Ving形式作定语

Ving形式作定语

分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。例如：

The man standing by the window is our teacher.

Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building.

Ving作定语主要表示动作和用途。

1. 表示动作（主动的、进行的动作）。

a waiting car = the car that is waiting

a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子

The girl standing there is my sister.

站在那儿的女孩是我的姐妹。

[注意]现在分词作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如：The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. 老师批评了打破窗户的学生。

2. 表示用途：

the waiting room = the room for waiting 候车室

a working method 工作方法

He has a reading room. 他有一个书房。

【比较】

过去分词作定语：

及物动词的过去分词表示被动，不及物动词的过去分词表示动作完成。

例如：

That is the book written by Lu Xun.

那是鲁迅写的书。

He is a returned student. 他是一个归国的留学生。

不定式作定语：

用不定式作定语，其经常所修饰的名词、代词有：

meeting, reason, time, way, need, right, chance, decision, wish, promise, ability, anxiety, something, anything, nothing, anybody, somebody, thing... 例如：We have no time to lose.

我们没有时间（可以浪费）了。

That’s the plan to build the factory.

那就是建那座工厂的计划。

(二)Ving形式作宾语补足语

1. 在keep, find, notice, have, feel, hear, see, leave...等动词后常用Ving形式作宾语补足语。

例如：

1) The boss kept the workers working the whole night. 那个老板让工人整夜地工作。

2) We found the old lady lying in bed. 我们发现那老太太躺在床上。 2. 在感官动词：see, hear, look at, notice, observe, feel, find...等及使役动词：have, make, leave, keep, get...等后既可以用不定式也可以用Ving形式作宾语补足语。不定式（不带to）表示过程或动作完成，Ving形式强调进行或当时情景。例如：

I saw the lady crossing the street.

我看见那位妇人在过马路。

We heard her sing two songs.

我们听她唱了两首歌。

(三)Ving形式作主语

Ving形式具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语。

Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

It is no use arguing with him.和他争论没有用。

Ving形式作主语常用于下列句型：

【句型1】

It is + 名词（或形容词） + 动名词

It is + no use/no good / a waste of time /so nice +doing that.

例如：

1) It’s a waste of time waiting here. 在这里等是浪费时间。

2) It’s so nice talking to you. 很高兴和你谈话。

【句型2】

There is no + 动名词例如：

There is no stopping of him. 无法阻拦他。

There was no telling of the difference. 无法加以区别。

【注意】

Ving形式和不定式都可以作主语，Ving形式作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。例如：

Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）

To play with fire will be dangerous.（指一具体动作）

但在It is no use / good, not any use / good, useless 等后必须用Ving形式。Ving形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。如：

Forgetting the past means betrayal. 忘记过去就意味着背叛。

（四）Ving形式作表语

Ving形式具有形容词和名词的性质，在句中可作表语。

作表语用的Ving形式有两种：一种用作名词，一种用作形容词。用作名词时，说明主语的内容，就此提问时，用what ；用作形容词时，说明主语的特征，用how进行提问。例如：

Her favorite job is teaching English.→ What is her favourite job?

It is interesting to read such a story. → How is it to read such a story?

(五)Ving形式作宾语

Ving形式具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作宾语。

He is fond of playing football. I like swimming.

他很喜欢足球，我喜欢游泳。

【注意】

①admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t stand等动词后可以用Ving形式作宾语，但不能用不定式。

②forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try等动词可带Ving形式或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。试比较

I remember doing the exercise. 我记得做过练习。

I must remember to do it. 我必须记着做这事。

I tried not to go there. 我设法不去那里。

I tried doing it again. 我试着又干了一次。

Stop speaking. 不要讲话。

He stopped to talk. 他停下来讲话。

I mean to come early today. 我打算今天来早些。

Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。

③在allow, advise, forbid, permit 等动词后直接跟动词作宾语时，要用Ving形式，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，然后在跟动词作宾语补足语时，其宾语补足语用带to的不定式。例如：

We don’t allow smoking here.

We don’t allow students to smoke.

④动词need, require, want作“需要”解，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必须用Ving形式，或不定式的被动式，这时，Ving形式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如：

The window needs (requires, wants) cleaning (to be cleaned).

