跨文化交际答案

Unit 1 Communication Across Culture

Translation

纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为

举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。

很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有

着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。

Case Study

Case 1

In this case, there seemed to be problems in communicating with people of different cultures in spite of the efforts made to achieve understanding.

We should know that in Egypt as in many cultures, the human relationship is valued so highly

that it is not expressed in an objective and impersonal way. While Americans certainly value human relationships, they are more likely to speak of them in less personal, more objective terms. In this case, Richard…s mistake might be that he chose to praise the food itself rather than the total evening, for which the food was simply the setting or excuse. For his host and hostess it was as if he had attended an art exhibit and complimented the artist by saying, ―What beautiful frames your pictures are in.‖

In Japan the situation may be more complicated. Japanese people value order and harmony

among persons in a group, and that the organization itself－be it a family or a vast corporation－is more valued than the characteristics of any particular member. In contrast, Americans stress individuality as a value and are apt to assert individual differences when they seem justifiably in conflict with the goals or values of the group. In this case: Richard…s mistake was in making great efforts to defend himself. Let the others assume that the errors were not intentional, but it is not right to defend yourself, even when your unstated intent is to assist the group by warning others of similar mistakes. A simple apology and acceptance of the blame would have been appropriate. But for poor Richard to have merely apologized would have seemed to him to be subservient, unmanly.

When it comes to England, we expect fewer problems between Americans and Englishmen

than between Americans and almost any other group. In this case we might look beyond the gesture of taking sugar or cream to the values expressed in this gesture: for Americans, ―Help yourself‖; for the English counterpart, ―Be my guest.‖ American and English people equally enjoy entertaining and being entertained but they differ somewhat in the value of the distinction. Typically, the ideal guest at an American party is one who ―makes himself at home,‖ even to the point of answering the door or fixing his own drink. For persons in many other societies, including at least this hypothetical English host, such guest behavior is presumptuous or rude.

Case 2

A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be

direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that…s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough. Case 3

The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginn ing, Mary didn…t

realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different

way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).

Case 4

It might be simply a question of different rhythms. Americans have one rhythm in their personal

and family relations, in their friendliness and their charities. People from other cultures have different rhythms. The American rhythm is fast. It is characterized by a rapid acceptance of others. However, it is seldom that Americans engage themselves entirely in a friendship. Their friendships are warm, but casual, and specialized. For example, you have a neighbor who drops by in the morning for coffee. You see her frequently, but you never invite her for dinner --- not because you don…t think she could handle a fork and a knife, but because you have seen her that morning. Therefore, you reserve your more formal invitation to dinner for someone who lives in a more distant part of the city and whom you would not see unless you extended an invitation for a special occasion. Now, if the first friend moves away and the second one moves nearby, you are likely to reverse this --- see the second friend in the mornings for informal coffee meetings, and the first one you will invite more formally to dinner.

Americans are, in other words, guided very often by their own convenience. They tend to make friends easily, and they don…t feel it necessary to go to a great amount of trouble to see friends often when it becomes inconvenient to do so, and usually no one is hurt. But in similar circumstances people from many other cultures would be hurt very deeply.

Unit 2 Culture and Communication

Translation

文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申

这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的 DOS 或者Unix 或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。

文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因

而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。

如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化

就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。

Case study

Case 5

In China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and

well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he had not figured on North American rules which firmly say that you do not push alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic. Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist in offering alcohol. So unconscious and so strong are their cultural rules that the Americans equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping who probably thought North Americans most uncouth.

However, what we have to remember is that cultures are seldom a strict either-or in every

instance for all people and there are always individual differences. Probably this young Chinese nurse was very different from Heping or, unlike Heping, she may have known something about the American cultural rules and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.

Case 6

When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker…s meaning and hearer…s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ?How

long is she going to stay?… she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz…s question to mean ―Litz does not want me to stay for long‖. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law…s arrival. If she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.

Case 7

Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don…t have one

to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn…t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.

Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she

probably doesn…t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return. Case 8

As the Chinese girl Amy fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girl. She did not like to see her boyfriend feel disappointed at the ―shabby‖Chinese Christmas. That…s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister …s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food. How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?

From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in

what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shameful just because one…s culture is different from others…. As Amy…s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and your only shame is to have shame.

Unit 3 Cultural Diversity

Translation

虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化

之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观

文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和

错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。

跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或

不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。

Case Study

Case 9

Hierarchy is significant in the Japanese culture. This structure is reflected everywhere in Japanese life, at home, school, community, organizations, and traditional institutions such as martial arts or flower arrangements.

In this case, the young chairman must have had his own ideas about how to manage the company; however, when encountered with his grandfather…s dissenting opinions, he dared not to take a stand against him. This may manifest the rigid hierarchical structure in the Japanese society. In the Japanese society, how hierarchy is formed depends mainly on seniority, social roles, and gender. As a respectable senior member of the family and the former leader of the company, the grandfather

obviously overpowered the inexperienced young chairman. In other words, the grandfather seemed

to be an absolute authority for the young chairman. In Japanese culture, challenging or disagreeing

with elders… opinions would be deemed as being disrespectful and is often condemned. People in

lower positions are expected to be loyal and obedient to authority. That…s why the young chairman

didn…t say anything but just nodded and agreed with his grandfather.

But Phil seemed to know little about the Japanese culture in this aspect. In many Western

cultures, particularly American culture, seniority seldom matters very much in such situations, and

young people are usually encouraged to challenge authority and voice their own opinions.

Unfortunately, his outspoken protest could easily offend the grandfather and he might be regarded as

a rude and ill-bred person by other Japanese.

Case 10

In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand…s decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.

Case 11

Incidents such as these can point to possible cultural differences in so-called ―polite‖ behavior,

and at the same time highlight the tendency for people to react emotionally to unexpected behavior.

People in most cultures would probably agree that an apology is needed when an offence or

violation of social norms has taken place. However, there may be differing opinions as to when we

should apologize (what situations call for an apology) and how we should apologize. To many

Westerners, Japanese apologize more frequently and an apology in Japanese does not necessarily

mean that the person is acknowledging a fault. To many Japanese, Westerners may seem to be rude

just because they do not apologize as often as the Japanese would do. In this case, for instance, the

attitude of the Australian student…s parents is shocking to the Japanese but will be acceptable in an

English-speaking society, for the student is already an adult and can be responsible for her own

deeds.

Case 12

In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people

sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese.

Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, the Chinese might have considered

the youth of their Canadian hosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the

host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests;

by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following

the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated.

The Canadians… lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of

communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.

Unit 4

我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们

通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一

定的作用。换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。

语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别

无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：

（1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。这种知识包括能够预知在某种特定语境下人

们通常会说些什么。

语言是模糊的。这意味着无论是读或写，我们永远无法完全地领会他人的意思。换言之，

语言永远无法完全地表达我们的意思。然而，这对跨文化交际意味着什么呢？

首先必须明白，如果交际参与者拥有更多共同的预期和世界知识，交际便会有比较好的

效果。共同的背景、历史和经历使得人们之间的交际较为容易，因为任何一方对另一方用意

的推测都基于共同的经验和知识。来自同一个村子、同一个家庭的两个人当然要比来自地球

不同半球不同城市的两个人少犯交际上的错误，至少不会在推测对方用意上闹笑话。

Case Study

Case 13

This example vividly illustrates that failures in intercultural translation may probably lead to

very serious consequence, or even disasters to human beings. Definitely, translation is not such a simple process as rendering a word, a sentence or a text literally, but rather a far more complex one than most people assumed.

For example, once a Chinese cosmetic manufacturer wanted to promote their products into the international market. The slogan of the advertisement was: ―sweet as Jade‖, since in Chinese ―jade‖was always employed to compliment woman…s beauty; but unfortunately, it was not an appropriate word to describe the beauty of a lady in Western cultures. In English, ―jade‖ in its use of referring a woman had the connotations such as vulgar, rude, immoral, or skittish. Undoubtedly, the sales in European countries were not satisfying.

