英语专业四级语法总结
一、时态、语态
时态、语态需要掌握的要点：
1.表达将来时的形式：
(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：
I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)
比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)
(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：See to it that you in
+表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：W e had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.
(表示1 clude in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.
(include 不能用will include或其他形式) 2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：
(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when 919年时已发生的情况)
(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：
The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.
It is four years since John left school.
(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：
It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.
(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。
3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：
The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.
时态、语态答题思路：
(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；
(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。
二、不定式
1.不定式做主语
(1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：
absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：
Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.
It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
(2)不定式做主语补足语：
掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：
be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth.
2.不定式做宾语
掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：
afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。如：
Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.
3.不定式做定语
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：
tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do
This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：
ambition to do “干……的雄心”→be ambitious to do“有雄心干……”
curiosity to do “对……的好奇心”→be curious to do“对……好奇”
ability to do“做……的能力”→able to do“有能力做……”
Acco rding to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.
(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：
way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus. W e appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.
(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：
Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.
4.不定式做状语
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
(1)in order (not) to do, so as (not) to do结构引导目的状语，so as to不能臵于句首。如：
He opened the window so as to get some fresh air.
He started early in order not to be late for the concert.
(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to结构做程度状语。如：
The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.
The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。
常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：
Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.
(4)not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to表示肯定意义。如：
I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。
三、动名词
1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词
牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：
acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
2.动名词做介词短语
考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如：
四、分词
分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚：
●现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。
●过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。
1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别
分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：
(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：
It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...)
How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion? (相当于How many of us who will attend...)
(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：
Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announce d half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相当于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)
Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. (相当于…each new phone which is added to…)
The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.
(相当于…description which was based on…)
(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：
deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如：
an escaped prisoner一个逃犯 a retired worker一位退休工人
a faded curtain一个褪了色的窗帘 a newly arrived student一个新来的学生
2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式
(1)表示时间，多臵于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前发生)
(2)表示原因，臵于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：
He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.
There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
(3)表示伴随、方式，臵于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：
Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.
Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.
(4)表示结果，臵于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.
(5)表示补充说明(同位)，臵于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.
3.分词的独立主格结构
分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如：
All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.
五、非谓语动词的其他考点
1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以，但在意思上有区别的动词的用法
mean to do想要(做某事) propose to do 打算(做某事)
mean doing意味(做某事) propose doing建议(做某事)
forget to do忘记(要做的事) remember to do记得(要做某事)
forget doing忘记(已做的事) remember doing记得(已做过的事)
go on to do继而(做另一件事) stop to do停下来去做另一件事
go on doing继续(做原来的事) stop doing停止正在做的事
regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔
2.不定式的习惯用法
句型：cannot help but do cannot but do
cannot choose but do can do nothing but do
have no choice/alternative but to do
上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.
When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.
3.动名词的习惯用法
句型：be busy/active doing sth. have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.
It’s no good/use/picnic doing sth.have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.
spend/waste time doing sth. There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.
cannot help doing sth. There is no doing sth.
I know it isn’t important but I can’t help thinking about it.
Alice was having trouble controlling the children because there were so many of them.
There is no use crying over spilt milk.
4.there be 非谓语动词的用法
(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。如：
The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语)
(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be，做其他状语用there being。如：
For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. (for there to be…在句中做目的状语)
It isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.
(for there to be…在句中做程度状语) There being no further questions, we’ll stop here today. (there being…做原因状语)
(3)引导主语用for there to be。如：It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.
(4)做除for外的介词宾语，用there being。如：
He would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.
六、虚拟语气
1.主从句谓语动词的时态
(1)
如：
There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, should there be a sudden loud noise. (2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：
主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：
Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反) Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反) (3)识别事实和假设混合句：
Y our math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. (句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. (前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)
2.名词性从句的虚拟形式
名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：
(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：
desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：
In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.
I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.
(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：
advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：
The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.
It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.
(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：
insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：
John W agner’s most en during contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.
3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式
含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：
(1)连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：
A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done. Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.
(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：
But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished
+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.
(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.