⑤在短语devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for, be (kept) busy, be worth, have difficulty / trouble / problem(in), have a good / wonderful / hard time(in), feel like, get down to等后的动词也必须用Ving形式。例如：

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

⑥在love, hate, prefer等动词后用Ving形式或不定式无大的区别。但说话人有所指的时候，通常用不定式。

⑦start, begin, continue在书面语中多后接动名词，在口语中多后接不定式。

⑧在should (would) like / love等后须用不定式。

【知识拓展】

Ving形式的时态和语态

Ving形式的时态

Ving形式的时态分一般式和完成式两种，如果Ving形式的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动词同时发生或在谓语动词以前发生，用Ving形式的一般式。例如：His coming will be of great help to us.

如果Ving形式的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用Ving形式的完成时态。例如：

I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.

Ving形式的语态

主语是这个Ving形式所表示的动作的对象时，Ving形式用被动语态。被动语态由“being + 过去分词”或“having been + 过去分词”构成，后一种一般避免使用。例如：He likes being helped.

He was afraid of being left at home.

在to be worth doing 句型中，Ving形式doing表示的是被动意义。例如：The book is worth reading.

Ving形式：动词的-ing形式也是一种非谓语动词。-ing形式仍保留有动词的特征，可以带有其所需要的宾语或状语而构成-ing短语。

1、-ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing还有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其-ing各种形式列表如下：

动词语态

形式及物动词make 不及物动词go

主动语态被动语态主动语态

一般式making，being made，going

完成式having made，having been made，having gone

2、-ing形式的基本用法。

（1）作主语：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。Talking is easier than doing. –ing 作主语时，如果其结构较长，可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的-ing后置。如：It isn’t much good writing to them again. It’s no use waiting here.

（2）作表语：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps. （3）作宾语：①作及物动词的宾语。She likes drawing very much.；②作某些短语动词的宾语。Mary is thinking of going back to New Y ork.；③ do+限定词（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing，表示“做…事”之意，如：We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? ④作介词的宾语：Her sister is good at learning physics.；⑤作形容词worth, busy等的宾语：This book is well worth reading. –ing作宾语带有宾语补足语时，要用it作为形式宾语，而将作宾语的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it necessary trying again?

（4）作定语：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing形式作定语用时，如果-ing只是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是-ing短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后，-ing作定语时，被-ing 所修饰的名词就是该-ing的逻辑主语。另外，-ing作定语用时，其动作和句子谓语动词所表示的动作是同时进行的，如果不是同时进行的，就不能用-ing作定语，要使用定语从句，如：The girl who wrote a letter there yesterday can speak English very well.

（5）作宾语补足语：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注：当-ing在复合宾语中作宾语补足语用时，句中宾语就是这个-ing的逻辑主语，可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。

（6）作状语：①时间状语：Seeing Tom, I couldn’t help thinking of his brother. 分词在句中作时间状语时，其前一般可加when或while，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. ②原因状语：Being ill, he didn’t go to school yesterday. ③方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.

3、主动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。主动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用。句中的主语是它的逻辑主语，并且是它所表示的动作的执行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to read an English novel.

4、被动语态-ing一般式的基本用法。被动语态-ing一般式所表示的动作是一个正在进行中的被动动作，而且这个被动动作也是和句中谓语所表示的动作同时发生的。它一般在句中作定语或状语用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours.

5、被动语态-ing完成式的基本用法。被动语态-ing完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，在句中一般作状语用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.

6、-ing形式的复合结构。在-ing前加物主代词或名词所有格即构成-ing的复合结构。其中的物主代词或名词所有格为-ing的逻辑主语。这种结构在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，如：Y our smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口语中，这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用名词的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peter’s (or Peter)going there first.

7、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。一般说来，表示一个比较抽象或泛指的动作时多用-ing形式。表示一个具体某一次的动作时，多用动词不定式，如：Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to play it today.

8、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。-ing形式作定语用时，其动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生，而动词不定式作定语时，其动作一般发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之后。如：The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write.

