英语句子成分及基本句型

英语句子成分及基本句型

句子成分

A. 主语（Subject）主语是一句话的中心。除祈使句外，主语是句子中不可缺少的成分。主语表示句子中所说的是“谁”或

“什么”。

Jane is good at playing the piano.

She went out in a hurry.

Thirteen is regarded as an unlucky number by some people.

To see is to believe.

Smoking is bad for health.

The young should respect the old.

What he has said is true.

B. 谓语（Predicate）谓语表示主语的动作或状态，分为简单谓语与复合谓语两种。简单谓语由动词或动词词组组成；复合

谓语由情态动词或助动词+动词。

I saw the flag on the top of the hill?

He looked after two orphans.

He can speak English well.

C. 表语（Predicative）在系动词后的部分就是表语,说明主语的状态等。

常见的系动词有be(am,is,are,were,was),appear,look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound,keep,turn,become, get, grow,

come, go etc.系动词不用于被动语态.The apple tastes sweet.

The war was over.

They seem to know the truth.

Time is precious.

I’m not quite myself today.

Who was the first?

He is out of condition.

The book is what I need.

D. 宾语（Object）宾语是动作行为的对象，说明主语“做什么”。宾语分为直接宾语（Direct Object）和间接宾语(Indirect Object)。直接宾语常指物,间接宾语常指人。Give him a cup of coffee.

E.宾语补足语（Object Complement）是用在宾语之后补充宾语情况的成分。

I found the book interesting.

Do you smell something burning?

He made himself known to them.

She asked me to lend her a hand.

Please make yourself at home.

Please keep the dog out.

We must keep it a secret.

F．定语（Attribute）定语修饰名词或代词。

He is a clever boy.

His father works in a steel work.

There are 54students in our class.

Do you known Betty’ｓsister?

There is a sleeping baby in bed.

His spoken language is good.

I met a friend on my way home.

G．状语（Adverbial）用于修饰形容词,副词,动词,介词短语或句子.可表示时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,方式,伴随,条件,程度,让步,频率等。

I will be back in a while.

They are playing on the playground.

He was late because he got up late.

He got up so late that I missed the train.

I waited to see you.

He often went to school by bus.

His parents died, leaving him an orphan.

Please call me if it is necessary.

This book is very interesting.

He went to school in spite of his illness.

He always comes late to school.

讲出划线部分的句子成分：

1．Her suggestion sounds quite reasonable.

2．I have a lot to say on this matter.

3．Please give me some advice.

4．She is quite all right now.

5． A lonely person is always alone.

6． A fat, sandy-haired boy in jeans came to see Miss White.

7．To travel abroad one must have a passport.

8．He has brought back a book reporting on animal life.

9. The setting sun shone on her face, lighting it up with a rosy glow.

10. Isn’t it wonderful that the Chinese Team won?

1.2 基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns)

(1)第一基本句型 SV I teach.

(2)第二基本句型SVP I am a teacher.

(3)第三基本句型SVO I teach English.

(4)第四基本句型SVOO I teach you English.

(5)第五基本句型SVOC I encourage you to learn English better.

分析句子结构:

1．What you said made me happy.

2．Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?

3．After he finished his homework, he went away.

4. He likes pop music.

5. I stayed awake until 11:30 one evening in order to have a good look at the moon for once by myself.

6. Anne named her diary kitty because she thought it was her best friend.

7. I find painting or drawing very relaxing.

8. It is the young girl who was singing songs on the stage when we entered the hall yesterday that will have

taught all of us both English and French for three years by the end of this year.

各成分

1．主语(名词代词形)：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。

If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.

不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。

The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.

成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。

充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词短语（少见）

形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）

2．谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。

I have a dream.

You don’t always want what you need, or need what you want.

所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。

谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂）

3．宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。

You don’t find opportunities…you make them.

你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。

You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.

如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。

充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式

形式宾语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语）

4．表语：说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)

Time is money.

Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.

你想做什么事，三点钟总是太早或太迟。

构成形式：1）名词2）形容词3）代词4）数词5）不定式6）ing形式7）过去分词8）副词9）介词短语10）小品词11）名词从句

5．补语：补充说明。（由动词类别来决定）

构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）形容词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词小品词10）名词从

句主语补语Tom was made monitor.宾语补语I made Tom monitor.表语补语I am sure to succeed.

6. 定语：对名词性形式进行范围限定。 This is beautiful music. There are only t wo kinds of music…good and bad. 自古音乐分两种，好的和坏的。

构成形式：1）限定词2）形容词3）名词4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）过去分词8）介词短语9）副词10）关系从句

7. 同位语：对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。

Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.

构成形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）数词5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名词从句

8. 状语：修饰词，短语，从句和整句。位置：自由自在。

1）修饰性状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词等（时间，地点，肯定，否定，程度，频度，方式，伴随，原因，目的，比较

等）。

Can you feel the love tonight?

Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.

只有出走又回家时，家才最感亲切。

2）连接性状语：连接上下文（顺序，递进，转折，让步，结果，推论，比较）。

First comes spring, then summer.

I’ve never been to America, therefore I don’t know much about it.

3)评述性状语：修饰整个句子，表示说话人的看法或态度。

Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.

