美国经济大萧条英文介绍
Economic crisis
In October 24, 1929, American black Thursday, crazy stock trend suddenly appeared in the New York stock exchange, trading a total of nearly 13000000 shares of stock, beyond more than 10 times of the normal daily trading volume. In financial speculation and bubble economy, the soared stock price now moved so that it can not keep up with the speed of price quotes. With many people in bankruptcy with a mountain of debt, even 8 people killing themselves on the day because of Dutch act of debt, the financial panic started. However, this was the largest , the longest, and the worst start of economic crisis in the history of capitalism. In the following four years, the capitalist world sank into the global crisis economically, socially and politically , has been a huge impact, precarious.
On the Black Thursday, at 12 o’clock noon, a number of Wall Street financial giants in the Morgan Foundation Office held an emergency meeting, deciding to raise money to save the market. Two days later, the situation temporarily stabilized. But on 28th, Monday, with the wind coming again, 9,250,000 stocks sprung out such as the flood and the financial giants finally were unable to resist with wealth exhaustion, and they issued a statement at night: give up the rescue and panic is unstoppable to come. The next day, Tuesday, at 10 o’clock in the morning, with the stock market opening and the Gong ringing, large amounts of stock was thrown out, even at any price, but not many people wanted to buy with the chaotic scene. At the beginning of stock opening, 3000000 shares were thrown out, reaching more than 8000000 shares two hours later, and more than 12,000,000 stocks closed at one thirty. when shares reached
16,410,000 , the stock market finally collapsed and the stock market
fell by12.82%. Hundreds of billions of dollars instantly became nothing and economic crisis has opened a prelude. Later on, the stock continually plunged with stock index 100 points in 1926, 145 points in November 1929 , 102 points in December 1930, and falling to 54 points in December 1931. Until 1933, the situation was extremely serious, even falling to 34 points in June, finally the index had lost 5/6. Nearly one hundred billion U.S. assets burst miraculously disappeared such as soap bubbles. From September in 1929 to January 1933, thirty kinds of stocks fell by 82.8%, from the average of $364.9 to $62.7. In the meanwhile, 20 kinds of railway stock from an average of $180 per share to $28.1, decreasing by 84.4%.
The crisis heavily hit the United States firstly, thousands of factories and banks collapsed. There were 26400 companies and 934 banks broken In 1930. In 1931, 28300 companies and 1440 banks failed; In 1932, 31300 companies and 1453 banks failed; In 1933, 20300 companies and 1783 banks also failed. People rushed into banks in a panic to draw a large number of deposits, which caused a great loss of gold reserves as well as capital output sharply decreased nearly being stopped..
In early 1933, all banks in the United States were out of business basically . Finance was just the nerve center of modern economy,
and its paralysis inevitably led to the entire national economic havoc and the economy in the United States almost collapses, which resulted in continuous decline in America's GDP. In 1929, GDP was $103.1 billion, $55.6 billion in 1933. During the past three years GDP has decreased by half. Ten years later, it went back to $99.6 billion in 1940.
What is more , industrial production of USA in July 1932, has fallen to the bottom, contrast in May 1925, plummeted 55.6%, steel fell by nearly 80%, fell by 87% in the machine tool manufacturing, auto industry has declined by 95%.
With the economic crisis leading to a large number of unemployed people, people's life became seriously poor and the unemployed in the United States had more than 400 in 1930 to 8 million people in 1931, breaking through the ten million mark in 1932. In 1933, the most serious unemployment went up to 17
million, which means nearly a third of the workers in the United States. From October 1930 to March 1931, there were 223000 people out of work among 690,000 workers and 5,000 households losing their homes within only 6 days just were unable to pay the mortgage. The unemployed fully in urban and rural, cold, hunger, and homeless, have been admitted to the Hoover cottage made of wood, sheet metal or paper boxes and so on. The humble dwelling were called Hoover cottage, because when Hoover once was run for President of the United States, he had promised the workers that they could have the chicken to eat and cars to drive.
Once in America, about 34,000,000 people had no income, accounting for 28% of the total population, and even a large number of schools went bust. In 1932, only New York, at one time, had more than 30 students out of school and millions of people relied on charity with fear and despair throughout the crisis. This is so called the history of the great tragedy of America.
In the early twentieth century, there were a variety of latent crisis factors in America economic prosperity such as large gap between the rich and the poor, wealth is concentrated in a few rich people, so that the majority of people in lower class lacked purchasing power because of poverty. In 1929, the rich in USA, accounting for 5% of the population of the country, had a personal collection of 1/3. At the
same time, the poor households with the annual income of less than $2000 were up to 60% of the whole families. In addition, the number of the pre-crisis unemployment reached about 2,000,000. Another important factor is the rampant speculation, such as speculation frenzy of the stock and real estate , forming the bubble economy. The New York Stock Exchange listed shares increased to from 443,000,000 shares in January 1925 to more than 1,000,000,000 shares of stock in October 1929 , with the face value higher with 3 to 20 times, some even up to 50 times. The the doubled prices and a serious departure from the actual value, the stock eventually fell off a serious cliff on the Black Thursday in 1929.