The seeming equivalents between languages may have very different connotations in different cultures, thus the translator should be cautious in the process of doing the translation so as to avoid misunderstandings.

Case 14

―杨‖ refers to Yang Kaihui w h o w a s Mao Zedong…s deceased wife and ―柳‖ refers to Liu

zhixun who was Li shuyi…s deceased husband.They can be translated in different ways, but itseems to be very difficult, if not impossible, to achieve equivalence in translating from Chinese into

English.Adopting the literal translation strategy, version 1 appears to be faithful to the original but may easily confuse the readers in the target language. Version 2 employs the liberal translation strategy with an attempt to convey the original meaning as precisely as possible. However, the original poetic flavor is lost as the rhetoric device — pun — is not reproduced.

Case 15

The translation seems to be faithful to the original, but it may not be really good for the purpose

of intercultural communication. Foreign readers of the translation may find it strange and inappropriate.

The following is what a friendly American journalist has commented on the translation:

My first reaction was unfortunately laughter because it is so full of mistakes. It omits some necessary information about the Dragon-Boat Festival, including its historical origins and when

it actually takes place. These things are important… The copy seems to try to ―snow‖ the reader

with fanciful, overblown assertions about how terrific it all is, but in unintentionally hilarious language that leaves the reader laughing out uninformed… The brochure also suffers from lack

of background material, the taking-if-for-granted that the reader already is familiar with many aspects of Chinese history and culture… It doesn…t tell you where to go, how to get there, w hen

things are open and closed, how much they cost, and so forth. All these are things people

visiting an area want to know.

Why is it that many Chinese travel guides read basically the same, no matter what region

is being written about, and are so packed with indiscriminate hyperbole? Less exaggeration

would actually be more convincing.

Case 16

Comparing the two English versions, we can see that in Yang…s version more culturally-loaded meanings are conveyed from the original while Hawkes… version may be easier for English-speaking readers to comprehend.

Look at some of the differences between the two versions of this extract:

贾母老祖宗凤辣子The Lady Dowager / Grandmother Jia Old Ancestress / Granny dear

Fiery Phoenix / Peppercorn Feng

二舅母王氏Lady Wang, her second uncle…s wife / her Uncle Zheng…s wife, Lady Wang

the school-room name His-feng / the somewhat boyish-sounding name of

学名叫做王熙凤

Wang Xi-feng

黛玉忙赔笑见礼，以“嫂”呼之Tai-yu lost no time in greeting her with a smile as ―cousin.‖/ Dai-yu accordingly smiled and curt-eyed, greeting her by her correct name as she did so.

竟不象老祖宗的外孙女儿She doesn…t take after her f ather, son-in-law of our Old Ancestress /

She doesn…t take after your side of the family, Ganny.

怨不得老祖宗天天嘴里心里放不下No wonder our Old Ancestress couldn…t put you out of her mind and was for ever talking and thinking about you. / I d on…t blame you for having gone on so about her during the past few days

现吃什么药？What medicine are you taking? / Not translated

And there are some culturally-loaded expressions in the text that seem to defy translation:

琏二嫂子

内侄女

以“嫂”呼之

外孙女儿

嫡亲的孙女儿

妹妹

By comparing different translations of the same text, we can achieve a better understanding of cultural gaps and differences and then learn to employ proper strategies to bridge those gaps in translating across languages for intercultural communication.