4.常用虚拟形式的句型
(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：
would rather would as soon as though suppose…
had rather would sooner as if supposing…
If only…It is (high) time that…(从句中动词只用过去式)
如：His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more.
I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.
(2)If it were not for…(与现在事实相反)
If it had not been for…(与过去事实相反) 相当于but for。如：
If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.
(3)If only…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：
If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：
The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
七、情态动词
注意情态动词完成式的用法有两方面的含义：
1.表示已经发生的情况
(1)must have +过去分词，表示对已发生情况的肯定推测，译为“(昨天)一定……”。如：
My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
(2)can’t/couldn’t have +过去分词，表示对已发生情况的否定推测，译为“(昨天)一定没……”。如：Mary couldn’t have received my letter; otherwise she would h ave replied before now.
(3)may/might have +过去分词，表示对已发生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推测，或事实上根本没发生，译为“也许……”。如：At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.
2.表示虚拟语气
(1)needn’t have+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，译为“其实没必要……”。如：
As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn’t have dressed up so formally.
(2)should /should not have +过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，或本不应该做但实际上做了, 译为“本(不)应该……”。如：I regret having left the work unfinished; I should have planned everything ahead carefully.
(3)ought to have+过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”，与should的完成式含义类似。如：
The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.
(4)could have+过去分词，表示过去本来可以做但却未做，译为“完全可以……”。如：
What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.
(5)may/might have + 过去分词，表示过去可以做但实际未做，译为“(那样)也许会……”。如：
It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.
3.几个情态动词常考的句型
(1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，与had better相近。如：
Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.
(2)cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好，怎么也不过分”。注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…。如：
Y ou cannot be too careful when you drive a car.
The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.
(3)usedn’t或didn’t use to为used to (do)的否定式。
(4)should 除了“应该”一层意思外，大纲还规定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：
I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like th at.
八、形容词、副词及其比较级
1.形容词的句法功能
形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。考生应注意：
(1)以“a”开头的形容词如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前臵定语，可做表语或后臵定语。
(2)某些以副词词缀“-ly”结尾的词是形容词，如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。
(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，注意用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain, keep, become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。
2.考比较级时，考生应把握
(1)形容词和副词比较级的形式是否和比较连词对应出现，即是否符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.
On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.
(2)比较的成分是否属于同类事物或同类概念。如：
The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s.
Y oung readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dick ens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.
(3)比较级的修饰语如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位臵是：修饰语+as…as…, 或修饰语+more…than…。如：
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”
(4)下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：
inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。如：Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.
3.最高级形式应注意的问题
比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：
any other +单数名词
the other +复数名词
the others
anyone/anything else
上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误。
如不能说：John runs faster than anyone.注意与汉语表达的不同。
4.有关比较级的特殊句型
(1)not so much…as…与其说……不如说……
The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
(2)no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.
(3)no /not any less…than…两者一样都……She is no less beautiful than her sister.
(4)just as…so….正如……，……也……(用倒装结构)Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.
九、平行结构
1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：
It is better to die on one’s feet than to live on one’s knees.
Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.
2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。
(1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：
W e are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style. For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.
(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：
At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.
十、代词
1.与所指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致
如：Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.
It was during the 1920’s that the friendship b etween the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.
2.that的指代作用
that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those)，后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。如：Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.
No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.
3.one的指代作用
one指代不确指的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one 指代确指的单数可数名词。如：
A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.
十一、主谓一致问题
1.主语与谓语之间有定语从句或其他结构修饰，所以距离较远，考生易误认主语。如：
The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affects the quality of the products.
2.关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。如：
Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that are not fully understood.
There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but which do not bring a return in money to the community.
3.动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。如：
Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit him or her.
To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has been given thus far.
4.主语带有(together/along)with, such as, as well as, accompanied by, including, rather than 等附加成分, 谓语的数不受附加成分的影响。如：
The president of the college, together with the deans, is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.