世界各国著名景点英文
Asia 亚洲 The Himalayas 喜马拉雅山 Great Wall, China 中国长城 Forbidden City, Beijing, China 北京故宫 Mount Fuji, Japan 日本富士山 Taj Mahal, India 印度泰姬陵 Angkor Wat, Cambodia 柬埔寨吴哥窟 Bali, Indonesia 印度尼西亚巴厘岛 Borobudur, Indonesia 印度尼西亚波罗浮屠 Sentosa, Singapore 新加坡圣淘沙 Crocodile Farm, Thailand 泰国北榄鳄鱼湖 Pattaya Beach, Thailand 泰国芭堤雅海滩 Babylon, Iraq 伊拉克巴比伦遗迹 Mosque of St, Sophia in Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey 土耳其圣索非亚教堂Mount Fuji, Japan 日本富士山 Taj Mahal, India 印度泰姬陵 Angkor Wat, Cambodia 柬埔寨吴哥窟 Bali, Indonesia 印度尼西亚巴厘岛 Borobudur, Indonesia 印度尼西亚波罗浮屠 Sentosa, Singapore 新加坡圣淘沙 Babylon, Iraq 伊拉克巴比伦遗迹 Africa 非洲 Suez Canal, Egypt 埃及苏伊士运河 Aswan High Dam, Egypt 埃及阿斯旺水坝 Pyramids, Egypt 埃及金字塔 The Nile, Egypt 埃及尼罗河 Nairobi National Park, Kenya 肯尼亚内罗毕国家公园
美国经济大萧条英文介绍
Economic crisis In October 24, 1929, American black Thursday, crazy stock trend suddenly appeared in the New York stock exchange, trading a total of nearly 13000000 shares of stock, beyond more than 10 times of the normal daily trading volume. In financial speculation and bubble economy, the soared stock price now moved so that it can not keep up with the speed of price quotes. With many people in bankruptcy with a mountain of debt, even 8 people killing themselves on the day because of Dutch act of debt, the financial panic started. However, this was the largest , the longest, and the worst start of economic crisis in the history of capitalism. In the following four years, the capitalist world sank into the global crisis economically, socially and politically , has been a huge impact, precarious.
世界各国著名景点英文
世界各国著名景点名称 Asia 亚洲 The Himalayas 喜马拉雅山 Great Wall, China 中国长城 Forbidden City, Beijing, China 北京故宫 Mount Fuji, Japan 日本富士山 Taj Mahal, India 印度泰姬陵 Angkor Wat, Cambodia 柬埔寨吴哥窟 Bali, Indonesia 印度尼西亚巴厘岛 Borobudur, Indonesia 印度尼西亚波罗浮屠Sentosa, Singapore 新加坡圣淘沙 Crocodile Farm, Thailand 泰国北榄鳄鱼湖 Pattaya Beach, Thailand 泰国芭堤雅海滩Babylon, Iraq 伊拉克巴比伦遗迹 Mosque of St, Sophia in Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey 土耳其圣索非亚教堂Mount Fuji, Japan 日本富士山 Taj Mahal, India 印度泰姬陵 Angkor Wat, Cambodia 柬埔寨吴哥窟 Bali, Indonesia 印度尼西亚巴厘岛 Borobudur, Indonesia 印度尼西亚波罗浮屠Sentosa, Singapore 新加坡圣淘沙 Babylon, Iraq 伊拉克巴比伦遗迹 Africa 非洲 Suez Canal, Egypt 埃及苏伊士运河 Aswan High Dam, Egypt 埃及阿斯旺水坝Pyramids, Egypt 埃及金字塔 The Nile, Egypt 埃及尼罗河 Nairobi National Park, Kenya 肯尼亚内罗毕国家公园 Cape of Good Hope, South Africa 南非好望角Sahara Desert 撒哈拉大沙漠
1929年美国经济大萧条
20世纪以来，美国历经数次由泡沫引发的股灾，其中以1929 年和2000 年的股灾最为严重。为更好地认识这两次以及任何股市泡沫可能带来的破坏性后果，这里我们重温1929年股灾后的大萧条。 飞扬的二十年 20年代同样被当时人称为“新时代”，财富和机会似乎向刚在一战中获胜的美国人敞开自己吝啬的大门。“人人都应该富裕”，通用汽车公司总裁发表了他对新时代的看法。胡佛总统也认为，“我们正在取得对贫困战争决定性胜利的前夜，贫民窟即将从美国消失。”机会和富裕成为20年代醒目的标志。 美国股市在历经10年的大牛市后，20世纪前期美国最富盛名的经济学家、耶鲁大学经济学教授—费希尔在1929年10月22日的《纽约时报》头条表示，“我认为股票价格还很低。”可是，没过几天股市泡沫就开始破裂。 股市泡沫的培植、经济超速增长常常是技术发展、制度变迁和社会氛围等众多因素作用的结果。美国20年代的经历完整地体现了这些因素的作用。以美国制造业为例，1920年开始，美国制造业飞速发展了10年。1921年的指数水平为67，而1929年的该指数已经到了119点，制造业保持了超过6%的增长速度。1929年10月股市崩溃后，到1932年该指数仅有63点，比起1929年高峰时跌了47%。 就工业技术而言，一战当中和以后老的石油和钢铁工业得到长足发展，而新兴技术引发的汽车、电气和飞机工业革命方兴未艾。