Unit 5 Culture and Verbal Communication

Translation

由于在性别、年龄、种族或文化群体、教育、国家或城市的地域、收入或职业群体、个

人经历等各方面的差异，人们分属不同的语言群体，这些差异使我们很难完全领会另一个群体成员所表达的意思。

在当今世界的跨文化交际中，人们之间的差异是相当大的。人们每天要与来自世界各地

不同文化背景、不同群体的人交往，成功交际的关键在于尽可能地共享对话语意义的推定。当我们与迥然不同的人打交道时，我们往往不知道该怎样推导出他们的语句意义。因此，在交际过程中，就很难依靠共享的知识和背景来有把握地诠释他人表达的意义。

就是来自相同文化、甚至相同家庭中的男性和女性也会经常误解对方的意思，原因是男

性和女性对交际目的有不同的预期。为了让女人高兴，男人要送她一件她真正想要的礼物。他问女人想要什么礼物——哪怕是上天摘星星。糟糕的是，女人最想要的却是男人可以凭直觉就知道她想要的是什么。至少在北美社会中，男性和女性对于表达的看法往往不同：前者倾向于直接明了，后者则倾向于间接委婉。女性觉得不用直接问就知道她想要什么是很重要的。男性则觉得，如果女性能爽快地告诉他怎样做才能让她高兴就再好不过了。

Case Study

Case 17

When these two men separate, they may leave each other with very different impressions.

Mr Richardson is very pleased to have made the acquaintance of Mr Chu and feels they have gotten off to a very good start. They have established their relationship on a first-name basis and Mr Chu…s smile seemed to indicate that he will be friendly and easy to do business with. Mr Richardson is particularly pleased that he had treated Mr Chu with respect for his Chinese background by calling him Hon-fai rather than using the western name, David, which seemed to him an unnecessary imposition of western culture.

In contrast, Mr Chu feels quite uncomfortable with Mr Richardson. He feels it will be difficult

to work with him, and that Mr Richardson might be rather insensitive to cultural differences. He is particularly bothered that, instead of calling him David or Mr Chu, Mr Richardson used his given name, Hon-fai, the name rarely used by anyone, in fact. It was this embarrassment which caused him to smile. He would feel more comfortable if they called each other Mr Chu and Mr Richardson. Nevertheless, when he was away at school in North America he learned that Americans feel uncomfortable calling people Mr for any extended period of time. His solution was to adopt a western name. He chose David for use in such situations.

Case 18

Even if the American knew Urdu, the language spoken in Pakistan, he would also have to

understand the culture of communication in that country to respond appropriately. In this case, he

had to say ―No‖ at least three times.

In some countries, for instance, the Ukraine, it may happen that a guest is pressed as many as

seven or eight times to take more food, whereas in the UK it would be unusual to do so more than

twice. For a Ukrainian, to do it the British way would suggest the person is not actually generous.

Indeed, British recipients of such hospitality sometimes feel that their host is behaving impolitely

by forcing them into a bind, since they run out of polite refusal strategies long before the Ukrainian

host has exhausted his/her repertoire of polite insistence strategies.

Case 19

Talking about what…s wrong is not easy for people in any culture, but people in high-context

countries like China put high priority on keeping harmony, preventing anyone from losing face, and

nurturing the relationship. It seems that Ron Kelly had to learn a different way of sending message

when he was in China. At home in Canada he would have gone directly to the point. But in China,

going directly to the problem with someone may suggest that he or she has failed to live up to his or

her responsibility and the honor of his or her organization is in question. In high-context cultures like

China, such a message is serious and damaging. In low-context cultures, however, the tendency is

just to ―spit it out,‖ to get it into words and worry about the result later. Senders of unwelcome messages use objective facts, assuming, as with persuasion, that facts are neutral, instrumental, and impersonal. Indirectness is often the way members of high-context cultures choose to communicate

about a problem.

Case 20

It seems that the letters of request written in English as well as in Chinese by Chinese people

are likely to preface the request with extended face-work. To Chinese people, the normal and polite

way to form a request requires providing reasons that are usually placed before the requests. Of

course, this is just the inverse of English conventions in which requests are fronted without much

face-work. In the view of the English-speaking people, the opening lines of Chinese requests and

some other speech acts do not usually provide a thesis or topic statement which will orient the

listener to the overall direction of the communication. Worst of all, the lack of precision and the

failure to address the point directly may lead to suspicions that the Chinese speakers are beating

around the bush. To them, the presence of a clear and concise statement of what is to be talked about

will make the speech more precise, more dramatic, and more eloquent.