5.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。
6.某些固定结构中谓语的数：
a great many + 可数名词复数谓语用复数
many a + 可数名词单数谓语用单数
a number of +可数名词复数谓语用复数
the number of +可数名词复数谓语用单数
the majority of +可数名词复数谓语用复数
each/every +可数名词单数谓语用单数
neither/either of +可数名词复数谓语用单数
more than one +可数名词单数谓语用单数
one and a half +可数名词复数谓语用单数
the greater part of / a large proportion of / 50% of / one third of / plenty of / the rest of
谓语的数与of后面的名词一致
十二、倒装结构
1.下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时，若臵于句首，句子的主谓要部分倒装
never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in no way, no longer, no less, no more, no sooner than, under no circumstances, in vain, still less。如：
Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.
Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.
2.以only修饰状语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装
Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.
3.以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子的主谓要部分倒装
often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point，many a time。如：
So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
4.以下列副词开头的句子，句子的主谓要全部倒装
(1)出于修辞需要，表示方向的副词：out, down, in, up, away, on。如：
Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.
(2)出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then。如：
Now is your turn. There goes the bell.
5.让步从句的倒装
(1)as引导让步状语从句，必须采用倒装结构，但不是主谓倒装，而是将被强调的内容臵于句首。如：Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.
(2)出现在句型be+主语+其他, come what may中。如：
Our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
Come what may, I’ll be on your side.
6.比较从句的倒装
as, than引导的比较从句中，如果主语是名词短语且较长，经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也可以)。注意：这种结构主语一般为名词，如果是代词则不倒装。如：
Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.
Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.
十三、复合句——形容词性(定语)从句
1.尤其要注意whose的用法
whose在从句中做定语，修饰名词。所以，如果关系代词后面紧接的是名词，且关系代词又不在从句中做主语或宾语，那么，这个关系代词就应该是whose。如：Y ou’ll easily find us; just look for a house whose windows need washing.
2.介词+ which的用法
如果从句中主宾成分齐全，考生便可考虑关系代词是否在从句中做状语，而状语通常用介词短语充当，于是可以得知，关系代词前面应有介词，再分析所给的选项，根据与名词的搭配作出正确选择。如：W e are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.
3.as 与which用作关系代词的区别
(1)as与the same, such, so, as等关联使用。如：As the forest goes, so goes its animal life.
(2)as和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句，但as在句中的位臵比较灵活，可出现在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。如：
As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.
As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.
常见的这类结构有：as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as can be imagined, as is known to all, as has been announced, as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expected, as is often the case, as has been pointed out, as often happens, as will be shown等。
4.关系代词that与which用于引导定语从句的区别
(1)如果关系代词在从句中做宾语，用that, which都可以，而且可以省略；
(2)先行词是不定代词anything, nothing, little, all, everything时，关系代词用that；
(3)先行词由形容词最高级或序数词修饰或由next，last, only, very修饰时，用that；
(4)非限定性定语从句只能用which引导；
(5)关系代词前面如果有介词，只能用which。
5.but做关系代词，用于否定句，相当于who…not, that…not
这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词。如：
There are few teachers but know how to use a computer.
There is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.
十四、复合句——名词性从句
一个句子起名词的作用，在句中做主语、宾语／介词宾语、表语、同位语，那么这个句子就是名词性从句。
1.what/whatever的用法
考生应把握：what是关系代词，它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。如：
They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.
(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语) W ater will continue to be what it is today—next in importance to oxygen.
(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语) 2.whoever和whomever的区别
whoever和whomever相当于anyone who，用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。如：They always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first. (whoever在从句中做主语)
3.有关同位语从句的问题
(1)引导词通常为that, 但有时因名词内容的需要，也可由whether及连接副词why, when, where, how 引导。that不表示任何意义，其他词表示时间、地点、原因等。如：
The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.