战争中发展的科学技术对民用经济的推动效果明显。如果我们用投资于新设备和新工厂的资本数量来衡量技术的加速发展和推广速度，我们发现1915年用于新设备和新工厂的投资约为6亿美元，而到了1918年，这一数字已到25亿美元，增长率超过300%！新工厂的建设和新设备的投入使用，为制造业的加速发展打下了基础。福特汽车公司总裁亨利·福特的话形象地表达了当时工业界对技术进步和资本扩张的自信，“美国人现在可以得到他们想要的任意款式、任意色彩的福特汽车。” 除了技术创新，科学管理方法的应用、劳动生产率的提高、政府与大企业的密切关系、信用消费形成等因素都促进了整个20年代的经济腾飞，同时也使人们对未来的预期更加非理性、使股市泡沫继续膨胀。 提高了的劳动生产率使工人的工资水平也有了大幅度上升，消费能力增强，这反过来又进一步刺激了生产供应商采用更大规模的标准化生产、采用更新的技术和更大范围的运用科学管理模式，进而反过来又提高了劳动生产率和工资水平、促进更高的消费。整个社会的生产—消费形成了一个自我增强的循环机制。 整个社会对新技术和新生活方式趋之若骛，“炫耀性消费”成为时代潮流。当时人们追求的消费包括收音机、电影、新型电器（吸尘器，冰箱和洗衣机等）、汽车等等。“新时代”不仅改变了人们的生活，而且还深刻地改变了美国的社会结构。 20年代对经济前景的自信更集中地体现在股票市场。在股市最狂热的1929年夏，美国封闭基金的价格远远超过其资产净值，比二战后封闭基金平均溢价60%，这意味着资产的价格远远高于资产的价值。最近的一些研究显示，即使存在作空机制，也不能完全抑制当时股票价格的上涨。在投机最盛行的1929年1月，当股票做空方借入股票时（这是做空交易运作的一部分），需为借入的股票支付18%的月利率，这意味着很难借到股票去做空，以致使做空机制无法抑制股市泡沫继续膨胀。 像任何一次金融危机一样，1929年的危机前同样是一片欣欣向荣。社会中涌动的暗流，像银行不良资产增加、社会财富分配不公、社会信用受到破坏、上市公司行为扭曲，都被节节攀升的股市和对幸福未来的预期冲得无边无影。
美国著名景点英文介绍
1、华尔街 Wall Street is the name of a narrow street in lower Manhattan in New York City, running east from Broadway downhill to the East River. Considered to be the historical heart of the Financial District, it was the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange（纽约证券 交易所）. The phrase "Wall Street" is also used as a metonym（换喻词） to refer to American financial markets and financial institutions as a whole. Most New York financial firms are no longer headquartered on Wall Street, but elsewhere in lower or midtown Manhattan, Fairfield County, Connecticut, or New Jersey. JPMorgan Chase, the last major holdout, sold its headquarters tower at 60 Wall Street to Deutsche Bank in November 2001. 2、自由女神 Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World, known more commonly as the Statue of Liberty, is a statue given to the United States by France in 1885, standing at Liberty Island in the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor as a welcome to all visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans. The copper statue, dedicated on October 28, 1886, commemorates the centennial of the
美国英文介绍
The United States of America The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. At 3.79 million square miles and with over 310 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the
浅析美国大萧条前后的政府政策
【公共经济】 浅析美国大萧条前后的政府政策 胡 岠 摘 要:美国1929年-1933年大萧条前后的政策运用能够为我国目前的政策制订带来一定启示。1929年之前,未实行反周期政策为大萧条埋下了伏笔,大萧条期间美国的加息、加税、贸易 保护政策等使得经济恢复时间被人为延长。1933年以后货币政策的宽松和财政政策的加强使得 美国转向福利型社会,实现了经济的成功转型和再起飞,这一阶段的财政政策既包括应急性政策, 也包括意在长期调整转型的政策。对目前中国政策制订的借鉴意义在于:政策应尽量遵从反周期 的原理;政策的出台一定要及时,并做到对症下药,同时注意财政政策和货币政策的协同作用;危 机来临时应始终坚持对外开放和自由贸易;财政政策应兼顾短期的应急作用和长期的调整转型作 用。 关键词:财政政策 货币政策 贸易保护 产业升级 2008年,由美国次贷危机恶化引发的金融危机和经济危机开始席卷全球,不论是作为老牌发达国家的美国、日本,还是代表新兴势力的金砖四国BRIC(中国、巴西、俄罗斯、印度),其国内经济都先后受到不同程度的冲击。但对于不同类型的经济体,问题还需进一步加以区分。 发达国家问题主要在于:危机起源于这些国家,衍生品市场过于庞大而缺乏管制,虚拟经济严重脱离实习经济基本面,导致泡沫破裂后流动性紧缩,信贷和消费大幅缩水,经济在失去原有动力的情况下,亦无法找到新的动力,国内存在大量失业问题。代表国家为美国、英国。资源密集型发展中国家的主要问题在于:欧美经济大幅滑坡,资本市场泡沫破裂,随之而来的是国际大宗商品市场的大熊市,资源国的国民收入大幅缩水,而国内经济本身尚缺乏足够活力,证券市场的暴跌又使得普通民众可支配收入减少,外资的出逃使外汇储备捉襟见肘。代表国家为俄罗斯。