However, the Chinese learning and using English in communication may find it difficult to

come to terms with the common English tendency to begin with a topic statement. In the Chinese

culture, stating one…s request or main point at the beginning would make the person seem immodest,

pushy, and inconsiderate for wanting things. If your speech gives others the impression that you are

demanding something, you would lose face for acting aggressively and not considering the others.

Thus you…d be hurting people by claiming something for yourself.

In such a situation, it is usually considered a smart strategy if you carefully delineate the

justifications that will naturally lead to your request or argument. Therefore, instead of stating their

proposition somewhere in the beginning and then proceeding to build their case, Chinese people

often first establish a shared context with which to judge their requests or arguments. Only after

carefully prefacing them with an avalanche of relevant details, as if to nullify any opposition, will

they present the requests or arguments.

Unit 6 Culture and Nonverbal Communication

Translation

非言语交际被认为是不直接依靠语言使用的任何交际方式。然而，一般来说，很难知道

言语交际方式与非言语交际方式的区分到底在哪儿。有些非言语交际方式，例如点头，总是

伴随着言语，而且是语言使用时言语系统的一部分。另一方面，像舞蹈和音乐等交际形式常

常是没有任何言语成分的。我们在这里想做的只是要引起大家对一个事实的注意，即人类交

往的许多方面都依赖于那些不能轻易转换为言语、但却对我们相互理解至关重要的交际形式。

当然, 我们不能不强调口语和书面语交际的重要性，然而我们也必须意识到许多交际的发

生并不使用语言。一个人出席会议时的穿着会可能是暗示其他与会者，他或她打算如何参与

会议。事实上，我们能运用我们行为或表现的任何方面来和他人进行交际。

Case 21

Sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns in cross-cultural communication. For example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the United States may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his

fr iend…s right arm. However, to people of Middle Eastern countries, the left hand is profane and touching someone with it is highly offensive. Therefore, in Vernon…s eyes, Kenneth was actually an extremely offensive message to him.

Case 22

In Puerto Rican culture, as in some other Latin American and Eastern cultures, it is not right for

a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in the United States, failing of meeting other person…s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. As the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. Generally speaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures.

Case 23

Just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures. Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help you come out of the embarrassment. In this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the American rather than laugh at her. Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don…t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it…s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. Unfortunately the American was unaware of this. She thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.

Case 24

It is obvious that there exists some difference between the British and Germans in their use of touch. The lack of touch that seems to be natural in Britain may be considered strange by Germans. What is required (in this case, shaking hands with each other) in one country could be taken as unnecessary in another.

The appropriateness of contact between people varies from country to country. Figures from a

study offer some interesting insight into this matter. Pairs of individuals sitting and chatting in college shops in different countries were observed for at least one hour each. The number of times that either one touched the other in that one hour was recorded, as follows: in London, 0; in Florida, 2; in Paris, 10; in Puerto Rico, 180. These figures indicate that touch is used very differently in different cultures.

Unit 7 Time and Space Across Cultures

Translation

今天有许多人总想在很短的时间内做很多的事，这种时间观念可以称作“时间强迫”行

为综合症，就是不断地试图超越人类能力所限去完成更多的事情。直到不久以前，时间强迫”还一直被认为是美国人、尤其是出生于从经济大萧条时期直到第二次世界大战结束这个阶段

一代美国男性的重要特征。很明显, 这种“时间强迫”的观念现在已不再仅仅是这一代美国男性的文化特征，它已成为亚洲“工薪阶层”的一个特点，并作为商务国际化的一个方面而迅