II．成分关系

1．补语跟着宾语表语跑：

补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态，则宾补就变成了主补。

To love others makes us happy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.（宾补）

We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.（主补）

爱他人使我们幸福，在自己使我们孤单。

2．定语，同位（语）专把名词踹：

定语，同位语修饰名词性形式

Experience is the best teacher.（被定语所修饰的形式为名词）

They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位语所修饰的形式为名词）

3．谓语动词由状语修饰

When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won’t come up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星，可能一个也摘不下；但也不会一无所获。

1．主语：

(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如：The painter painted a

very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see

is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)

(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a

Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for

your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)

(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略：(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)

(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词：The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗？

) / Tigers

)

are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗？

(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清

洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)

(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾；倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如：Computers are made

in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿？) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个

男孩喜欢呆在家里吗？)

(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个

勤劳勇敢的民族。)

(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。

2. 谓语：

(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。

如：He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你

们的英语？) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /

(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成：［情态动词］+［时态助动词］+

［语态助动词］+［主要动词］(不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住：谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动

词。如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something must

be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)

(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词 1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。记住使用下列正确形式：

①情态动词+原形动词。如：You’d better g o over the lesson.（你最好复习这一课。）

②shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如：They should have been there once.（他们应该去过那儿。）

③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么？）/ Many trees have been

cut down since 1970s.（自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。）

④have+过去分词。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（意思同上）

⑤一般时问句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形动词。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.（他日子过的不好。）/

Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗？）

⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿

定主意要做个兽医。）/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.（自尊自爱是享受生活的根

,呼喊着：本。）/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”（他们叫醒家庭的其他成员

圣诞快乐！）/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.（古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修

建坚固的坟墓。）

(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。

(5)谓语动词单复数形式：单数形式的动词有：is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”；复数形式的动词有：are,were,have以及

动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。

谓语部分第一个动词的形式

谓语部分第一个动词的形式单数形式复数形式一般现在时be(是)动词；现在某些时态和语态的助动词beam (单一); are (单

二); is (单三);are一般过去时be(是)动词；过去某些时态和语态的助动词be was (单一); were (单二); was;(单三)were一

般现在时have(有)动词；现在完成时态的助动词have have (单一); have (单二); has (单三);have一般现在时行为动词和助

动词dodo (单一、单二); does (单三)do实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词（否定和疑问句除外）原形动词(单一、单二);

动词+s /es (单三)原形动词其他各时态语态的谓语动词单复数形式相同记住：主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。（参见“4、

名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题：”） Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家

是必不可少的。)

(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如：

----Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗？----是的。)

The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it?

3、宾语：

(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如：

The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事

情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉

我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget

their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)

(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to

the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗？)

(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,

则可以放在介词后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看见了什么？) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的

信？) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么写的信？)

(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如：Please put the shoes away. (请

把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。)

(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构：

①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)

②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如：Please

make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.

(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后

面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.

(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。

4、表语：

(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如：He became a

doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。) /

He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重

感冒。) / Who is it?(谁呀？)

(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。

(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如：It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。

(4) 只能作表语的形容词有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for

his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正

熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。) /

I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。)

(5) 表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。

5、定语：

(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在

初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如：Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)

(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序：

冠词/物代年龄/形状/大小/温度色彩来源质地/材料目的/用途被修饰的名词(中心词)a the my his …old,young, …red,

yellow, blue, …Chinese, English, American, …wooden, woolen, glass, silk, paper …meeting,tennis, sports, reading, swimming, …box,shoes, room, pig …long,short，round, square…big, large,small, little…hot, cold,

warm, cool…

(3) 时间副词(now, then, today, yesterday,...)、地点副词(here, there, back, in, out, home, ...作定语时放在被修饰的

名词后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)

(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮

着的。)

(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他记得所有不寻常的事情。)

(6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见定语从句。

(7) 注意：由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。

6、状语：

(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句

等充当。如：I was not born yesterday.（我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。）/ For many of these families a college education was something new.（对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。）/ He woke up to find his house on

fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)

(2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活;介词短语作状语,位置基本固定；不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果；从句作状语.

(3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如：He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /

(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从

句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。

(5) 注意：由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。

7宾语补足语：

(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如：Call him Jim, please. (请叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (请他明天来。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。)

(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如：Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你说,让他进来！)/ Please put it away. (请把它收起来。)

(3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语

英语句子成分和英语句子结构

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(完整版)英语的五大基本句型

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(完整版)英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解

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英语句子成分及基本句型全面归纳

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英语句子成分和英语句子结构

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英语句子种类与简单句的基本句型4

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英语句子结构和成分详解

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?相同点都三部分，主语也一样．不同动词和系动词，时态一样，否定式不同．动词加助动词，系动词不用．表语可以是形容词，宾语不行．只有宾语有补足语 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种： ?主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 ?1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 ?如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) ?2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。 ?如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) ?3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。 ?如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 ?如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) ?有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。 ?如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) ?有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。 如：He works hard .(他工作努力)

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例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） The students all love their English teacher. We often speak English in class.（代词） They go to school by bus. One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） To see is to believe. Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. It’s no use regretting it. The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）B.谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。注意动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语，不能作谓语。 一句话语法: 谓语由动词充当。 有很多同学在写作的时候容易犯的错误就是要么乱用be动词,要么句子没有谓语动词. 1、可作谓语的动词一般为行为动词(表动作)和连系动词(表状态)，行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语，又可分为及物动词和不及物动词。 （1）、及物动词作谓语 We should help each other.

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