劳动密集型发展中国家的问题主要在于:过去数十年发生的产业转移造成的畸形发展模式使得这类国家对资源的依赖较为严重,核心产业的产品更多仍停留在高能耗、低附加值阶段,同时大量依赖海外订单,高增长并非真正建立在国内需求上。在发达国家经济陷入困境时,海外订单大幅减少,国内经济面临转型,但扩大内需及转型又需解决诸多困难。代表国家为中国、印度。 应对全球性的经济萧条,各国政府分别采取了不同的政策加以应对,由于各国国情不同,面对的问题也不同,因此在这些政策之间进行比较并不合适宜。作为发展中国家的中国,在应对危机时的一大优势是可以以史为鉴,总结发达国家在其发展历程中遇到经济萧条所之前与之后所采取的政策,以帮助我们今天的决策。从这一点出发,本文选取了美国1929-1933年大萧条前后所采取的政府政策加以研究,试图找出对今天中国政策制订的可借鉴之处。 一、美国1929-1933年发生经济危机的政策原因 第一次世界大战结束后,美国成为债权国,而国内政局稳定,工业生产发展迅速。另一方面,英国于1925年恢复到战前的金本位,英镑兑美元由之前的1兑3.4升值至1兑4.866,导致美国出口能力大幅提升。上述两个因素导致资金大量流入美国,美国积累了丰富的黄金储备,同时经济高速发展,史称“柯立芝繁荣”。大量资金流入后需要寻找投资渠道,自然便会选择流入证券市场。由于当时的金融市场缺乏有效地监管,市场疯狂的投机行为催生了巨大的泡沫,而内幕交易等行为也屡禁不止。由于当时的投资银行与商业银行尚处于混业经营阶段,摩根大通等金融巨头利用其资源、人脉上的便利,在股市中攫取了巨额的利益。但巨大的泡沫终究有破灭的一天,1929年开始的股灾中,道琼斯工业平均值数从高点一路下滑,在大萧条中的最大跌幅达到其高点的87%。普遍认为,股市的崩盘是随之而来的经济危机的导火索。 然而,由于当时金融体系的影响力远不如今、以及美国人利用循环及非循环信贷过度消费的模式尚未
美国著名景点英文介绍
美国著名景点英文介绍 金门大桥 The Golden Gate Bridge, completed after more than four years of construction at a cost of $35 million, is a visitor attraction recognized around the world. The GGB opened to vehicular traffic on May 28, 1937 at twelve o'clock noon, ahead of schedule and under budget, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressed a telegraph key in the White House announcing the event. 2.华尔街 Wall Street is the name of a narrow street in lower Manhattan in New York City, running east from Broadway downhill to the East River. Considered to be the historical heart of the Financial District, it was the first permanent home of the New York Stock Exchange. The phrase "Wall Street" is also used as a metonym to refer to American financial markets and financial institutions as a whole. Most New York financial firms are no longer headquartered on Wall Street, but elsewhere in lower or midtown Manhattan, Fairfield County, Connecticut, or New Jersey. JPMorgan Chase, the last major holdout, sold its headquarters tower at 60 Wall Street to Deutsche Bank in November 2001. 3.自由女神 Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World, known more commonly as the Statue of Liberty, is a statue given to the United States by France in 1885, standing at Liberty Island in the mouth of the Hudson River in New York Harbor as a welcome to all visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans. The copper statue, dedicated on October 28, 1886, commemorates the centennial of the United States and is a gesture of friendship between the two nations. The sculptor was Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. Gustave Eiffel, the designer of the Eiffel Tower, engineered the internal structure. Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was responsible for the choice of copper in the statue's construction and adoption of the Repoussé technique. The Statue of Liberty is one of the most recognizable icons of the U.S. worldwide,[1] and, in a more general sense, represents liberty and escape from oppression. The Statue of Liberty was, from 1886 until the Jet age, often the first glimpse of the United States for millions of immigrants after ocean voyages from Europe. It's said that il Sancarlone or the Colossus of Rhodes inspired it. 4.Fifth Avenue is a major thoroughfare in the center of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, USA. It runs through the heart of Midtown and along the eastern side of Central Park, and because of the expensive park-view real estate and historical mansions along its course, it is a symbol of wealthy New York. It is one of the best shopping streets in the world, often
美国(USA)各州的缩写及主要城市
美国各州的缩写及主要城市 一、亚拉巴马州 英文州名(缩写)：Alabama (AL) 区号：205 – 251 – 256 – 334 主要城市： 1、伯明翰(Birmingham) 2、蒙哥马利(Montgomery) 3、亨次维尔(Huntsville) 4、土斯卡鲁沙(Tuscaloosa) 5、木比耳(Mobile) 二、阿拉斯加州 英文州名(缩写)：Alaska (AK) 区号：907 主要城市： 1、朱诺(Juneau) 2、安克拉奇(Anchorage) 3、费尔班克斯(Fairbanks) 三、亚利桑那州
英文州名(缩写)：Arizona (AZ) 区号：480 – 520 – 602 – 623 – 928 主要城市： 1、菲尼克斯[凤凰城](Phoenix) 2、吐桑(Tucson) 3、孟沙(Mesa) 四、阿肯色州 英文州名(缩写)：Arkansas (AR) 区号：501 – 870 主要城市： 1、小石城(Little Rock) 2、菲页维尔(Fayetteville) 五、加利福尼亚州 英文州名(缩写)：California (CA) 区号：209 – 213 – 310 – 323 – 408 – 415 – 510 – 530 – 559 – 562 – 619 – 626 – 650 –661 – 707 – 714 – 760 – 805 – 818 – 831 – 858 – 909 – 916 – 925 – 949 主要城市： 1、萨克拉门托(Sacramento) 2、索诺马(Sonoma) 3、圣荷西(San Jose) 4、洛杉矶(Los Angeles)
美国经济大萧条原因及与中国当今经济状况相似点(英文)
Causes Of The Great Depression Facts ?In the 1920s, sometimes referred to as “The Roaring Twenties,”there was a false sense of prosperity on the part of Americans. Approximately 60% of the population lived at a poverty level (earning less than $2,000 per year), yet credit was available, and people were using it. People were buying cars and radios on installment credit, and the automobile industry was the leading industry in the country. ?Speculation in the stock market was one of the causes of the Great Depression, yet only about 1% of the American population were investors at the time of the stock market crash in October 1929. ?In the stock market, people were buying stocks on margin (which is the same as borrowing money to pay for stocks), which sent the Dow Jones from 191 points at the beginning of 1928 to 381 points by September 1929 (shortly before Black Tuesday). ?In 1929, approximately 200 corporations owned more than 50% of all American industry. ?In 1929, approximately 1% of Americans controlled 40% of the wealth of the company. ?Banks were failing long before the stock market crashed in 1929. In fact, during the 1920s, 600 banks failed each year, on average. ?The Great Depression was caused by fearlessness and fearfulness, overconfidence and loss of confidence. The booms of the 1920s led to borrowing, speculation, and rampant spending. Once things started to go downhill (primarily throughout 1929), they spiraled quickly. The stock market crash of October 1929 caused a run on the banks, which led to a decrease in spending, which led to unemployment, which caused more of a run on banks and more decreases in spending. ?From 1929 to 1933, the United States’Gross National Product (GNP) dropped by 33%.