速传遍整个世界。

这种时间观念最重要的影响之一就是：在某个交际情境中，节奏较快的交际参与者几乎

总会对较慢的参与者做某种消极的评价。那些共享“时间强迫”观念的人通常会觉得其他行

动比他们慢的人是保守的、不合作的、阻止变化的、反对进步的。隐藏在“时间强迫”观念

之后的是那种未来永远好于过去的理念，而这一理念是牢固地建立在对进步的信仰基础之上的。

Case Study

Case 25

For people from the American culture and western European cultures, one…s time should be

scheduled into segments or compartments which are to be kept discrete from one another. They

prefer to do one thing at a time. They will be annoyed when they have made an appointment with somebody, only to find a lot of other things going on at the same time. They don…t like to interrupt

others and be interrupted by other while they are doing something. In contrast, people from many

other cultures including the Chinese culture are more likely to operate with several people, ideas, or

matters simultaneously. They are more easily distracted and subject to interruptions, which they

would not usually mind very much. The miscommunication between Katherine and the director can be ascribed to their lack of knowledge about each other…s way of using time.

In this case, to the Chinese director as well as many other Chinese people, it is natural to

handle the other things which needed to be dealt with immediately. He may have thought that, in this

way, he utilized the time best. But to Katherine and most Westerners, it…s quite different. They tend

to do things strictly according to their schedule and appointments with others, which is their concept

of using time best.

Case 26

Jack felt his privacy violated when he saw Magid standing at the door. It was absolutely a big

?surprise… for Jack---a surprise deviated from the giver…s real intention, and jack immediately showed

his emotion as a conditioned ref lex ,which wrote on the look ,saying ― I am completely not happy to

see you ‖. A few seconds later, he smiled and said,‖ Hi, Magid, come on in.‖ This obvious change on

his face was certainly noticed by Magid. Then, during the whole afternoon, they had coffee and

chatted. It seemed they had a nice time together. However, it turned out that they both felt a little uncomfortable. I guess. Jack, out of politeness, had to pretend he was very happy to see Magid, but

from the bottom of his heart, he was so displeased with this dear old friend for not having phoned to

say he was coming that he might have expressed his unhappiness from time to time through

nonverbal messages, such as facial expressions, hand movements and body postures. These

messages might contradict his words. Magid could more or less perceive this subtle awkwardness

that he might be perplexed about.

Here…s one thing I don…t understand. As Magid was aware of the embarrassment between Jack

and him, why did he choose to stay such a long time at Jack…s instead of leaving earlier ?

Next time, Magid should call his friend first to make sure it…s a right time to pay a visit when he

wants to see Jack.

Case 27

We Chinese people usually attach great importance to taking good care of our guests. We often

go out of our way to make a guest feel comfortable, and our kindness often knows no bound when it

comes to a foreign visitor. But westerners including North Americans are trained to spend time alone

and to do things for themselves from the time they are still very young. Therefore, they may feel uncomfortable when they are always surrounded by people attempting to be kind to them.

Hospitality itself may be something universal, but the form and amount of hospitality differ greatly

from culture to culture.

Case 28

The most striking feature of the Japanese house was lack of privacy; the lack of individual,

inviolable space. In winter, when the fusuma were kept closed, any sound above a whisper was

clearly audible on the other side, and of course in summer they were usually removed altogether. It is impossible to live under such conditions for very long without a common household identity

emerging which naturally takes precedence over individual wishes.

Although it has become a standard practice in modern Japan for children to have their own

rooms, many middle-aged and nearly all older Japanese still live in this way. They regard themselves

as ―one flesh‖, their property as common to all; the uchi (household, home) is constituted according

to a principle of indivisibility. The system of moveable screen means that the rooms could be used

by all the family and for all purposes: walls are built round the uchi, not inside it.

