英国文学笔记

Middle English

Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.For three centuries after Norman conquest , two languages were were used side by side in England , Latin and French were the languages of the upper classes, used in official and formal conditions.however the inflectional system of old English was weakened and a large number of French words had been absorbed.and many inflectional forms of the words were dropped and formal grammar simplified.

Romance

Romance is a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.Romance , in the original sense of the word , means the native language,as opposed to Latin,and later it means a tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights.

John wycliff

He was one of the first man who demand to reform the church in order to do away with the corruption and rottenness, he was the one who translate the bible into standard english. His translation for bible is a great contribution to english literature ,as well as english lanuage. For he fixed a national standard for englsih prose to replace various dialects. His work owned him the title of father of english prose.

William langland

He is the author of Piers Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯》or the vision of piers plowman.The story takes the form of an allegory, but it gives a realsitic picture of 14th century England, (an allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning,and serve to spread moral teaching)in his work , within the scope of allegorical characters, the lives of the religious people and the laymen are vividly portrayed.the corruption and the rottenness of the church people are truthfully exposed.

Chaucer （The Canterbury Tales）

Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, father of English literature.was born, about 1340, in London.

Chaucer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced the "heroic couplet"into English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.

Though drawing influences from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech.

The Hundred Years' War

Was a series of wars fought between the english kings and French kings for the French throne, starting from the reign of Edward III and ending during the reign of Henry VI.in 1453 all engish territory in france was lost to the french and the english king had only a small port.the whole mankind was awakenging.

The War of the Roses

The war of the roses, or the thirty years' war, was a series of civil wars fought between the two great families, the house of lancaster, the house of York ,both of which claimed the right to the english throne.it lasted for thirty years until King henry VII defeated richard III.

Reformation of the church

Henry VIII declared the break with Rome and shook off the power of the Roman catholic Churrch , thus becoming the head of the church. The Protestant reformation was in essence a political movement in a religious guise, and the individualism was awakening .

New sea routes

Italian explorer in the service of spain who determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from europe,thereby ,discovering American. Portuguese also sent his mariner. The english and french were not slow following th espanish example.the discovery of the new continent has increased people's confidence and this confidence has finally developed into humanism.

Popular ballads

Ballad is derived from the latin "ballare", that is "to dance".A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story.

Sir Thomas Malory

The author of The Death of Arthur, it was he who finally compiled together the stories of KIng Arhur and the Knights ot the Roud Table which were scattered in a number of french romances and made great contribution to the development of english prose.little knoen is about the life of Malory ,except the fact he was a knight.

Early English plays

1,In ancient Greece and Tome , drama was one of the most popular forms of entertainment.

2,In the 9th and the 10th centuries , the catholic church allowed some of dramatic performances to be used as art of religious service

3,By the 14th century the liturgy had developed into mystery plays and miracle plays . the former are chiefly based on stories from the Bible, and the latter on the livesof Christian saints.

The paly was staged on a two decked cart, or pageant. The pageant consisted of an enclosed room and a second storey open to the sky on which the action was performed. the car towed round the town

4,in the 14th and the 15th cnturies mystery or miracle plays were performed in about 40 different places in England. The early drama has developed rapidly by the help of religious.

Enclosure movement

With the dixovery of the new sea routes , the English burghers made their fortunes by the wool trade. As the demand for wool increased , some of the nobles and burghers turned vast arable land into pastures and large numbers of peasants became landless men. Many peasants who were compelled to leave their land come to towns and cities as labourers. thus two opposite classes came into being, the capitalist class and the laboring class.

Humanism

The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth"; Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere "be born")[1] was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.

Is kind of movement which free the human from the bondage of religion. It was caused by geographical discovery and capitalist production methods, they song in praise of man and of the pursuit of happiness in this life. As a result, it shattered the shackles of spiritual bondage of man’s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened his eyes to “a brave new world “in front of him.

Edmund spenser

Edmund Spenser "s first important work is "the shephearde's calender"a pastoral poem in 12 parts

His major achievement The Faerie Queene, is an unfinished allegorical romance.. Spenser also contributes gretly to the form and technique of poetry compositon. His verse lines are very melodious,he originated a nine-line verse stanza, now known as the Spenserian stanza. the rhyme scheme is ababbcbacc. Which creates a special musical effect.