国外著名旅游景点名称「中英文」
国外著名旅游景点名称「中英文」国外著名旅游景点名称汇编「中英文」 一、Africa非洲 SuezCanal,Egypt苏伊士运河 NairobiNationalPark,Kenya肯尼亚内罗毕国家公园CapeofGoodHope,SouthAfrica南非好望角SaharaDesert撒哈拉大沙漠 Pyramids,Egypt埃及金字塔 TheNile,Egypt埃及尼罗河 二、Oceania大洋洲 GreatBarrierReef大堡礁 AyersRock艾尔斯巨石 MountCook库克山 EasterIsland复活节岛 三、TheAmericas美洲 NiagaraFalls,NewYorkState,USA美国尼亚加拉大瀑布Bermuda百慕大 Honolulu,Hawaii,USA美国夏威夷火奴鲁鲁PanamaCanal巴拿马大运河YellowstoneNationalPark,USA美国黄石国家公园
StatueofLiberty,NewYorkCity,USA美国纽约自由女神像 TimesSquare,NewYorkCity,USA美国纽约时代广场 TheWhiteHouse,WashingtonDC.,USA美国华盛顿白宫 WorldTradeCenter,NewYorkCity,USA美国纽约世界贸易中心 CentralPark,NewYorkCity,USA美国纽约中央公园 YosemiteNationalPark,USA美国尤塞米提国家公园 GrandCanyon,Arizona,USA美国亚利桑那州大峡谷 Hollywood,California,USA美国加利佛尼亚好莱坞 Disneyland,California,USA加利佛尼亚迪斯尼乐园 LasVegas,Nevada,USA美国内华达拉斯威加斯 Miami,Florida,USA美国佛罗里达迈阿密 MetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYorkCity,USA纽约大都会艺术博物馆 Acapulco,Mexico墨西哥阿卡普尔科 Cuzco,Mexico墨西哥库斯科 四、Europe欧洲 NotreDamedeParis,France法国巴黎圣母院 EffielTower,France法国艾菲尔铁塔 ArchofTriumph,France法国凯旋门 ElyseePalace,France法国爱丽舍宫 Louvre,France法国卢浮宫 KolnerDom,Koln,Germany德国科隆大教堂 LeaningTowerofPisa,Italy意大利比萨斜塔
美国各州的缩写及主要城市
一、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Alabama (AL) 区号：205–251–256–334 主要xx： 1、xx(Birmingham) 2、xx(Montgomery) 3、xx次维尔(Huntsville) 4、xx(Tuscaloosa) 5、xx(Mobile) 二、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Alaska (AK) 区号：907 主要xx： 1、xx(Juneau) 2、安克拉奇(Anchorage) 3、xxxx(Fairbanks) 三、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Arizona (AZ) 区号：480–520–602–623–928 主要xx： 1、菲尼克斯[凤凰城](Phoenix)
2、xx(Tucson) 3、xx(Mesa) 四、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Arkansas (AR) 区号：501–870 主要xx： 1、xx(Little Rock) 2、菲页维尔(Fayetteville) 五、xx 英文州名(缩写)：California (CA) 区号：209–213–310–323–408–415–510–530–559–562–619–626–650–661–707–714–760–805–818–831–858–909–916–925–949 主要xx： 1、萨克拉门托(Sacramento) 2、xx(Sonoma) 3、圣xx(San Jose) 4、xx(Los Angeles) 5、xx(San Diego) 6、旧金山(San Francisco) 六、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Colorado (CO)
区号：303–719–720–970 主要xx： 1、xx(Denver) 2、xxxx(Boulder) 3、科罗拉多泉(Clolrado Springs) 七、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Connecticut (CT) 区号：203–860 主要xx： 1、xx(Hartford) 八、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Delaware (DE) 区号：302 主要xx： 1、多佛(Dover) 2、xx(Wilmington) 3、xx(Newark) 九、xx 英文州名(缩写)：Florida (FL) 区号：305–321–352–386–407–561–727–754–772–786–813–850–863–904–941–954