(2)同位语从句有时与先行词隔开，注意识别。如：
Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
4.whether与if在引导名词性从句时的区别
(1)主语从句只能用whether引导；
(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式，而if引导的从句可以有否定式；
(3)whether or not可以连在一起用，而if or not则不能，or not只能放在句末；
(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句，if则不能；
(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时，只能用whether引导；
(6)在question, ask后面一般只用whether，question的同位语从句也用whether引导；
(7)后接不定式时，只能用whether。
5.动词believe, expect, fancy, imagine, suppose, think后的宾语从句如为否定式，一般将否定词转移到主句谓语上。
十五、复合句——副词性(状语)从句
副词在句中起状语作用，故如果起状语作用的部分为一个句子，那么该句便是副词性从句，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。
状语从句的测试重点为：考查考生对主从句之间逻辑意义关系的把握，看其是否能选择正确的从属连词。
1.条件状语从句的常考知识点
(1)if与unless的用法。
if和unless都是引导条件状语从句的连词，考生应尤其注意unless的用法，因为它表示反面条件，相当于if not“如果不”、“除非”。如：
In debating, one must correct the opponent’s facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or deny that what he presents as proof, if relevant, is sufficient.
(2)复合连词as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that；动词及分词provided(that)，providing(that)，given that, suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say等引导条件状语从句。如：
Y ou can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night t rain. Assuming he is diligent in his studies at ordinary times, he is sure to pass the test.
In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. (如果……)
Y ou can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank. (如果……)
Suppose it rained, we would still go. (假如……)
Say it were true, what would you do about it? (假如……)
(3)祈使句表示条件。如：Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold.
Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.
2.让步状语从句的常考知识点
(1)as 引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分臵于句首。如：
Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.
Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.
(2)while引导让步从句。如:
Everybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances.
(3)复合连接词for all that和分词granting/granted(that)引导让步从句。如:
Granted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.
For all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for
fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.
3.时间状语从句的常考知识点
(1)before表示汉语的“只有/必须……才能”。如:
New ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.
(2)when引导时间从句时，如果出现在后半句，则表示“这/那时突然”。如：
I have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.
(3)when it comes to 是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。如：
Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.
(4)名词短语、介词短语each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起连词作用。如:
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
Mercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.
(5)副词directly, immediately, instantly, now引导时间从句, 相当于as soon as。如:
The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.
4.原因状语从句的常考知识点
(1)in that引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。如:
Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.
(2)now that表示“既然”; seeing that, considering表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。如:
Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.
He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them.
Seeing that she is lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t think you can stop her.
其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有: for the (simple) reason that, by reason that, on the grounds that, in as much as, in so far as等。
5.while, whereas 引导对比从句
如: While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade, violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.
A baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.
6.so…that…, with the result that, so much so that 引导结果状语从句
如: Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.
He himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it.
7.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虚拟语气) 引导目的状语从句
如: Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.
Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.
8.where作为连接副词的一种用法, 翻译为“在……地方”
如: In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed.
英语专业四级语法词汇练习题
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强调挤压或踩的动作，毁坏程度取决于被压物的组织结构，或变形，或成小块，或可恢复原状。 To make wine, you first crush the grapes.若要造酒，需先将葡萄压碎。 shatter 打破某物，力大到使碎片飞出很远，常指整件东西完全被毁。 The explosion shattered most of the windows in the building.爆炸震碎了那座大楼 的大部分窗玻璃。smash 突出暴力，击打时动作较猛，被击打的东西往往完全报废。 He smashed the window with a brick.他用砖块击碎窗玻璃。 全真模拟试题 1. ____ native to North America, corn has now spread all over the world. A. In spite of B. That it is C. It was D. Although 2. Our civilization cannot be thought of as ____ in a short period of time. A. to have been created B. to becreated C. having been created D. beingcreated 3. We feel it is high time that the Government ____something to check the inflation. A. did B. do do D. would do 4. It has been proposed that we ____ our decision until the next meeting. C. can delay D. are to delay 5. Hurricanes are severe cyclones with winds over seventy-five miles an hour____ originate over tropical ocean waters. A. which B. who to 6. ____ is announced in the papers, our country has launched a large-scale movement against smuggling and fraudulent activities in foreign currency exchange deals.
