读思研 研究生英语阅读 翻译 unit one 翻译 stumbling blocks in intercultural communication

Unit One stumbling blocks in intercultural communication

1．为什么我们与来自其它文化的人们的交流总是充满了误会、让人感到沮丧呢？令很多人奇怪的是，即使怀着良好的愿望、使用自己认为是友好的方式，甚至有互利的可能性，也似乎都不足以保证交流的成功。有时候，出现排斥现象正是因为一方所属的文化群体团体是“不同”的。在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。

2．相似性的假设

为什么误解或反对会产生呢？这个问题的一个回答就是，大部分的人天真地认为世界上的人有足够的相似之处，可以让我们成功地交流信息或感受，解决共同关注的一些问题，加强商业关系，或者只是产生我们所希望产生的印象。所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。相信“人就是人”和“我们内在本质是相似的，”这让人感到心安理得，但是下定决心去寻找证据却只会令人失望。

3．力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。带来这种情绪感受的情形也因文化而异，例如：由于崇拜的文化信仰不同，一个心爱的人死亡可能带来欢乐、悲哀或其他情感。

4．因为似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。如果我们认识到我们受文化的约束，受文化的改变，那么我们就会受这一现实：因为各自不同，我们确实不太清楚其他人“是”什么样的。

5．相似性的光环严重阻碍了不同文化间的成功交流。来自具有明显的区别的文化的代表们见面时，他们都身着西装，讲英语，使用相同的招呼礼仪，这种表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。这就像认为纽约、东京和德黑兰都是一样的，原因是它们彼此都具有现代化的城市的表象。因为没有警觉可能存在的差异和没有学习生活的新规则的需要，从一个城市去另一个城市人将会立刻陷入困境，甚至在完成诸如行人、司机之类的简单角色时也会如此。

6、相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。然而，只有设想存在着差异时，才可能会去调整反应和解释，以适合“眼前发生的事情。”否则，很可能错误地解读符号和以自我民族为中心去判断眼前的情形。

7．正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。本国居民可能会

被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。这样一来，点头、微笑和肯定的话语很可能会被自信地阐释为他们已经告知、帮助和取悦了外国人。然而，很有可能的是，外国人实际上不大懂语言的和非语言的内容，仅仅只是出于礼貌显示出兴趣或者尽量不使主人感到尴尬而没有说出心中疑问。

8．语言差异

第二个绊脚石显而易见，几乎不用说了—这就是语言。词汇、语法、俗语、俚语、方言等等都会造成交流困难，但是艰难地使用一种新语言的人至少会意识到语言上的麻烦。更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。词意多变的现象，尤其再加上了语调起伏和音调元素，就更难以掌握，以致于常常被置之不理。这个问题之所比简单地翻译外文单词更糟糕，是因为每个人都以为自己理解外语。赫鲁晓夫的名言“我们将要埋葬你”便是全国性误解的经典例句。甚至“是”或“不是”这两个词都可能造成麻烦。当一个日本人被问到“你不想要喝点茶吗？”，他（或她）听出了句子的字面意思，然后回答“不”，意思是他（或她）想要。其实“是的，我不想要”也许是一个更好的回答，因为这种前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主人这之中可能存在误解。当然，在一些文化中，拒绝主人前两次提供的茶点是礼貌的行为。但是，许多外国客人最终会感到饥饿，因为他们的美国主人从不主动第三次提供茶点——另外一种“不”就意味着“是”的情况。

9．非语言的误解

绝大多数外国访问者认为学习语言，对他们理解的唯一障碍，但实际上这只是个开始。第三个绊脚石是非语言的误解。来自不同文化背景的人们生活在不同的感官现实中，他们的视觉、听觉、感觉和嗅觉只关注于那些对他们有意义的或是重要的事物。他们只提精出那些适合他们认可的个人世界的东西，然后按照他们自身文化为参考系来加以解释。例如：一个沙特阿拉伯人会用抚平他的头发这种非语言的信号来表达他喜欢一个女孩，而对于一个美国女孩而言，这只是一个不代表任何讯息的普通的紧张的手势罢了。