世界著名景点英文翻译
世界著名景点英文翻译 亚洲 the himalayas 喜马拉雅山 great wall, chi na 中国长城 forbidde n city, beiji ng, china 北京故宫 mount fuji, japa n 日本富士山 taj mahal, i ndia 印度泰姬陵 an gkor wat, cambodia 柬埔寨吴哥窟 bali, i ndon esia 印度尼西亚巴厘岛 borobudur, i ndo nesia 印度尼西亚波罗浮屠 sen tosa, sin gapore 新加坡圣淘沙 crocodile farm, thaila nd 泰国北榄鳄鱼湖 pattaya beach, thaila nd 泰国芭堤雅海滩 babylo n, iraq 伊拉克巴比伦遗迹 mosque of st, sophia in ista nbul (c on sta ntin ople), turkey 耳其圣索非亚教堂 美洲 ni agara falls, new york state, usa 美国尼亚加拉大瀑布bermuda百慕大
hon olulu, hawaii, usa 美国夏威夷火奴鲁鲁
panama canal 巴拿马大运河 yellowst one n ati onal park, usa miami, florida, usa 美国佛罗里达迈阿密 metropolita n museum of art, new york city, usa 博物馆 acapulco, mexico 墨西哥阿卡普尔科 cuzco, mexico 墨西哥库斯科 非洲 suez can al, egypt 印度苏伊士运河 aswa n high dam, egypt 印度阿斯旺水坝 n airobi n ati onal park, kenya 美国黄石国家公园 statue of liberty, new york city, usa times square, new york city, usa the white house, wash ington de., usa world trade een ter, new york city, een tral park, new york city, usa yosemite n ati onal park, usa grand canyon, ariz ona, usa hollywood, california, usa dis neyla nd, califor nia, usa 美国纽约自由女神像 美国纽约时代广场 美国华盛顿白宫 美国纽约世界贸易中心 美国纽约中央公园 美国尤塞米提国家公园 美国亚利桑那州大峡谷 美国加利佛尼亚好莱坞 加利佛尼亚迪斯尼乐园 las vegas, n evada, usa 美国内华达拉斯威加斯 纽约大都会艺术 肯尼亚内罗毕国家公园
20世纪30年代美国经济大萧条的成因及现代启示
《20世纪30年代美国经济大萧条的成因及现代启示》（优秀毕 业论文） 【字号大中小】【打印】【返回】【上一篇】【下一篇】发布时间: 2009-9-27 20世纪30年代美国经济大萧条的成因及现代启示 张乐 [摘要] 2007年夏天爆发的美国次贷危机发展到今天, 已经演变成为百年一遇的国际金融危机，让人不禁将此次金融危机与20世纪30年代的那场美国经济大萧条相提并论。本文拟通过对20世纪30年代美国经济大萧条的成因进行较为全面的分析，从而揭示其对现代国家预防和解决经济危机的启示。 [关键词] 大萧条; 成因; 启示 2007年夏天，美国爆发次贷危机，很快波及全球，发展至今天，已经演变成为百年一遇的国际金融危机，其波及范围之广、扩展速度之快、持续时间之长、损失之惨重，让人不禁将此次金融危机与20世纪30年代的那场美国经济大萧条相提并论。有人更直接将这次国际金融危机喻为“21世纪的大萧条”。本文拟通过对20世纪30年代大萧条的成因进行较为全面的分析，从而揭示其对现代国家预防和解决经济危机，特别是对克服当前国际金融危机的启示。 一、20世纪30年代美国经济大萧条的成因 20世纪20年代末30年代初,世界头号经济强国美国爆发了空前严重的经济大危机。危机期间，大量银行倒闭、工厂破产,数千万人失业,成千上万家庭无家可归,全国上下处于一派萧条和动荡之中。从1929年5月到1932年7月,美国工业生产下降了55.6% , 国民生产总值从1044亿美元降到410亿美元,进口贸易由45亿美元降到13亿美元,出口贸易从53亿美元降为17亿美元。到了1933年3月,胡佛当政的最后一周,美国全国18600家银行大多数已没有支付能力,相继关门；黄金外流接近2.5亿美元,黄金储备已低于支付通货所需的最低数量；财政部已发不出联邦政府工作人员的工资,从法律上讲,美国已经破产。 [1]发生在30年代的世界经济大萧条, 对世界经济的打击之大,可以称得上是灾难性的。在美国, 大萧条造成了将近12年之久的大规模失业与资源利用不足。