英语四级必看英语语法(全)
all the same 仍然,照样的as regards 关于,至于anything but 根本不as a matter of fact 实际上 apart from 除...外(有/无) as a rule 通常,照例 as a result(of) 因此,由于as far as ...be concerned 就...而言as far as 远至,到...程度as for 至于,关于 as follows 如下as if 好像,仿怫 as good as 和...几乎一样as usual 像平常一样,照例 as to 至于,关于all right 令人满意的;可以 as well 同样,也,还as well as 除...外(也),即...又
aside from 除...外(还有) at a loss 茫然,不知所措 at a time 一次,每次at all 丝毫(不),一点也不 at all costs 不惜一切代价at all events 不管怎样,无论如何at all times 随时,总是at any rate 无论如何,至少 at best 充其量,至多at first 最初,起先 at first sight 乍一看,初看起来at hand 在手边,在附近 at heart 内心里,本质上at home 在家,在国内 at intervals 不时,每隔... at large 大多数,未被捕获的 at least 至少at last 终于 at length 最终,终于at most 至多,不超过
at no time 从不,决不by accident 偶然 at one time 曾经,一度;同时at present 目前,现在 at sb’s disposal 任...处理at the cost of 以...为代价 at the mercy of 任凭...摆布at the moment 此刻,目前 at this rate 照此速度 at times 有时,间或back and forth 来回地,反复地 back of 在...后面before long 不久以后 beside point 离题的,不相干的beyond question 毫无疑问by air 通过航空途径by all means 尽一切办法,务必 by and by 不久,迟早by chance 偶然,碰巧
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(TEM4-1994-53) A. Unless B. But for C. Except for D. Not for 5. It was recommended that passengers _____ smoke during the flight. (TEM4-1994-58) A.not B. need not C. could not D. would not 6. _____ you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with questions. (TEM4-1994-62) A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. I realized D. As I realized 7. _____, he would not have recovered so quickly. (TEM4-1995-65) A. Hadn’t he been taken good care of B. Had he not been taken good care of C. Had not he been taken good care of D. Had he been not taken good care of 8. I _____ the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people
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2016年英语专业四级考试词汇语法真题 参考答案与解析 11. How can I concentrate if you _________ continually ______ me with silly questions? A. have… interrupted B. are… interrupted C. had… interrupting D. were… interrupting 选A。虽然我觉得更应该说you are continually interrupting me with silly questions。不过这里用现在完成时表示的是一个动作发生过成为过去经历，有可能多次发生，也就是打断一次、两次、三次等等不断重复到现在。 12. Among the four sentences below, Sentence ___ expresses the highest degree of possibility? A. It may take a long time to find a solution to the problem. B. It might take a long time to find a solution to the problem. C. It could take a long time to find a solution to the problem. D. It should take a long time to find a solution to the problem. 选D。四个里把握度最高的是should，其次是may，最后是might和could。 13. She is a better speaker than _____ in the class. A. any boy B. the other boys C. other any girl D. all the girls 选A。主语是she，女的，所以不能选B。C的正确说法是any other girl。 14. Nobody heard him sing, ______? A. did one B. did he C. didn’t they D. did they 选B。根据专四语法出题依据的书《新编英语语法教程》（章振邦）317页，nobody这种附加疑问句，书面语里用he。口语里偶见they。实际上，现代英语里为了避免有语言歧视（为什么只有he，没有she），很多人都避免只用he，而多改为they。 15. I can’t put up with ________. A. that friend of you B. that friend of yours C. the friend of you D. the friend of yours 选B。根据专四语法出题依据的书《新编英语语法教程》（章振邦）57-58页，这种双重属格结构所修饰的名词可带a, any, some等表示非确定特指的限定词，但通常不带定冠词。比如a daughter of Mrs. Green’s, any/some daughters of Mrs/ Green’s。 16. There has been an increasing number of _______ in primary schools in the past few years. A. man teacher B. men teacher C. man teachers D. men teachers 选D。合成名词复数，man/woman这种，两种都要变成复数，比如women drivers。
英语四级语法全
四级语法 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 2．被动形式 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /
1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生 2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable. 2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have t o be made to learn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do be ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do 五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式 accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; be similarity/similar to.