The flourishing of drama

The flourishing of drama was explained by the reason that cities and owns grew rapidly in the 16th 16th century and since there was no other means of entrtainment than watching bear-baiting, executions and hangings at Newgate,drama naturally became the only form of amusement to city dwellers and noblemen.

marlowe

Elizabethan poet, dramatist, and William Shakespeare's predecessor in English drama,

His first play 《帖木儿》Tamberlaine the great is about the story of Timur the Tartar

《浮士德博士的悲剧》the tragic history of Doctour. Faustus adapted from a

popular old German legend

《马耳他岛的犹太人》The Jew of Malta

As a dramatist marlowe has limitations , his pot construction is loose and his characters are merely embodiments of ideas. But he is the only dramatist of the time who is ever compared with Shakespeare.Marlowe's greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of english drama. Marlowe's second achievement is his creation of Renaissance hero for English drama,who embodies Marlowe's humanistic ideal of human dignity and capacity.he hero interprets the Renaissance spirit.

Shakespeare

Shakespeare's writing career may roughly divided into four stages

1,The early years were years of his apprenticeship, dating from 1592-1594.During this period he wrote his early history plays r histories and a group of comedies. King Henry VI, Love's Labour Lost

2,The second Period is a period of rapid growth and development, dating from 1595to 1600. Romeo and Juliet , The Merchant of Venice

3,The third period is a period of gloom and depression, dating from 1601to1608.It is a period of his tragedies. Such as Hamlet ,Othello,King Lear, and Macbeth

4,The fourth period is a period of restored serenity , from 1608-1612,it is a period of calm after storm. The Tempest

Achievement

1,shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.

2,shakespeare's humanism,, more important than his historical sense of his time ,shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age. Humanst outlook prevails in his comedies as well as his late tragedies.

3, shakespeare's originality.his plays are original because he instilled into the old material a new spirit that gives new life to his plays.the best example is Hamlet 4,shakespeare's as master of the english language.many of his quotations and phrases have been absorbed into the english language.he was especially sucdessful in handing the different meanings of the same word,or words having the same sound but different meanings.

Sonnet

A sonnet is a lyrical poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes.

Sonnet 18

although life is so short ,he thinks poetry will bring eternity to life. as log as there is human being,there is the beauty of life..it shows the confidence of shakespeare as a poet.and An awestruck and respectful heart to such art as poetry.

Hamlet

Hamlet's revenge is not only a personal matter. What troubles him most is the injustice,conspiracy,and betrayal in the society.

三个打击

(1) His father is murdered by his uncle, and his mother is married to his uncle right after his father’s death. The marriage of his mother is the first blow to him, as he had regarded her as a virtuous woman.

(2) Then his former friends are dispatched by the king to spy on him. This is the second blow, for as a humanist, he sets great store by friendship.

(3) Then his girl friend Ophelia is sent as a tool to find out whether or not he is really mad. This is something he can no longer endure.

主题，意义

Hamlet would have been a tragedy of “blood and thunder”if S had not imbued the play with this sort of philosophical thinking, this humanistic search for the value of man, and the disappointment of such ideals.

性格

Hamlet seems to understand that his mere revenge upon his uncle would in no way solve the problems that trouble & upset him. His responsibility is thus enlarged into a radical transformation of a society. But to realize this in his own time was beyond him. This, & this only, is the cause of his profound melancholy & his delay in action. So Hamlet’s melancholy expresses, in a way, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th century & the beginning of the 17th century Lose the name of action

We finally got confused about action. we dont know what is the really meaning of action.

To be ,or not to be

To continue to live, or to die.

His melancholy and procrastination are also revealed. Here he is pondering on the question of life and death. He is thinking of committing suicide. But he hesitates for he doubts whether death can give him rest and peace. Besides, he is not sure whether the world of death would be better than this one. He gives the reasons why he wants to commit suicide. Apart from his personal revenge (not be mentioned in this soliloquy), he can’t bear the social injustices and grievances. He is conscious of his own weakness of thinking too much which makes him dilatory, allowing many opportunities to slip away.