10、由于缺乏对常见的手势、姿态和身体其他运动这样一类易于观察到的非语言符号和象征的正确理解，阻碍了正常的交流。但是，有可能学习了解这些可观察的信息，通常是通过非正式的而不正式的途径学习了解。更困难的是如何正确理解那些远未意识到的其他文化中含蓄的准则，例如对时空关系的处理和尊重礼节的点点滴滴。

11．先入为主和程式化思维的现象

第四个绊脚石是先入为主的观念和程式思维现象。如果我们对日本人先有了“难以理解的”成见，那么我们就会如此地解释始终挂在日本人脸上的不合时宜的微笑。阿拉伯人“易激动的”程式化形象，会导致美国学生与他们保持距离，或是当一群活泼的热闹的来自中东地区的人们聚集在一起时，美国学生甚至会提醒当局当心。如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优先对待。

12．程式化思维有助于做到欧尼斯特·贝克尔所说的易焦虑的人类必须做到的事情，即通过使世界变得可预知来减少未知的威胁。在眼前展现一个可预知的，给个人确定方向的世界，

这的确是文化的基本功能之一。思维定式是过度概括的、第二手的信念，提供概念基础，在此基础上“弄清楚”我们身边发生事情，无论这些信念是否正确，是否符合实际情形。在异国他乡，运用它们会增强我们的安全感，在心理上是必要的--只要我们无法容忍歧义，无法容忍因不能了解并处理那些超出我们理解的人或情况而感到的无助。

13．程式化思维是交流者的绊脚石，因为它有碍于对事物的客观观察--人们会敏感地搜寻线索，引导我们的想象更接近于其他人现实。程式化思维在自己身上不易克服，在他人身上也难以纠正，甚至会明知故犯。程式化思维之所以难以消除是因为本民族它文化中根深蒂固，已成为神话或公理，是因为它有时使偏见合理化了。有选择地认知那些符合已有形象的新信息的倾向，也维持并充实着这些程式化思维。

14、对其他人或人群的言论和行为进行估价、表示赞成或不赞成的倾向，是来自不同文化或种族的人之间相互理解的第五个绊脚石，另一个阻碍。我们总是认为自己的文化和生活方式才是正确的、恰当的和自然的，而不愿尝试去完全地领会从他人的角度所表达的想法和感受。这种偏见妨碍人以一种开放心态去观察, 而这种观察正是从他人的角度看待他们态度和行为方式所需要的。

15、在东京刚刚结束的一场研讨会上，日本教授强调了日本人民对于简朴、自然的事物怀有的一种偏爱，比如岩石、苔藓、流水，以及雾气迷蒙的景观。之后我参观了位于京都的katsura 帝国花园。一位年轻的日本导游在约定的时间接待了我们这支由20名等候参观的美国人组成的团队，然后就感慨道我们的运气多么好，因为今天正好赶上了多云天气。这番话却使队员们勉强地笑了笑——他们可不期待着享受一场天然的淋浴。导游接下来宣称，选择仲夏时节来此地观光是再合适不过了，因为此时杜鹃花刚刚凋谢，树叶还未完全变成秋天的灿烂金黄。游客们再也忍不住大笑起来，大家都认为这位日本导游富有良好的幽默感。我却对他迷惑的表情大为一怔，猛然意识到要不是我之前出席过那场研讨会，不然也肯定也会认为今天这多云的天气不那么好，从而也会和团里其他美国游客一样，认同了这位导游的“幽默感”。

16、一旦深深地牵涉到感受和情绪时，直接评价导致的交流中止就会更加突出；而正是此时最需要通过聆听去进行理解。不应该通过价值判断的重重密障，而应该换位去观察和聆听，不然只会妨碍我们去公正的理解。

17。高度焦虑

在跨文化交流的经历中，高度焦虑和紧张是很普遍的现象，这是因为不确定因素之多和个人的卷入与风险。适度的兴奋和积极的态度可以使人满怀精力去应对挑战，但是由于适度的压力不断积累造成高度的兴奋，就会很快耗尽身体储备的能量；不论这个人是否愿意，必然会产生防备心理。如果长期呆在国外，并且又不能降低自己的戒备心理，就难免会产生“文化休克”现象。其结果可能会导致疾病的发生，此时身体必须要休息和恢复。