四级英语知识点总结
四级英语知识点总结 四级英语知识点总结 英语不像汉语可以有固定的形容过去与现在的词语，要想表达不同时间的内容就必须懂得时态的转换。英语中事情发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，发生的方式可分为一般、过去、进行和完成进行四种形式。 将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下：一般、完成、进行、完成进行几种时态。下面我们为大家仔细总结了英语中常用的几种时态，希望对大家的考试有所帮助。 现在：现在一般时do、现在完成时have done、现在进行时is doing、现在完成进行时have been doing 过去：过去一般时did、过去完成时had done、过去进行时was doing、过去完成进行时had been doing 将来：将来一般时will do、将来完成时will have done、将来进行时will be doing、将来完成进行时will have been doing、过去将来：过去将来一般时would do、过去将来完成时would have done、过去将来进行时would be doing、过去将来完成进行时would have been doing 英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词：第三人称单数：does。
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式 They have lived in Beijing for five years. 他们在北京已经住了5年了。 4、一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago be动词+行为动词的过去式，否定句式：在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词，或waswere+doing+其它 Beijing was hosting the 29th Olympic Games in August 2008. 在20xx年8月，北京正在举行29届奥运会。 6、过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。 7、一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year等表示将来的时间状语连用。 am/are/is+going to+do 或will/shall+am/is/are/about to + do 、am/is/are to + do;
英语专业四级语法汇总解析
英语专业四级语法汇总 语法回顾篇： 专四语法考点虚拟语气、情态动词、非谓语动词、复合句、倒装、小语法（省略，时态，反义疑问句，代词，强调句，主谓一致，冠词，形容词及副词）、as 的特殊用法。 专四英语语法考点串讲之一虚拟语气 一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意(十考点及两备考点） 考点1. 与现在事实相反 从句谓语动词用did (be用were)， 主句谓语动词would (should, could, might)+do； 考点2. 与过去事实相反 从句谓语动词用had done， 主句谓语动词用would(should, could, might)+ have done； 例如： 43. I _________the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people there. A. would enjoy B. will have enjoyed C. would have enjoyed D. will be enjoying KEY: C 49. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _________ quite such a crowd of people there. A. weren’t B. hasn’t been C. hadn’t been D. wouldn’t KEY: C 考点3.与将来事实相反， 从句谓语动词用：did (should + do或were + to do)， 主句谓语动词用：would (should, could, might)+do。
英语四级语法全
四级语法 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时 所有的过去 用 一般现在时 表示 现在和将来 现在完成时 现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 1) 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能： 表示与谓语动词同步发生 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 did do will/shall do should/would do 进行 was/were doing am/is/are doing will/shall be doing / 完成 had done have/has done will/shall have done should/would have done 用于虚 拟语气 完成进行 had been doing have/has been doing / / 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 was/were given am/is/are given will/shall be given should/would be given 进行 was/were being given am/is/are being given / / 完成 had been given have/has been given will/shall have been given should/would have been given 完成进行 / / /
英语四级考试内容都有这些内容!
