氧化后形成以 C=O、C-OH、-COOH 和 C-O-C 等官能团形式的共价键型石墨层间化合物;还原氧化石墨后形成的石墨烯表面的官能团与石墨的相似;氧化石墨烯和石墨烯在碱性条件下可形成稳定的悬浮液;氧化石墨烯和石墨烯薄片厚度为 1.0 nm 左右。考察并讨论了还原过程中水合肼用量,体系反应温度、反应时间和 pH 值对石墨烯还原程度和稳定性的影响,水合肼用量和反应时间是影响石墨烯还原程度的主要因素;pH 值对石墨烯稳定性影响较大。 实验部分 1.1原料:天然鳞片石墨(~74 μm);高锰酸钾,浓硫酸,水合肼 (50%),均为化学纯,市售;5% H2O2溶液,0.05mol · L-1HCl 溶液,体系的 pH 值用 0.1mol · L-1NaOH溶液调节。 1.2制备 氧化石墨制备:将 10 g 石墨、230 mL 98%浓硫酸混合置于冰浴中,搅拌 30 min,使其充分混合,称取 40 g KMnO4加入上述混合液继续搅拌 1 h 后,移入 40 ℃中温水浴中继续搅拌 30 min;用蒸馏水将反应液(控制温度在 100 ℃以下)稀释至 800~1 000mL 后加适量 5% H2O2,趁热过滤,用 5% HCl 和蒸馏水充分洗涤至接近中性,最后过滤、洗涤,在 60℃下烘干,得到氧化石墨样品。石墨烯制备:称取上述氧化石墨 0.05 g,加入到100 mL pH=11 的 NaOH 溶液中;在 150 W 下超声90 min 制备氧化石墨烯分散液;在 4000 r· min-1下离心 3 min 除去极少量未剥离的氧化石墨;向离心

石墨烯的制备方法

一.文献综述 随着社会的发展,人们对材料的要求越来越高,碳元素在地球上分布广泛,其独特的物理性质和多种多样的形态己逐渐被人类发现、认识并利用。1924年 确定了石墨和金刚石的结构;1985年发现了富勒烯;1991年发现了碳纳米管;2004年,曼彻斯特大学Geim等成功制备的石墨烯是继碳纳米管被发现后富勒烯 家族中又一纳米级功能性材料,它的发现使碳材料领域更为充实,形成了从零维、一维、二维到三维的富勒烯、碳纳米管、石墨烯以及金刚石和石墨的完整系统。而2004年至今,关于氧化石墨烯和石墨烯的研究报道如雨后春笋般涌现,其已 成为物理、化学、材料学领域的国际热点课题。 制备石墨烯的方法有很多种,如外延生长法,氧化石墨还原法,CVD法, 剥离-再嵌入-扩涨法以及有机合成法等。在本文中主要介绍氧化石墨还原法。 除此之外,还对其的一些性能进行表征。 二.石墨烯材料 2.1石墨烯材料的结构和特征 石墨烯(gr即hene)是指碳原子之间呈六角环形排列的一种片状体,由一层 碳原子构成,可在二维空间无限延伸,可以说是严格意义上的二维结构材料,同时,它被认为是宇宙上最薄的材料[`2],也被认为是有史以来见过的最结实的材料。 ZD结构的石墨烯具有优异的电子特性,且导电性依赖于片层的形状和片层数,据悉石墨烯是目前已知的导电性能最出色的材料,可运用于导电高分子复合 材料,这也使其在微电子领域、半导体材料、晶体管和电池等方面极具应用潜力。有专家指出,如果用石墨烯制造微型晶体管将能够大幅度提升计算机的运算速度,其传输电流的速度比电脑芯片里的硅元素快100倍。近日,某科技日报称,mM的 研究人员展示了由石墨烯材料制作而成的场效应晶体管(FET),经测试,其截止频率可达100吉赫兹(GHz),这是迄今为止运行速度最快的射频石墨烯晶体管。石 墨烯的导热性能也很突出,且优于碳纳米管。石墨烯的表面积很大,McAlliste: 等通过理论计算得出石墨烯单片层的表面积为2630扩/g,这个数据是活性炭的 2倍多,可用于水净化系统。