18、在跨文化对话中，交流双方都会感染到紧张情绪。做主人的一方在与外国人交谈时感到不自在，因为他（或她）不能够保持语言和非语言的正常流畅的互动。这里有语言和认知上的障碍；沉默太长或太短；距离的远近或其他规范可能会被打乱。他（或她）也会感到威胁，因为不了解对方的知识，经历和评价--来访者可能会审视和排斥主人以及主人的民族和国家。俩者之中国外人感到更大的威胁。他们感到陌生，易受伤害，对于铺头盖脑而来的大量信息，

措手无策。除非他们采取防卫措施，比如回到他们自己的群体或自我当中，剔除或忽视这种刺激，或者变得具有攻击性或抱有敌意，否则他们的自尊所受到伤害会达到不可忍受的地步。这些防卫中的任何一种都不会带来积极有效的交流。

19、了解了上述六种绊脚石，一定会有助于避免它们，但是，这些问题并能轻易地回避。对很多人来说，要想取得进步，这就需要洞察、培训，甚至有时要改变长期形成的习惯或自己珍视的信念。然而，对全球性的相互理解和合作的需要正在不断增加，使这种努力显得极为重要。我们能够学习别的语言，学会对非语言形式和其他的文化方面的差异见怪不怪。我们可以培养自己在面对跨文化遭遇时，采用调查的方式，而不采用先入为主或程式化思维，去更加注意情景细节。我们能使自己逐渐接触到差异，从而减少自己的威胁感。通过练习有意识放松的技巧，我们还能够学会着降低自己的紧张水平，避免引起防卫性反应。Roger Harrison总结了跨文化交流者必须具备条件：

交流者不能只满足于知道和他一起工作的人有不同于他的习俗，目标，和思维模式。他必须能够通过摸索与这些完全陌生的价值，态度和情感紧密相融。他必须能够与它们一起并在它们中间工作，在冲突中既不是丧失了自己的价值，也不是用躲在知识清高的大墙之后保护自己

大学英语2翻译原文及答案

Unit1 1.背离传统需要极大的勇气 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2.汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3.很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4.假设那幅画确实是名作，你觉得值得购买吗？ 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/purchase it? 5.如果这些数据统计上市站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. Unit2 1.该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.

考研英语阅读理解全文翻译

Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运 转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控 制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时 说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平 行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但 是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在 那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语

2015-211 翻译硕士英语

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12. His proposal is __________ to our interests. A. adverse B. diverse C. averse D. reverse 13. Mr. Wilson is ____________ in his work. A. sufficient B. deficient C. proficient D. efficient 14. You’d better put a __________ on that cut finger. A. string B. band C. bandage D. cloth 15. Turntable, amplifier and speaker are ___________ of a phonograph. A. compounds B. compositions C. composites D. components 16. As a result of careless washing the jacket __________ to a child’s size. A. shrank B. condensed C. decreased D. compressed 17. All things ____________, the planned trip will have to be called off. A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered 18. During the conference the speaker tried to _________ his feeling concerning the urgency of a favorable decision. A. comply B. impose C. imply D. convey 19. I can’t afford a car, so I guess I’ll have to __________. A. do without it B. do without C. be without D. be without it 20. They seldom paid us high ___________, even if we did our best to do the job. A. complement B. compliment C. implement D. supplement 21. Weight is an inherent ___________ of matter. A. propriety B. prosperity C. property D. privilege 22. I haven’t booked a ticket. I’m taking a chance __________ the theatre not being full. A. on B. for C. in D. to 23. The travelers ___________ themselves after a short break. A. refreshed B. resumed C. renewed D. restored 24. The doorway was too low that he had to ____________ to go through it. A. scoop B. snoop C. sloop D. stoop 25. He could not help walking to and fro, for he was _________ at the false accusation. A. indifferent B. indignant C. indicative D. indigenous 26. Don’t be so ____________, spend your money more carefully. A. extravagant B. extraordinary C. extramarital D. extrasensory 27. At last the two armies ____________ at the railway station. A. convicted B. converged C. converted D. compelled 28. The company has really _________ since the chief engineer joined us. A. flattered B. fluttered C. flourished D. flushed 29. Tigers’ coats are tawny with black ___________. A. stripes B. strikes C. strolls D. strides 30. After ____________ the window open, the burglar sneaked into the house and took away all he had. A. prying B. plying C. pluming D. probing 第 2 页共9 页

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