9、-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。（1）不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.（2）在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我听见她正在屋里唱歌。I hear her sing in the room.我听见她在屋里唱过歌。

10、-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。-ing形式在句作状语表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况，而动词不定式一般式在句中作状语时，一般是作目的或结果状语，如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside

ving作状语

v-ing 形式作状语 v-ing 形式作状语时，用于修饰某动词或整个句子，所表示的动作与句子主语构成逻辑上的主谓关 系。v-ing形式作状语时，可以单独使用，也可以在其前加上when, while , after, if, unless, although , though 等连词，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、伴随、方式等。 1.作时间状语 Hearing this news, she got frightened. 听到这个消息,她感到害怕。 Looking out of the window, I saw some children playing football. Turning around , he saw a tiger running up. 2.作结果状语 The boy ran even faster, reaching the school out of breath. 那个男孩跑得更快了,到达学校时累得上气不接下气了。 The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door. Her husband died, leaving her four children. They fired, killing many people in the street. 3.作伴随状语 He stood by the window, watching people passing by his window. He came running. She stood waiting for a bus. He sat there reading a book. The students ran out of the classroom, talking and laughing. 4.作原因状语 Being a student, I must study hard. 作为一名学生,我必须努力学习。 Seeing nobody at home, he left them a note. Not knowing his telephone number, I couldn 't get in touch with him. 5.作让步状语 Having lived here for four years, I am not familiar with my neighbors. 虽然我在这儿住了四年,我对邻居们都还不熟悉。 Working or reading, she always did her best. 不管是工作还是阅读,她总是竭尽全力。 Not being a rich man himself, he helped the poor generously. 尽管他自己不算富裕, 他却是慷慨的帮助穷人。 6.作条件状语 Heating water, we can change it into vapour. 把水加热,我们可以将其变为水蒸汽。 Working in his small room, he made three pairs of shoes every day. 在他的小房间里工作,每天做三双 鞋。 Using your head, you 'll find a good way. Working hard, you 'll surely succeed. 7. 作目的状语 He stayed up late into the night, attempting to pass the entrance exam. 他晚上睡得很晚,想通过考试。注意： 、V-ing 的时态和语态。

动词的ing形式作表语,定语,宾补和状语

动词的ing形式作表语,定语,宾补与状语 一、动词-ing形式作表语 1、表示主语的内容,可以转换到句首作主语 Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible、(= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job) 她的工作就是尽量使报告厅保持干净。 2、表示主语具有的特征、性质与状态(动词ing 相当一个形容词) The problem is quite puzzling、 这个问题很令困惑。 3、常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。 全析提示:动词-ing形式作表语时,其逻辑主语往往就是句子中的主语,但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。 What worries me most is her staying too late every night、(staying too late every night的逻辑主语就是her) 二、动词-ing形式作定语 1 单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语,一般具有两种含义。 ①说明被修饰名词的用途与性能。 a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室 running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋 a working method =a method for working 工作方法 ②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态,在意思上接近一个定语从句,可以表示正在进行的动作,也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家 an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 瞧起来很普通的房子 a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题 2 作定语的动词-ing形式如就是一个短语,则应放在被修饰词的后面,做后置定语,相当于一个定语从句。 They lived in a house facing south、(=which is facing south) 她们住在一所朝南的房子里。 Do you know the boy playing basket?(=Who is playing basket) 您认识在打篮球的那个小男孩不？ The man visiting Japan (=the man who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle 正在访问日本的那个男人就是我的叔叔。 三、动词-ing形式作宾补 1、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后 面,表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作,强调一个过程或一种状态。 When we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house、 2、当主句转换为被动结构时, 原来作宾语补足语 的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。 They found the film very exciting、

地点状语与定语从句的区别

where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句的区别是什么？ 最简单的办法是看where是否有指代先行词 应到定语从句还是状语从句的区别主要可以从以下三点来看： 一、where引导定语从句时, where是关系副词, 在从句中作地点状语, 其前面有表示地点的先行词, where引导的从句修饰先行词。例如: The bookshop where I bought this book is not far from here. This is the house where I lived two years ago. We will start at the point where we left off. 二、where引导状语从句时, where是从属连词, where引导的从句修饰主句的谓语动词, where前面没有表示地点的先行词。例如: Wuhan lies where the Changjiang River and the Han Jiang River meet. Make a mark where you have any doubts or questions. I found my books where I had left them. 有时, where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义, 可放在主句的前面, 而where引导的定语从句则不能。例如: Where there is a will, there is a way. 〔谚语〕有志者事竟成。 Where there is water, there is life. 有水的地方就有生命。 三、在有些情况下, where引导的定语从句可转换为where引导的地点状语从句。例如: A tall building was put up at the place where there used to be a desert. （＝A tall building was put up where there used to be a desert. ）在以前曾是沙漠的地方盖起了一幢高楼。 Bam boo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often. （＝Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often. ）温暖而多雨的地方最适合于竹子生长。