化学还原法制备石墨烯的研究进展

化学还原法制备石墨烯的研究进展近年来,研究人员利用多种方法开展了石墨烯的制备工作,主要包括化学剥离法、金属表面外延法、SiC表面石墨化法和化学还原法等[1]。目前应用最广泛的合成方法是化学还原法。石墨烯在氧化的过程中会引入一些化学基团,如羧基(-COOH)、羟基(-OH)、羰基(-C = O)和环氧基(-C-O-C)等,这些基团的生成改变了C-C之间的结合方式,导致氧化石墨烯的导电性急剧下降,并且使具有的各种优异性能也随之消失。因此,对氧化石墨烯进行还原具有非常重要的意义,主要是先将氧化石墨烯分散(借助高速离心、超声等)到水或有机溶剂中形成稳定均相的溶胶,再按照一定比例用还原剂还原,得到单层或者多层石墨烯。还原得到的石墨烯有望在电子晶体管、化学传感器、生物基因测序以及复合材料等众多领域广泛应用。 目前,制备氧化石墨烯的技术已经相当成熟,其层间距(0.7~1.2 nm)较原始石墨烯层间距大,更有利于将其他物质分子插入。研究表明氧化石墨烯表面和边缘有大量的羟基、羧基等官能团,很容易与极性物质发生反应,得到改性氧化石墨烯。氧化石墨烯的有机改性可使其表面由亲水性变为亲油性,表面能降低,从而提高与聚合物单体或聚合物之间的相容性,增强氧化石墨烯与聚合物之间的粘接性。如果使用适当的剥离技术(如超声波剥离法、静电斥力剥离法、热解膨胀剥离法、机械剥离法、低温剥离法等),那么氧化石墨烯就能很容易的在水溶液或有机溶剂中分散成均匀的单层氧化石墨烯溶液,使利用其反应得到石墨烯成为可能。氧化还原法最大的缺点是制备的石墨烯有一定的缺陷,因为经过强氧化剂氧化得到的氧化石墨烯,并不一定能被完全还原,可能会损失一部分性能,如透光性、导热性,尤其是导电性,所以有些还原剂还原后得到的石墨烯在一定程度上存在不完全性,即与严格意义上的石墨烯存在差别。但氧化还原方法价格低廉,可以制备出大量的石墨烯,所以成为目前最常用制备石墨烯的方法。

氧化还原法制备石墨烯的方法概述

(2) (2) Abstract (2) Key words (2) I (3) (3) 2.1 GO (4) 2.1.1Brodie (5) 2.1.2 Staudenmaier (6) 2.1.3 Hummers (6) 2.2 GO (6) 2.2.1 (6) 2.2.2 (7) 2.2.3 . (7) 2.2.4 (7) (9) (10) (13)

, The Summarize of oxidation-reduction method for graphene Shaoqing Ma , Zhongai Hu (Northwest normal university, chemical engineering college, lanzhou, 730070) Abstract : In recent years, graphene with its unique structure and the outstanding performance, caused wide interests in the chemical, physical and material fields. People have made positive progress in the preparation of graphene,and have provided raw material guarantee for graphene of basic research and application development. This paper largely applied the latest references in recent years , reviewed the legal system with oxidation-reduction method for graphene and presented the development prospects. Key words : graphite oxide, graphene, oxidation-reduction method I

电化学法制备石墨烯

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目录 1.绪论 (3) 1.1纳米技术概述 (3) 1.2碳纳米结构概述 (3) 1.3石墨烯的结构 (4) 1.4石墨烯的性能简介 (4) 2.实验目的及意义 (7) 3. 实验方案与实验步骤 (8) 3.1氧化还原法制备石墨烯概述 (8) 3.2 实验设备和实验试剂 (9) 3.3 制备氧化石墨烯 (10) 3.4 制备石墨烯 (11) 3.5 实验操作注意事项 (13) 4. 实验结果和分析 (15) 4.1 石墨烯的SEM分析 (15) 4.2 石墨烯的IR分析 (16) 4.2 石墨烯的Raman分析 (16) 5. 课程体会与建议 (18)

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