在随后的几年中, 大萧条像一种恶性瘟疫迅速席卷了其它资本主义国家，从1929年10月下旬到1933年，资本主义世界工业生产下降了40% 以上，失业率高达30%-50% ，世界贸易额猛烈缩减，1933年整个资本主义世界贸易总额比1929年缩小了2/3，[2] 回到1919年的水平，危机遍及工、农、商、金融等各行各业。整个资本主义世界都笼罩在一片恐慌之中。对于这场突如其来的灾难, 人们众说纷纭, 不少人将所发生的一切归于一种超自然的力量在经济背后起着作用。经济学家则引发了一场现代宏观经济学革命，对大萧条的成因看法不一，争论激烈，但相同的是，大萧条无情地撕碎了蒙在古典经济学身上的面纱, 使人们看到古典经济学的缺陷与局限性。以自由竞争的市场经济作为假设和条件的经济自由主义,在经济政策方面主张自由放任和国家不干预经济的原则,认为资本主义经济通过市场机制的自动调节可以达到充分就业的均衡的古典经济学核心观点，被严重的经济危机和大量失业的现实置于难堪境地，使人们开始对大萧条的成因进行分析和反思。比较有代表性的看法是凯恩斯学派与货币主义学派两种观点，“有效需求不足”理论和货币主义都对大萧条的成因做出了相应的分析。 英国经济学家凯恩斯于1936年出版了《就业、利息和货币通论》一书, 首次从财政政策即政府通过税收和开支来影响整个经济的政策的角度, 解释了20世纪30年代大萧条的成因。20世纪60年代, 货币主义者从货币政策, 即中央银行通过利率、贴现率、买卖债券等手段, 调节货币供应以影响经济发展的政
美国经济大萧条后政策
一罗斯福新政 主要内容： 货币政策： 禁止兑换黄金和出口黄金，实行宽松的货币政策，增发货币。 财政政策：税收政策实践 在初步稳定了美国经济之后，大力推行扩张性财政政策全面干预经济，具体表现在税收本央、预算赤字、政策债券、政策支出等一系列政策工具和措施上。在税收政策方面，美国政府在“新政”时期多次颁布税法和收入法，实行累进形式的公司所得税和个人所得税，利用税收政策特别是累进税的“自动稳定器”功能加强了对经济的干预力度。 在美国，罗斯福的通常立场是赞成预算平衡。因此，当1936年经济有复苏苗头时，他减少了财政支出。危机卷土重来，股市重挫，商品价格和工业生产下跌。复苏只是暂时的，是由于罢工迫使资方提高工人工资，并迫使工厂担心罢工而储备更多的供应。但是，这场危机没有得到解决。罗斯福本人指出，1937年三分之一美国人没有足够的营养，衣物和住房。托洛茨基（Leon Trotsky）在《我们时代的马克思主义》（Marxism In Our Time）评论到，新政虚有成果，实增国债。非但没有解决危机，还奠定了资本主义和帝国主义爆炸式反应的基础。 罗斯福新政:从计划调节到杠杆调节 新政的基本政策精神是在不触动资本主义私有制的前提下运用国家机器干预社会再生产,其基本政策手段逐渐演变为运用所得税制、预算拨款、政府债券和银行信贷等财政金融杠杆对国民经济进行宏观调节;对国民收入进行再分配;对发展国民经济的某些重要环节给以促进,对不利于整个资本主义经济的企业活动进行管辖。新政需要一种比传统经济学高明的解释资本主义现状的理论,凯恩斯主义应运而生。
实行新政和凯恩斯主义,对宏观经济进行调节，主要是运用财政、信贷两个杠杆进行调节，以医治资本主义自发机制所造成的生产过剩、供过于求的痼疾。这种宏观调节、促进和管辖机制创造了经济社会发展的各种条件：实行了失业补偿、老年保险、医疗照顾等制度,为美国社会提供了某种程度的“安全网”和经济的“内在稳定器”；通过劳工政策和农业补贴政策,使工人和中小农场主的收入得到了保证和提高,在一定程度上缓和了资本积累和劳动者贫困化的过程;举办了各种社会福利事业，国民收入再分配使社会贫富悬殊现象得到了一定的缓和；用国防军事开支促进了军事社会整合以及新技术摇篮的发展，不仅为资本家提供了超额利润，而且为开发新产品、形成新产业开辟了市场,创造了机会;在基础设施方面由政府大量投资为私人改善了投资环境,普遍地促进了工农业的发展,特别是促进了汽车业、建筑业、第三产业的发展以及边远地区的开发;由政府大力举办科学教育事业,为新兴工业提供了既懂科学、又有技艺的劳动者,促进了科学技术的发展,培养了高素质的劳动力。 二、20世纪60、70年代的税收政策实践 随着美国在战后的经济增长，“补偿性”财政政策理论已经逐步形成，其核心内容是：在经济萧条时实行赤字预算，以此消除经济的周期性波动。 美国在20世纪50年代所实行的就是一种“补偿性”财政政策，使经济既不过度繁荣，又不致陷入严重的危机。然而，“补偿性”财政政策虽然缓和了经济周期波动，却使经济增长速度明显放慢。 肯尼迪政府针对经济增长缓慢的局面，实行了充分就业的财政政策。充分就业财政政策的基本内容是：在萧条时期实行扩张性财政政策以刺激经济回升，即使在经济回升时期，只要实际产生水平低于潜在的产出水平，也要通过扩张性财政政策来刺激经济加速增长。 充分就业财政政策的主要措施是实施大幅度减税计划，以刺激需求增长。1962年6月6日，肯尼迪第一次在记者招待会上承诺实行一项永久性的减税计划。1963年初，肯尼迪向国会递交了减税和改革税制的特别咨文，要求全面削减所得税税率。1964年，该减税法案由国会修正后通过，由继任总统约翰逊签署实施。 同时，美国政府还大量增加对商品和劳务的采购，扩大社会福利支出。美国政府一方面减税，一方面增支，导致了财政赤字的迅速增长。 在20世纪60年代，人们强烈主张，税收政策应该为税收政策之外的目的服务。美国式的凯恩斯主义财政政策———利用税收制度进行宏观经济调整———主要体现在降低税率和给予投资税收抵免。