Unit 8 Cross-cultural Perception

Translation

如果接受这样的信念，认为以往的存在状况影响着我们对现实的看法，并且接受相应的

原则，认为每个人都有着相似的但又不完全一样的个人经历，那么，随之就得到这样的结论：另一个人对宇宙的描述不一定会和我们对宇宙的描述完全一样。然而，我们大多数人似乎仍认为我们自己感知事物的方法是唯一正确的。我们常常忽略感知的差异，并且断定，如果一个人不知道巴比罗·毕加索是有史以来最伟大的艺术家，他简直就不懂艺术。实际上，他很可能有着不同的经历，对他来说，什么是伟大的艺术跟我们对于艺术的感知或许并不一致。在我们的日常活动中，感知差异常常出现在不同的群体之间。不同年代的人、不同少数

民族、不同职业和不同文化有着相冲突的价值观念和目标，这些都影响着他们对于现实的感知和解释。

我们的文化是导致感知不一致的主要因素。文化影响着我们对于现实看法的形成。因此，

它在跨文化交际中起着一种主导作用。我们的文化以各种方式告诉我们，怎样去判断别人，使用什么标准去做判断。这样评价的危险在于它们常常是不真实的，武断的并导致误解的。相信并在行为中表现出仿佛只有我们和我们的文化才发现了最真实而且是唯一的标准，对世界持这样的看法是极其天真幼稚的。

Case Study

Case 29

From their experiences of sending some young people to be educated at the colleges run by the white people, the Indians concluded that it was no good doing so, for those young people who had been taught in the colleges returned home obviously incapable of making a living in the woods where the Indians lived. Just as their speaker said, ―different nations have different conceptions of things‖, what is good education for one may not be good for another.

In this case, both the white people (the Virginia Government) and the Indians were ethnocentric. However the white people, by offering a fund for educating Indian youth, were more ethnocentric than the Indians, as they seemed to believe that their learning and sciences were without doubt superior to the Indians… learning. They didn…t expect that what they considered as good for the Indian youth would be taken as ―totally good for nothing‖ by the Indians, to whom, the white people…s learning and sciences could be inapplicable in their living environment and irrelevant to the way they preferred to live. On the other hand, the Indians were also somewhat ethnocentric when they implied that their education was better by asking the white people to send their sons to be educated by the Indians and promising that they woul d be able to ―make men of them‖ through instructing them in all the Indians knew. Besides, the Indians, because of their limited scope of knowledge and experience, didn…t realize that they could also learn something useful from the white people.

.

Case 30

It is said that the event which really marked a dividing point in Western images of China was

the visit of U. S. President Richard Nixon to China in February 1972. ―A week that changed the world‖ was Nixon…s characterization of his own trip and his view wa s shared by many Americans, because it symbolized that the U. S. no longer regarded China as a major enemy, perhaps even not as an enemy at all. Images of contemporary China were changed drastically in the process. That was the time when color television came into widespread use in the Western world, and when television achieved an undoubted lead over every other medium as a formation of popular images. Much of Nixon…s visit to China was telecast as it was happening. Journalists and China specialists were interviewed endlessly on television. There was an expansion of interest in Chinese food, art, fashions and acupuncture. The number of Americans going to China rose quickly. There was a mania for everything Chinese.

Case 31

It seems that Ian and Peter have the same problem, that is, they are both strongly stereotyped by other people and are seldom seen as they actually are. The pinning of qualities and abilities onto individuals and stereotyping them as either ?artistic and expressive… or ?practical and sensible… may run deep within some societies. It would seem that a person needs to be one or the other —obviously not the case in this example of the two brothers. To be categorized as an artist would seem to deprive one of the right of being serious about ?more important… issues in life, whereas to be categorized as a scientist or ?non-artist… is to mean that one is perhaps not capable of being a colorful and interesting person. In this way, people are reduced in their potentials according to such crude

labels that are used to explain them.