英语四级考试内容有哪些英语四级考试包括五个部分内容：听力理解、阅读理解、词语用法与语法结构、完形填空、短文写作。全部题目按顺序统一编号。第一部分：听力理解 英语四级考试听力部分各项占比：短篇新闻7%，长对话20%，听力篇章20%。具体情况分析如下： 短篇新闻：有3段，共7题，每题1分；分值占比7%。 长对话：有2篇，共8题，每题1分；分值占比8%。 听力篇章：有3篇，共10题，每题2分；分值占比20%。 备考策略： ①精听真题听力：可以在零元课网站上下载，里面的资料均为免费资料，还有一些做题技巧的视频解析，大家都可以下载学习。精听的话，就是把真题听力下载下来，反反复复练习，直到自己完全听懂为止。 ②练习改革新题型：巨微英语《四级真题/逐句精解》（一句句讲解词汇和语法知识，很详细，适合基础不好的人学习）中送的3套听力改革新题型，建议大家进行精炼，尤其是对于新闻部分，在练习的时候注意总结其做题技巧。 第二部分：阅读理解 英语四级考试阅读理解部分包括选词填空5%，长篇阅读10%，和仔细阅读20%，测试大家在不同层面上的阅读理解能力，包括理解篇章或段落的主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上
下文推测词义等能力。 备考策略： ①基础知识：词汇和语法是阅读复习的关键。学习时没必要买词汇书和语法书，只需一本巨微英语就好。它里面的6套真题逐句解析很是详细，词汇注释详细到和字典中的注解无差，语法解析可以跟语法书中的注释相比。如果说你基础不好，建议使用。 ②做题技巧：基础知识夯实之后，大家还要学习一定的做题技巧。书中的6套框架性解析可以帮助大家学习做题技巧。其解析很是详细，把每个选项进行了详细解析，从其选项特征、出处等，结合这些详细注解，大家可以总结出一些做题技巧。 第三部分：翻译 英语四级考试翻译题型为段落汉译英。测试大家把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力；翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。 备考策略： ①积累好词佳句：翻译一般是大家失分较为严重的地方，大家要注意让自己的译文信、雅、达。那么就要积累一定的好词佳句，由于翻译内容涉及面较广，建议大家平时多拓展课外阅读，积累好词佳句。 ②练习翻译：平时练习翻译也是很有必要的，你可以把真题翻译拿出来进行练习。巨微英语中给出了一般译文和升级译文，大家可以学习，其能帮助大家逐步攻克翻译题型。 第四部分：写作
英语专四语法真题
综英专四真题 一、谓语动词 63. In his plays Shakespeare _____ his characters live through their language. （2008） A. would make B. had made C. made D. makes 58.The committee has anticipated the problems that ____in the road construction project. （2007） A. arise B. will arise ? C. arose D. have arisen 59.The student said there were a few points in the essay he ____impossible to comprehend. (2006) A. had found B. finds C. has found D. would find（2007） 60.He would have finished his college education, but he______ to quit and find a job to support his family. （2007） A. had had B. has C. had D. would have 54. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday. (2005) A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. came 55. _________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen. (2005) A. I was and always will be B. I have to be and always will be C. I had been and always will be D. I have been and always will be 56.Jack __ from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety. 2003 A. has been missing B. has been missed C. had been missing D. was missed 2. For some time now, world leaders ___out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction. 2002 a. had been pointing b. have been pointing c. were pointing d. pointed 二、非谓语动词： 非谓语动词–分词
英语四级语法大全
语法大全之目录 1.名词 2.冠词和数词 3.代词 4.形容词和副词 5.动词 6.动名词 7.动词不定式 8.特殊词精讲 9.分词 10.独立主格 11.动词的时态 12.动词的语态 13.句子的种类 14.倒装 15.主谓一致 16.虚拟语气 17.名词性从句 18.定语从句 19.状语从句 20.连词 21.情态动词 1. 名词 名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：_______________________________________ ||专有名词|| | 名|| 个体名词|| |||| 可数名词| ||| 集体名词|| ||普通名词||| | 词|| 物质名词||
40天攻克大学英语四级(词汇·语法·完形填空分册)-【免费下载】
Unit 1 同形异义词辨析(10天) Day 1 1. Critics believe that the control of television by mass advertising has the quality of the programs. (2004.06) A) lessened B) declined C) affected D) effected 2. Some plants are very to light; they prefer the shade. (200 3.12) A) sensible B) flexible C) objective D) sensitive 3. The author was required to submit an of about 200 words together with his research paper. (2003.12) A) edition B) editorial C) article D) abstract 4. It is too early to say whether IBM’s competitors will be able to their products to the new hardware at an affordable cost. (2003.09) A) adapt B) stick C) yield D) adopt 5. The football game comes to you from New Y ork. (2002.01) A) live B) lively C) alive D) living 解题小贴士 1. 【C】 选项中有affect，effect，出题者正是看中了我们对这两个单词的认知度不够。