英语动词后加Ving形式的用法

3-18岁纯英式素质教育领航者：纯英式资深外教，纯英式国际领先教材，纯英式学习环境！优尼全能英语：英语动词后加Ving形式的用法 (1)be动词(is.am.are).介词后面加ing形式。还有固定的词组搭配要记住某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can’t stand, be used to, get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等。如： They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走，说个不停。 I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。 (2)作介词的宾语 We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。 Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活? (3)作形容词的宾语 The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。 We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。 (4)、作表语 动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。 Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.) What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。(Being laughed at is what I hate most.) (5)、作定语 动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如： a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading a measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuring sleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping

宾语、定语、状语从句区别

1.定语从句，也就是做定语（修饰名词的句子成分叫做定语）的从句 定语从句实际上起到了形容词的作用，所以也叫形容词性从句。 和定语一样，定语从句是修饰名词的成分。 如：the girl who she talk about .这个女孩就是她谈论的那个。 很明显who she talk about 是在修饰这个the girl 的 2.宾语从句，它在句子中作宾语（动作的承受者）成分，一般主句缺宾语时用它。 如：she are talking about where the boy comes from . 她在谈论这个男孩来自哪里。 很明显where...from在句子中做了宾语的成分。 3.状语从句，与状语一样，修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子的成分。如：I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就将给你打电话。 很明显这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句。 1.定语从句，也就是做定语（修饰名词的句子成分叫做定语）的从句 定语从句实际上起到了形容词的作用，所以也叫形容词性从句。 和定语一样，定语从句是修饰名词的成分。 如：the girl who she talk about .这个女孩就是她谈论的那个。 很明显who she talk about 是在修饰这个the girl 的 2.宾语从句，它在句子中作宾语（动作的承受者）成分，一般主句缺宾语时用它。 如：she are talking about where the boy comes from . 她在谈论这个男孩来自哪里。 很明显where...from在句子中做了宾语的成分。 3.状语从句，与状语一样，修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子的成分。如：I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就将给你打电话。 很明显这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句。 1.定语从句，也就是做定语（修饰名词的句子成分叫做定语）的从句 定语从句实际上起到了形容词的作用，所以也叫形容词性从句。 和定语一样，定语从句是修饰名词的成分。 如：the girl who she talk about .这个女孩就是她谈论的那个。 很明显who she talk about 是在修饰这个the girl 的 2.宾语从句，它在句子中作宾语（动作的承受者）成分，一般主句缺宾语时用它。 如：she are talking about where the boy comes from . 她在谈论这个男孩来自哪里。 很明显where...from在句子中做了宾语的成分。 3.状语从句，与状语一样，修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子的成分。如：I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我到北京就将给你打电话。 很明显这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句。 1.定语从句，也就是做定语（修饰名词的句子成分叫做定语）的从句 定语从句实际上起到了形容词的作用，所以也叫形容词性从句。 和定语一样，定语从句是修饰名词的成分。 如：the girl who she talk about .这个女孩就是她谈论的那个。 很明显who she talk about 是在修饰这个the girl 的 2.宾语从句，它在句子中作宾语（动作的承受者）成分，一般主句缺宾语时用它。 如：she are talking about where the boy comes from . 她在谈论这个男孩来自哪里。 很明显where...from在句子中做了宾语的成分。