大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)

英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪

英国旅游景点概述

英国旅游景点概述 一、简要阐述英国伦敦的旅游景点. 1唐宁街10号 建于1680年，18世纪以来一直是英国历届首相官邸和办公处。唐宁街为17世纪后半叶由唐宁(Downing)爵士开发建筑的私人住宅街道，后来保留了四所住宅。1733年，英国国王将10号辟为首相府邸，11号现为财政大臣官邸，12号是财政大臣的办公室。 唐宁街10号楼内最有名的房间是内阁室，从室内可远眺皇家禁卫军的换岗仪式和圣?詹姆斯公园(St.James’sPark)。第二次世界大战期间邱吉尔(Churchill)将地下室的一间房间用做餐厅。二楼有早餐厅、国宴厅、书房及第二会客厅，其中最大的为国宴厅。客厅内挂有名贵油画，大部分借自博物馆和画廊。唐宁街10号一直室英国政府做出重大决定、制定政策和举行改变世界的会议的中心。 2大本钟 大本钟介绍 中国人给大本钟起了一个可爱的外号叫做“大笨钟”。大本钟(Big Ben)代表了英国古典文化，是伦敦的标志，也是英国人的骄傲。大本钟即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔，英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼 (Clock Tower) 的大报时钟的昵称。 大本钟基本信息 位于威斯敏斯特桥的南面桥头，与英国议会大厦相连，英国议会大厦的北角。作为伦敦市的标志以及英国的象征，大本钟巨大而华丽。大本钟从1859年就为伦敦城报时，根据格林尼治时间每隔一小时敲响一次，至今将近一个半世纪，尽管这期间大本钟曾两度裂开而重铸。现在大本钟的钟声仍然清晰、动听。自从1859年投入使用后，英国政府每隔五年就要对大本钟实施维护，包括清洗钟体、替换大本钟的报时轮系和运转轮系等。

外形特点 钟楼高95米，钟直径9英尺，钟重14 吨，时针和分针长度分别为2.75米和4.27米，钟摆重305公斤，每15分钟响一次。大本钟巨大而华丽，四个钟面的面积有两平方米左右，每个钟面各由312块乳白色玻璃镶嵌而成。大本钟自1859年被安装在钟楼上。成为世界上第二大的同时朝向四个方向的时钟。每个钟面的底座上刻着拉丁文的题词，“上帝啊，请保佑我们的女王维多利亚一世的安全。” 历史意义 大笨钟曾经激发起英国人无比崇高的爱国热情和一往无前的英勇气概，是伦敦人民的骄傲。 在第二次世界大战中，伦敦遭受了1224次空袭，而大笨钟始终播送着它那安定人心的钟声。特别令人肃然起敬的是每年的休战纪念日(11月的第一个星期天)上午11:00鸣响的钟声，那是在哀悼在第二次世界大战中阵 亡的英国军人，此时，整个城市交通停止，人们脱帽肃立，仰望那雄伟的大笨钟。每当议会召开会议的时候，大钟上方的灯就会点亮。一到夜晚，大钟在灯光的照耀下，静静地浮在夜空中，从对岸观望更觉壮观。门票: 免费 开放时间: 每周一、周二、周四14:30-22:00，周三10:00-14:30，周五9:30-15: 3杜莎夫人蜡像馆 杜莎夫人蜡像馆旅游简介 杜莎夫人蜡像馆(Madame Tussaud’s)是位于英国伦敦的一间蜡像馆，其在阿姆斯特丹、纽约、香港和拉斯维加斯都有分馆，在中国的上海分馆也于2006年开幕。蜡像馆是由蜡制雕塑家杜莎夫人建立的，有众多世界名人的蜡像，其中恐怖屋最为出名。整个馆由3层楼及地下室组成，分4个展览层。

英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)

.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have

英国文学笔记

Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.For three centuries after Norman conquest , two languages were were used side by side in England , Latin and French were the languages of the upper classes, used in official and formal conditions.however the inflectional system of old English was weakened and a large number of French words had been absorbed.and many inflectional forms of the words were dropped and formal grammar simplified. Romance Romance is a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.Romance , in the original sense of the word , means the native language,as opposed to Latin,and later it means a tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights. John wycliff He was one of the first man who demand to reform the church in order to do away with the corruption and rottenness, he was the one who translate the bible into standard english. His translation for bible is a great contribution to english literature ,as well as english lanuage. For he fixed a national standard for englsih prose to replace various dialects. His work owned him the title of father of english prose. William langland He is the author of Piers Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯》or the vision of piers plowman.The story takes the form of an allegory, but it gives a realsitic picture of 14th century England, (an allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning,and serve to spread moral teaching)in his work , within the scope of allegorical characters, the lives of the religious people and the laymen are vividly portrayed.the corruption and the rottenness of the church people are truthfully exposed. Chaucer （The Canterbury Tales） Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, father of English literature.was born, about 1340, in London. Chaucer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced the "heroic couplet"into English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. Though drawing influences from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech.

英国旅游景点介绍

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