高一英语语法基础知识

基础知识

专题一：英语句子的考点集汇，讲解和训练

一. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法

1. 陈述句：

陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号“.”。

Tom has a new car.

The flower isn’t beautiful.

二. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法

祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号“！”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。

1. 肯定的祈使句：

（1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以

有主语或称呼语。

Be quiet.

You be quiet!

（2）“Do+祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，do起强调作用。

Do come back at once!

Do be careful.

2. 否定祈使句通常以Don’t或Never开头。其结构

通常是：“Don’t(Never)+动词原形+其他成分”

例如：

Don’t do that again!

Never leave today’s work for tomorrow!

Don’t be late next time!

三. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法

1. 一般疑问句：

（1）一般疑问句的肯定形式

一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be动词或have（有）开始，通常要求以

yes，或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时

通常用升调。

Do you know Mr. Smith?

Can you swim?

2. 特殊疑问句

特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序。

特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答，读时用降调。

例如：

Who is on duty today?

How long have you been in Beijing?

What time do you get up every morning?

What must I do now?

3. 选择疑问句：

选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的部分读降调。

选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答，而必须具体的选择答复。

Is your bag yellow or black? It’s black.

Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.

Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.

4. 反意疑问句：

反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句，问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。

（1）肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句，否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。

I am your teacher, aren’t I?

He didn’t study hard, did he?

（2）如果陈述句中含有否定副词never（从不，决不），hardly（几乎不）或其他表示否定代词

或形容词，如nothing, none no one, nobody,

neither, few, little等，则附加问句只能用肯定

式。如：

They hardly write to each other, do they?

He has found nothing, has he?

Few people knew the secret, did they?

---You won’t be away for long, will you? 你不会离开太久，是吗？

---Yes, I will.不，我会离开很久。

---No, I won’t.是的，我不会离开很久。

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四. 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别

感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号“！”，读时用降调，感叹句往往由what或how引导，what修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词。

1. what引导的感叹句：

（1）what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）

What a beautiful city it is!

What an interesting story she told!

（2）what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）

What expensive watches they are!

What terrible weather it is!

2．How引导的感叹句：

（1）How+形容词/副词+陈述句（主语+谓语）

How cold it is!

How hard he works!

（2）How+陈述句（主语+谓语）

How he loves his son!

How I miss you!

（3）How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）

How tall a tree it is!

（4）上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如：What a clever boy he is!→How clever the boy is!

What a co ld day it is!→How cold it is!

简单句

简单句根据语法形式，即句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。

简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其它各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而来，如五大基本句型：

1. 基本句型一：ＳＶ主＋谓）

主语+谓语，这种句型简称为主谓结构，其谓语一般都是不及物动词，例：

Things change.事物是变化的。

Nobody went.没有人去。

--Did you go by sea？你们走的是海路吗？

--NO，we flew.不，我们是飞去。

2. 基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）

这种句型称为主系表结构，其实连系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词，但实质上表语成了谓语，例：Mr. Turner is an artist.特纳先生是位画家。

The milk turned sour.牛奶变酸了。

She became a lawyer.她当了律师。

常见的系动词有be(am,are,is), turn, go, become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run, keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, feel, smell, sound, taste 等.

3. 基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）

这种句型可称为主谓宾结构，它的谓语一般多是及物动词，例：

We never beat children.我们从来不打孩子。

My sister will fix everything.我姐姐会料理一切。

4. 基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）

这种句型可称为主谓双宾结构，其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词，两个宾语一个是间接宾语，一个是直接宾语，例：

He gave the book to his sister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。

I'll write you a long letter.我将写给你一封长信。

5. 基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）

这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构，其补语是宾语补语，与宾语一起即构成复合宾语，例：

I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。

He found his new job boring.

This placed him in a very difficult position.

I'll let him go.我将让他去。（不定式go用作补语）

Did you notice him come in?

注意：有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语，甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语，这样的句子仍然是简单句，例：

China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly.中国和东亚其它国家正在迅速地发展。（China and other countries并列主语）Mr. Wang and I often work together and help each other.王先生和我常在一起工作互相帮助。

专题二：宾语从句考点集汇，讲解和训练

一. 宾语从句的种类

宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作宾语，根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。

1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，

没有实在的意义，在口语

和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：

He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.

She doesn’t know (that) she is seriously ill.

I am sure (that) he will succeed.

2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和

连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从

句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充

当某个成分。例如：

Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?

He asked whose handwriting was the best.

Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is?

I don’t know why the train is late.

3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether

在句中的意思是“是否”。例如：

I want to know if (whether) he lives there.

He asked me whether (if) I could help him.

二. 宾语从句的语序

宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：

I hear (that) phys ics isn’t easy.

I think (that) you will like this school soon.

Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?

Please tell me when we’ll have the meeting.

三. 宾语从句的时态

1. 如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什

麽时态就用什麽时态。例如：

I don’t think (that) you are right.

Please tell us where he is.