必修4 Unit3 动词-ing形式作表语定语和宾语补足语练习(含答案)

l g e m 动词-ing形式作表语、定语和宾语补足语的练习 一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。 1. We heaard them (quarrel) about money after the concert. They looked very angry. 2. The villagers saw the fire (burn) brightly in the distance. When they hurried there, they found some houses (burn) to the ground already. 3. I didn’t see anyone (take) away your paper. It might have been blown by the wind. 4. During the days (come) we’ll make good preparations for the sports meeting. 5. The woman (look) at her map is a relative of my mother. 6. Einstein was one of the greatest scientists (repect) by people. 7. Doing nothing is (do) ill. 8. To do that would be (cut) the foot to fit the shoe. 9. We were all very (surprise) at the news. I found it very (surprise). 10. He gave us an (inspire) speech. We were all (inspire). 二、在空白处填入适当的单词,完成下列句型转换(每空一词)。 1. Your task is cleaning the house carefully.______ ______ _______ _______ is your task. 2. His speech inspired us. We _________ _________ by his speech. 3. The boy who was missing was last seen playing near the lake. The ______ boy was last seen playing

定语从句与强调句和状语从句的区别

定语从句与其易混淆句型的辨析 众所周知，定语从句是高中英语学习中的一个语法重点，老师、同学们都对此予以重点关注。由此造成了这样一种现象：做题时，一遇到从句就往定语从句上想，尤其容易把一些形式上与定语从句相似的句型（主要是同位语从句、强调句、地点和时间状语从句）也当作定语从句来理解，结果产生错误。因此，从某个方面来说，解答定语从句题的关键是弄清它和易混淆句型之间的区别。 一、定语从句与同位语从句 定语从句和同位语从句都置于被修饰的名词或代词之后，形式上非常相似，尤其是由that引导时，最难区分。实际上，两者的根本区别在于句法功能不同，与先行词的关系不同。 1. 句法功能不同 定语从句相当于一个形容词，用来修饰、描述或限制其前面的名词、代词（称为先行词）或整个句子；同位语从句则相当于一个名词，是先行词所述内容的展开，即说明先行词的具体内容。 定语从句的引导词that在从句中一定充当句子成分；而同位语从句中的引导词that（被称为连接代词）在从句中只起连接作用，不充当任何句子成分。 定语从句的引导词在从句中作宾语或状语时，可以省略或被其他词代替；而同位语从句的引导词则一般不能省略，也不能被代替。 例1The news （that / which）we picked up from his informal conversation is true.我们从他的闲谈中听到的那个消息是真实的。 例2The news that Mr Li will teach us English next semester is true. 李先生下学期将教我们英语这个消息是真实的。 点评：例1的中that从句是定语从句，其作用相当于一个形容词，用来限定the news，that在从句中作宾语，可省略。例2中的that从句是同位语从句，其作用相当于一个名词，本身就是the news的内容，that不能省略。 2. 与先行词关系不同 定语从句所修饰、限定的先行词可以是名词或代词，当that省略时，定语从句本身是一个不完整的句子。而同位语从句通常与一些本身有具体内容可展开的名词连用，对这些名词进行补充说明或解释。常见的此类名词有：answer，belief，doubt，decision，explanation，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，possibility，problem，promise，question，reason，story，suggestion，thought，truth等。同位语从句本身是一个完整的句子，常用that连接而不是用which 引导，that本身不充当句子成分，表示疑问意义的名词（如doubt，question等）后也可用whether，who，what等疑问词引导。 例3The fact (that / which) she told me yesterday is very important.她昨天告诉我的事实非常重要。 例4The fact that she hasn’t known the result of the examination is clear.她还不知道考试成绩这个事实是显而易见的。

英语ing形式详解

什么情况下句首的动词要用ing形式什么情况下用原型 动词的-ing形式 作主语 动词的-ing形式是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词原形加-ing构成，可以在句子中用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。 n Seeing is believing.眼见为实。 n Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.乘火车到杭州要16个小时。 n It…s nice talking with you.和你谈话很高兴。 n It…s no use arguing with him. 跟他争论没用。 n There is no harm in doing so. 这样做没有害处。 作表语 动词-ing可用来作表语。如：

n This food smells inviting. n My favorite sport is swimming. n Their job is cleaning the window. 作宾语 1.动词-ing形式可以用作动词、短语动词和介词的宾语。 n I warned her against driving fast. n Jim dislikes eating chocolate. 2.有些动词和动词短语后接作宾语的非限定性动词时只能是-ing分词，常见的这类动词有：admit，acknowledge，advise，appreciate，avoid，delay，deny，dislike，enjoy，excuse，escape， fancy，finish，forgive，face，endure，involve，give up，imagine，mention，mind，miss，pardon，