affect 意为“影响”（verb）；effect意为“结果，作用，影响”（noun）；lessen意为“减少，减轻”；decline意为“下倾，下降”。正确答案为C，题目译文为：“评论家们认为被大量广告控制的电视已经影响了节目的质量。” 2. 【D】 在英语中一个单词的形容词形式有很多变形，稍不注意，我们就很容易被它们搞糊涂，千万别掉进陷阱了哟！sense意为“见识，感觉”，加-tive表示具感觉性质的，意为“敏感的”，引申意为“灵敏的，感光的”；加-able后意为“能够感到的，有意识的，明智的，有判断力的”；flexible意为“灵活的，柔软的”；objective意为“客观的，公正的”。所以正确答案为D，题目译文为：“有些植物对光特别敏感，它们喜欢荫凉处。” 3. 【D】 edition表“版本”，paper covered edition平装本，hard copy edition精装本；editorial 表“编辑的”；article表“文章，论文”；abstract表“摘要”。按题目意思来看，只有“摘要”才会是200字的。所以正确答案为D，题目译文为：“作者不得不随他的研究论文交一份200字的摘要。” 4. 【A】 这一题的考点在adapt和adopt上，有些考生很难在短时间内区分出其意思，尤其是放在一起时。前者意为“适应，改编”，adapt to new conditions适应新环境；后者中间为“o”，让我们想到son，boy，所以意为“收养，采用”，adopt skills采用技巧，adopt children 收养孩子；stick表“粘住，粘贴”；yield表“出产，（～to）屈服”。正确答案为A，题目译文为：“IBM的竞争对手是否能够以合适的成本使他们的产品去适应新的硬件，这件事情现在说还为时尚早。” 5. 【A】 这几个单词都是live的形容词，A中live是我们经常在电视的右上角看到的，表示“实况转播”。B中的lively虽以-ly结尾，但不是副词，而是形容词，表示“活泼的，真实
英语专四语法之句子成分
英语专四语法句子成分 (必须的成分：主语和谓语。可能有的成分：宾语、补语、修饰语「定语、状语、同位语」) 主语 (1)主语(Subject)一般在句子开头，是句子的“陈述对象”，通常由名词、代词、不定式、动名词、相当于名词的词组或从句、引用充当。如： The students all love their English teacher. 这些学生都喜爱他们的英语老师。 They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。 Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看太多电视对你的眼睛是有害的。 What we need is a good rest. 我们需要的是好好休息一下。 “I love you”is often heard on Valentine's Day. 情人节时，经常听到有人说“我爱你”。 (2)形式主语与真实主语(Formal Subject and Real Subject) 主语是不定式短语、动名词短语或分句时，常会放在句尾，用it代替它原来的位置，这个it 称为形式主语，放在句尾的原主语为真实主语。如： It is very hard to get to sleep.入睡很难。(不定式短语为真实主语，it为形式主语。) It's a pity that you can't come. 你不能来真是件遗憾的事。(句子为真实主语，it为形式主语。) 谓语 全部倒装和部分倒装: 如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序. 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面: Here are some registered letters for you. In came a man with a white beard. 在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面: Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post. I couldn’t answer the question. Nor could anyone else in our class. Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task. 以neither, nor, so等开始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句), 助动词或be置于主语前. “We must start for the work-site now”. “ So must we.” I am quite willing to help and so are the others. He didn’t drop any hint. Nor (Neither) did his secretary. “I won’t do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”
英语四级语法总结
四级语法讲义 一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。谓语动词的时态见下表： 1．主动形式 2．被动形式 CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。 时间状语从句当中的时态： 一般过去时所有的过去 用一般现在时表示现在和将来 现在完成时现在完成和将来完成 一．非谓语动词 一．不定式： 一）不定式的常考形式： 一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others. 被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do. 语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生 完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me. 被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前 二）不定式常考的考点： 1）不定式做定语----将要发生
2）不定式做状语----目的 3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe. 三)不定式的省略 1)感官动词see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，真实性； + doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) I saw him working in the garden yesterday. 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 2) 使役动词have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to I ‘d like to have John do it. I have my package weighed. Paul doesn’t have to be made to l earn. 3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do 四)有些动词后只跟不定式如： want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to do force sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do