Can you tell me how I can get to the railway station?

2. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用

相应的过去时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，

过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：

He asked what time it was.

He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.

He asked if you had written to Peter.

He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.

3. 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用

一般现在时。例如：

Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.

Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.

专题三：状语从句的考点集汇，讲解和训练

用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫

状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。

1. 时间状语从句

(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after,

since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：It was raining hard when I got to school yesterday.

While he was doing his homework, the telephone rang.

As he walked along the lake, he sang happily.

He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.

After he finished middle school, he went to work in a factory.

(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在

时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：

I’ll ring you up as soon as I get to New York.

I will tell him everything when he comes back.

He won’t believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.

2. 条件状语从句

(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：

What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?

Don’t leave the building unless I tell you to.

(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表

示将来的动作或状态。例如：

I’ll help you with your English if I am free tomorrow.

He won’t be late unless he is ill.

(3)“祈使句+ and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于

一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：

Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

=If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.

Study hard and you will pass the exam.

=If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

3. 原因状语从句

原因状语从句通常由because, since, as引导。例如：

He didn’t come to school because he was ill.

As it is raining, we shall not go the zoo.

Since you can’t answer the question, I’ll ask someone else.

4. 结果状语从句

(1)结果状语从句由so…that, such…that, so that引

导。例如：

He is so poor that he can’t buy a bike for his son.

She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.

My pencil fell under the desk, so that I couldn’t see it.

(2)so…that语such...that可以互换。例如：

在由so...that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是: “...so + 形容词（副词）+ that + 从句”。例如：

He was so glad that he couldn’t say a word.

The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.

Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.

有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.

=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.

It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.

=The match is so important that nobody wants

to miss it.

5. 比较状语从句

比较状语从句通常由as…as, 比较级+ than…等连词引导。例如：

Tom runs faster than John does.

This classroom is as big as that one.

6. 目的状语从句

(1)目的状语从句通常由so that, in order that引导

。例如：

We started early so that we could catch the first train.

He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.

We used the computer in order that we might save time.

(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状

语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的

状语从句里往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表

示的目的很明确。例如：

Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句)

Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest. (结果状语从句)

7. 让步状语从句

(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引

导。例如：

Though he is young, he knows a lot.

Although I am tired, I must go on working.

(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如

：

我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.

应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went

out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.

8. 地点状语从句

地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：

Go where you like.

Where there is a will, there is a way.

专题四：定语从句的考点集汇，讲解和训练

一. 定语从句的功用和结构

在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：

This is the present that he gave me for my birthday. Do you know everybody who came to the party?

I still remember the night when I first came to the village?

This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived. 二. 关系代词和关系副词的功用

关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句

的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：

I don’t like people who talk much but do little.

The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.

2. 作宾语：

She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.

The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.

3. 作定语

关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：What’s the name of the young man whose sister

is a doctor?

The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.

4. 作状语

I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.

This is the house where I was born.

三. 各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法

1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：

The person who broke the window must pay for it.

The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.

2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：

Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？

Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.

3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：

The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.

I know the boy whose father is a professor.

4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：

A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.

Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.

5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：

I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.

Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?

6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：

I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.

He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.

7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：

This is the house where we lived last year.

The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.

四. 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾

语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之

间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的

后面，如：

That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room

which we had lived in for ten years.

五. 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：

1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况：

(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything,

anything 等不定代词时。

例如：

All that he said is true.

(2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如：

He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.

(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：

He was the second (person) that told me the secret.

(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。

This is the best book (that) I have read this year.

(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：

He talked about the people and the things he remembered.

2. 只能用which，不用that 的情况：

(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如：

The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.

(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：

The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.

高一第一学期英语知识要点语法要点及易错点

高一第一学期英语知识要点及易错点 知识要点： 1、in order to do =in order that (加句子)=so as to (不可以 放在句首)，意思均为：为了...;目的是...（目标） 2、alone 与lonely的区别：alone作形容词时，一般只作表语， 不做定语；lonely只能作形容词，不可作副词，它既可作表语也可做定语。作表语时，alone只没有别的人，意为“单独”； lonely指一种心理状态，意为“寂寞的，孤独的”，只因为缺少朋友、同情、友谊是所产生的一种悲伤的和忧郁的感情。（课本） 3、在灯光下，借用灯光线用“by”（目标） 4、especial与special , especially与specially的区别： (1)especial与special都有“特别的”的意思，但有所不同。 Especial是“不同于普通的”“主要的”“突出的”意思；special 则是“特殊的”“专门的”的意思，在美国英语中，一般用 special代替especial。 (2)especially和specially的意思差别相当于especial和 special（卷子） GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAF

语法要点： “直接引语”与“间接引语” 1、概念 （1）时态变化： 现在进行时——过去进行时一般现在时——一般过去时一般过去时——过去完成时现在完成时——过去完成时一般将来时——过去将来时过去完成时不变 GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAF

（2）指示代词，时间状语，地点状语和动词变化： this—that；these—those；now—then；today—that day；yesterday—the day before；tomorrow—the next(following)day；here—there； come —go 2、“直接引语”和“间接引语”的转换 (1)陈述句/感叹句：去掉逗号、引号，用that引导宾语从句 如：He said ,“I am going to Beijing.”——He said that he was going to Beijing. (2)一般疑问句/反义疑问句：去掉逗号和引号，用if/whether接宾语从句，且用陈述语序 如：He asked,“Are you a teacher?”——He asked me if/whether I was a teacher. (3)特殊疑问句：去逗号和引号，由原疑问词引导宾语从句，且用陈述语序 如：She said,“What are you doing?”——She asked me what I doing. (4)祈使句：通常改为“ask(want, beg, tell, order)+宾语+动词不定式”的简单句 GAGGAGAGGAFFFFAFAF

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高一英语知识点 重点词组： 1. fond of “ 喜爱，爱好” 接名词、代词或动词de -ing 形式。例如： He’s fond of swimming. 他喜欢游泳。 Are you fond of fresh vegetables. 你喜欢新鲜蔬菜吗 ? He is fond of his research work. 他喜爱他de研究工作。 2. hunt for = look for 寻找 I have found the book I was hunting for. 我找到了那本我在找de书。 hunt for a job 找工作 3. in order to, so as to 这两个词组都可引导不定式作目de状语 , in order to 可放于句首 , so as to 则不能 , 其否定形式为 in order not to / so as not to. 如 : He went to Beijing in order / so as to attend an important meeting. In order to be noticed, he shouted and waved to us. 为了让我们注意他 , 他朝我们又是叫喊又是挥手。 4. care about 1) 喜欢，对…… 有兴趣 = care for She doesn’t care about money. 她不喜欢钱。 2 ）关心 = care for She thinks only of herself. She doesn’t care about other people. 她只考虑自己。她不关心别人。 3 ）在乎，在意（接从句或不接任何成分） These young people care nothing about what old people might say. 这些年轻人根本不在乎老人说de话。 5. such as 意为“ 诸如……” ，“ 像……” ，是用来列举人或事物de。 She teaches three subjects, such as physics and chemistry. 她教三门科目 , 像物理、化学。 6. drop * a line 留下便条 , 写封短信

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Unit 1 Friendship 知识点总结： 1.add up 合计，把…加起来 add up to 合计达到… add to 增加，增添 add A to B 把…加进…里面，把…和…相加 eg. Please add these figures up. These figures add up to 900. The bad weather added to our difficulities. Please add some salt to the water. If you add three to four, you get seven. Add three to four and you get seven. Three added to four is seven. add vt. 补充说（后接that从句或者直接引语） Eg. He added that they would return in a week. “And don’t be late,”she added. 词组辨析： 1). The time I spend in commuting every day _________ two and a half hours. 2). Colorful balloons can _____ the festival atmosphere. 3). To make sure the result was correct，she ________ the figures again and again. 高考链接： There have been several new events to the program for 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. A. add B. to add C. adding D. added 2.Your friend comes to school very upset. upset 此处为adj. 做主语补足语，用来补充说明主语的情况。 Eg. He went to bed cold and hungry. She got married young. The room was found empty. ▲ upset的用法： (1). adj. 心烦意乱的，不安的，不适的（多做表语） 搭配：be upset about sth. 为某事烦心be upset that… 心烦 eg. She was really upset about losing the money. I was upset that he had left without saying goodbye. (2). vt. 使不安，使心烦(upset, upset) Eg. Don’t upset yourself about it. The bad news upset the boy’s mother. 3.calm down vt./vi. （使）平静下来，（使）镇定下来 eg. The excited girl quickly calmed down. He took a deep breath to calm himself down. ▲calm adj. 平静的，镇静的，沉着的 eg. Keep calm. After the storm, it became calm again. ▲adj. calm, quiet, still, silent辨析： calm 平静的，沉着的（指无风浪或者人的心情不激动） quiet 安静的，宁静的（指没有声音，不吵闹或者心里没有烦恼，忧虑） still 静止的，不动的（指没有运动或者动作的状态） silent 沉默的，不出声的（指没有声音或者不讲话） 【一言辨异】When facing danger, you should keep calm; when taken photos of, you should keep still; when someone else is asleep, you should keep quiet; in class, you shouldn’t keep silent about the teacher’s questions. 4.have got to 不得不，必须= have to eg. I have got to go to a meeting. Have you got to go now? He hasn’t got to come tomorrow. 【说明】: have got to 很少用于过去时态。 have to 可用于各种时态，而且可与情态动词，助动词连用。 have to 强调客观需要“不得不”; must 强调主观愿望“必须” 5. concern （1）vt. (使)担忧，涉及，关系到 eg. She concerns herself about her son’s future. The news concerns your brother. ▲concern 做动词时，更多情况下用过去分词做表语。搭配： ①be concerned about/for sth. 为… 担心，关心，关注，挂念