Ving形式作定语

Ving形式作定语 分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后；单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。例如： The man standing by the window is our teacher. Many frightened people rushed out of the burning building. Ving作定语主要表示动作和用途。 1. 表示动作（主动的、进行的动作）。 a waiting car = the car that is waiting a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子 The girl standing there is my sister. 站在那儿的女孩是我的姐妹。 [注意]现在分词作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。例如：The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. 老师批评了打破窗户的学生。 2. 表示用途： the waiting room = the room for waiting 候车室 a working method 工作方法 He has a reading room. 他有一个书房。 【比较】 过去分词作定语： 及物动词的过去分词表示被动，不及物动词的过去分词表示动作完成。 例如： That is the book written by Lu Xun. 那是鲁迅写的书。 He is a returned student. 他是一个归国的留学生。

动词ing形式作表语,定语和宾语补足语.

概念引入 The music they are playing sounds so exciting . We watched three boys sharing their food with each Our job is playing all kinds of music . The girl singing now is a classmate of mine 用法讲解 非谓语动词中的ing形式包括两种： 一种是动名词，另外一种是现在分词。 ?基本形式： 1、-ing形式作表语 1) -ing形式作表语时放在系动词之后,用来泛指某种动作或行为,以说明主语的具体内容(身份、性质或情况)。 如： Her hobby is painting. 她的业余爱好是画画。 My job is looking after the children. 我的工作就是照顾这些孩子。 2) –ing用来表示主语所具有的特征， 如： His concern for his mother is most touching. 他对母亲的关爱很感人。 His words are encouraging. 他的话很鼓舞人。 2、-ing形式作定语 1). 说明被修饰名词的作用和用途， 如： building materials = materials for building 建筑材料

drinking water = water for drinking 饮用水 a reading room = a room for reading 阅览室 2). 说明被修饰名词的性质和程度， 如： tiring music = music that is tiring 烦人的音乐 a surprising result = a result that is surprising 一个惊人的结果 3). 表示被修饰名词正在进行的动作， 如： 正在做实验的那个学生是我们的班长。 The student making the experiment is our monitor. 我们能看到冉冉升起的太阳。 We can see the rising sun. Attention 1) 单个-ing形式作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之前, -ing形式短语作定语时, 放在所修饰的名词之后, 并且在意思上相当于一个定语从句。 如： They lived in a room facing the street. = They lived in a room that faces the street. 他们住在一间面朝街的房子。 The man standing there is Peter’s father. = The man who is standing there is Peter’s father. 站在那儿的那个人是彼得的父亲。 2) V-ing, 过去分词，不定式做定语时的区别： The student making the experiment is our monitor. They lived in a room facing the street. 正在举行的会议非常重要。 The meeting being held now is very important. 昨天举行的会议非常重要。 The meeting held yesterday is very important. 明天要举行的会议非常重要。 The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 3)-ing形式短语也可以用作非限制定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，这时，它与句子其他部分用逗号分开

如何区分状语从句和定语从句

如何区分状语从句和定语从句 以下句子中的when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange作何种成分？纵观国内出版的语法书，一般都认为是时间状语从句，它跟last night一样，都是时间状语。但感觉又不像，请问您怎么看？ Ten people were killed and several were injured last night when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange. 昨天晚上一颗炸弹在股票交易所附近爆炸，造成十人死亡，数人受伤。 【问题】when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange. 到底是时间状语从句，还是定语从句？ 【答】以下是我的详细分析，并给出理由。 last night与when a bomb exploded near the Stock Exchange 到底存在着什么关系？ 它们之间可能存在的3种关系： 1. 并列关系（如果是并列关系，那么when 就是状语从句，跟last night 共同修饰谓语动词） 2. 同位关系（如果是同位关系，那么when 就是名词性从句，不是状语从句） 3. 修饰关系（如果是修饰关系，那么when 就是定语从句，修饰限定last night） 下面我从这3种关系入手，进行深度分析，最后判断它们是不是先行词和定语从句的关系。 1. 并列关系? 如果是并列关系，那么，last night 和when 之间应该有或者可以加上and, or 等连词连接，以“A and B”或“A or B” 的结构出现，例如： He stayed at home yesterday and today. 他昨天和今天都呆在家里。 It won't make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow. 你今天或明天去没有多大关系。

动词-ing形式作表语定语,宾补及状语的用法

动词-ing形式作表语定语，宾补及状语的用法 一、动词-ing形式作表语 1.表示主语的内容,可以转换到句首作主语 Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. (= keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job) 她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。 2.表示主语具有的特征、性质和状态(动词ing相当一个形容词） The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令困惑。 3.常用来作表语的现在分词有astonishing, amusing, confusing, disappointing, boring, encouraging, inspiring, moving, tiring, interesting, surprising等。 全析提示：动词-ing形式作表语时，其逻辑主语往往是句子中的主语，但用作表语的-ing形式也可带有自己的逻辑主语。 What worries me most is her staying too late every night. (staying too late every night的逻辑主语是her) 二、动词-ing形式作定语 1单个的动词-ing形式可以作前置定语，一般具有两种含义。 ①说明被修饰名词的用途和性能。 a reading room = a room which is used for reading 阅览室 running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋 a working method =a method for working 工作方法 ②表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。 developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家 an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子 a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody 困扰人的问题 2作定语的动词-ing形式如是一个短语，则应放在被修饰词的后面,做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。 They lived in a house facing south.(=which is facing south) 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。 Do you know the boy playing basket?（=Who is playing basket) 你认识在打篮球的那个小男孩吗？ The man visiting Japan (=the man who is visiting Japan ) is my uncle 正在访问日本的那个男人是我的叔叔。 三、动词-ing形式作宾补 1、动词-ing形式作宾语补足语常放在宾语后 面，表示一个正在进行的主动性的动作，强调一个过程或一种状态。 When we returned, we found a stranger standing in front of the house. 2、当主句转换为被动结构时,原来作宾语补足语 的动词-ing形式便转换为主语补足语。

定语和状语的区别

定语： 什么是定语 修饰成分和被修饰成分之间大多数情况下没有逗号分隔，可以前置修饰，也可以后置与被修饰成分，大多数情况下修饰句子之中的某一个成分（名词），尤其是主语和宾语。 1.形容词： 前置定语：单个形容词 The handsome boy 后置修饰：形容词短语 The country different from China is America. China is a country different from America. China is a country different from America. China is a country different from America. 2.非谓语： 前置：单个分词 Developed country Developing country Swimming pool 非谓语后置：分词短语 The water to drink The man attacked by the dog The boy playing basketball 3.定语从句：只能后置 The man who is playing football is eating an apple. 状语修饰：修饰动词（修饰句子中的某一个成分，也可以修饰整个句子） 修饰成分和被修饰成分之间大多数情况下有逗号分隔，可以前置修饰，也可以后置，也可以放在中间，大多数情况下修饰整个句子 1.副词（修饰主句子里的某一个成分：动词）

He is laughing happily. 2.非谓语：有逗号分隔，不修饰主句之中的某一个成分 Playing football, he is eating an apple. (表示伴随) Attacked by the dog, the man cries. (表示原因) He, playing football,is eating an apple. He is eating an apple, playing football. 3.状语从句可以有逗号分隔，也可以没有逗号分隔，不修饰主句之中的某一个成分 The man cried because he was attacked by the dog. Because he was attacked by the dog, the man cried 特别再谈一次非谓语作状语 同是一个主干成分“The man cried.”让“attacked by the dog”来修饰，即可以作为定语来修饰，也可以作为状语来修饰。 1.“attacked by the dog”作状语修饰，翻译成：“被狗咬了，那个人哭了。” Attacked by the dog, the man cries. (表示原因) The man, attacked by the dog, cried. The man cried, attacked by the dog. 2.“attacked by the dog”作为定语来修饰，翻译为“那个被狗咬的人哭了” The man attacked by the dog cried.

V-ing作定语和状语

V-ing作定语和状语 Ⅰ. V-ing 作定语 单个的V-ing作定语，常放在被修饰的名词前面作前置定语；V-ing短语作定语，则放在被修饰名词的后面，作后置定语。 1．V-ing作定语，说明被修饰词的性质、特征或用途。 He may be in the reading room . (read) 他可能在阅览室里。 They set up an _______________ table. (operate) 他们搭起一个手术台。 2．V-ing 作定语，表示其与被修饰词之间为主动关系，并且表示动作正在进行。 There are about 200 students studying in this school. 大约有200个学生在这个学校学习。 Who is the woman_________________our English teacher?( talk) 正在和我们英语老师谈话的那个女人是谁？ 3．有些V-ing已经转化成了形容词，常用作定语修饰物，表示“令人……”：exciting, shocking, puzzling, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, boring, tiring, moving, touching, interesting, satisfying, frightening, amazing等。 ①That must be a ______________experience. (terrify) 那肯定是一次可怕的经历。 ②The experiment was____________________________. (amaze) 那实验是一个惊人的成功。 Ⅱ. V-ing作状语 V-ing （短语）可以在句子中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、让步或伴随状况。现在分词一般不用作表目的的状语（通常用不定式表目的状语）。V-ing作状语，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语________，且分词必须和句中的主语是逻辑上的__________关系。 1. 作时间状语 _________________________, he jumped with joy.(hear) 当听到这个好消息时，他高兴地跳了起来。 2. 作结果状语 The boy ran even faster，reaching the school out of breath. 那个男孩跑得更快了，到达学校时累得上气不接下气了。 The song is sung all over the country, ________________________ song.( make) 全国到处在传唱这首歌曲，使它成了一首最受欢迎的歌曲。 3. 作伴随状语与谓语所表示的动作同时发生。 He stood by the window, watching people passing by his window.他站在窗前，望着来来往往的人们。_____________________, they went into the room .( talk) 他们有说有笑地走进房间。 4. 作原因状语 Being a student, I must study hard. 作为一名学生，我必须努力学习。___________________, he didn?t go to school.(be) 由于生病，他没有上学。 注意：表示原因的V-ing 形式一般位于句首，相当于一个原因状语从句。其否定式直接在句首加not . ______________________her address, , we couldn?t get in touch with her. ( know) 由于不知道她地址，我们无法和她联系。 5. 作让步状语 Being young，the little boy knows a lot about computer.尽管这个小男孩很小，但是他懂得很多电脑知识。 _________________ here for four years, I am not familiar with my neighbors. （live） 虽然我在这儿住了四年，我对邻居们都还不熟悉。 6. 作条件状语 Heating water, we can change it into vapor. 把水加热，我们可以将其变为水蒸汽。 _____________ahead, you will see a white house.( walk) 一直往前走，你就会看到一座白色的房子。 7. 作方式状语 ____________________, we visited many places. (travel) 我们乘车游览了许多地方。 注意： 1.当v-ing所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前时，应使用__________式：_________________ ①After he finished his homework, he rushed out to play basketball. =___________________his homework, he rushed out to play basketball.他完成作业后冲出去打篮球。 ②After he closed the windows, he went out of the classroom. =____________________the windows, he went out of the classroom. 关上窗户后,他走出教室。 2.当v-ing与句子的主语之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系时，应该使用________式：_________. The tall building ___________________ now is our new school.( build) 正在被修建的那栋大楼是我们的新学校。 3. V-ing作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语_______________。 ①Rushing into the dining-room, I found super was waiting for. （） ②Rushing into the dining-room, supper was waiting for me. （） Ⅲ. 连词+ V-ing V-ing作状语时，相当于省略的状语从句。由when / while / after / before / if /though / unless/as if等引导的状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,如果从句的谓语动词是主动语态,则可以省略从句的主语,而保留原连词,形成"连词+现在分词"的结构形式。 1.Though they lacked(缺少)money, his parents managed to send him to university. =______________________ money, his parents managed to send him to university. 2.When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine. =_____________________________, I came across an old friend of mine. 3.Unless I was invited, I wouldn?t go to the party. =_____________________, I wouldn?t go to the party. 4.As I am a student, I must study hard. = _________________a student, I must study hard.