Case 32

This case clearly shows two very different perceptions of what is going on. Jeremy believes he

is being supportive, inclusive and understanding, whereas Jabu feels she is being treated badly and indeed the victim of racism. Jeremy is obviously trying his best to do what he can for Jabu; but he is making a basic mistake which derives from his notion of her culture, which prevents him from dealing with her as she sees herself. Jeremy does not base his understanding of Jabu on what he observes of her, but on impressions he himself has had from his own experience in her country, South Africa, and the basis of his impressions is likely to have been stereotypical. The way Jeremy treats Jabu often implies that Jabu and her culture are inferior and backward. By making her

?special…, what Jeremy has done to Jabu actually inhibits her ability to integrate and makes her feel labeled less capable than the other students. The final straw for Jabu is when she overhears Jeremy in th e corridor saying that her lateness in meeting deadlines is caused by her being a ?black African…. The error in this judgment is revealed by Jabu…s observation that she certainly is not being treated equally with other students. Indeed, it is Jeremy…s overgeneralization that her lateness is a product of her national culture which prevents him from seeing a far more common explanation — that she is really more like other students than different to them.

Unit 9 Intercultural Adaptation

Translation

身处异域文化的人们总会面临着这样一个问题，即为了适应当地人的信仰、价值观、准

则和社会规范，到底需要在多大程度上改变自己的行为举止呢？在交往中谁有责任把文化差异考虑在内？是应该让来访者、新来的人或旅居者调整自己的行为以适应当地文化，还是让当地人改变交流方式，从而为初来乍到的人们提供便利？人们必须多大程度地改变自己文化的信仰、价值观、准则和社会行为来以适应主导文化的模式呢？

俗话说“入乡随俗”，很明显，这让改变的重任落在了新来者的身上。话虽很有道理，但

并不能适用于所有情况。在大多数情况下，顺应当地文化期望的行为表现出对异文化和习俗的尊重。这样的顺应能够使新来者真正地与当地人进行交流和互动。尊重不同文化中语言和非语言代码的差异意味着跨文化交际者有责任合理地、尽可能多地学习这些交际代码。当然，如何才算合理的、尽可能多的，那要视具体情况而定。有的时候，新来者全面地采用当地的文化规则可能会被视为无礼的行为，使属于当地文化群体的人们感到不安。

Case Study

Case 33

The problems that Li Li has encountered during her stay in the United States are typically some

of those that people will usually be faced with when they enter a new culture.

There are obviously distinct stages that Li Li has gone through in the process of her adaptation

to the American cultural environment: honeymoon period (Letter 1), when she was fascinated and excited by almost everything in the United States and felt elated to be in the new culture; culture shock. (Letter 2), when she was immersed in many problems that she had not been prepared for and became extremely homesick; initial adjustment (Letter 3), when she learned more about American culture and cultural adaptation and began to feel much better then; mental isolation (Letter 4), when she felt frustrated and became even somewhat hostile towards Americans; and acceptance period (Letter 5), when she began to realize the positive and negative aspects of the country and have a more balanced perspective about her experiences there.

What she means by writing in her fifth lette r that ―I think I have finally arrived in America‖ is

that she has finally learned to accept the culture very different from her own and begun to integrate herself into it. She is no longer like a fish out of water, and does not feel alienated from the new environment any more.

Case 34

In this case, it seems that Kevin failed to understand that customs for such a social gathering

would be culturally different and Blanca were not properly prepared for experiencing a culture shock like this when she came to work and live in a new cultural environment.

In Dominican culture, it is usually considered inappropriate for a young unmarried female to go

to a social gathering alone without anyone else accompanying her. A chaperone is often required,

and getting one…s parents… permission is also necessary. However, all this may be very strange to

North Americans nowadays. Kevin could not quite understand why Blanca, already an adult supposed to be independent, had to bring her little sister along to the gathering so as to get her parents… permission.

Another thing at which they differ is that in Dominican culture, somewhat like our Chinese

culture, people going out together to eat seldom pay separately. The elder one(s) would pay for the younger one(s), and the male(s) would pay for the female(s). Because of having expected that Kevin would pay for their meals, Blanca didn…t bring much money with her when she was going to The

Blue Hat. Therefore, when Kevin said ―separate checks, please‖ to the waiter, as North American people usually do while going out together to eat, he didn…t realize that he had put Blanca in a very embarrassing situation. That…s why Blanca whispered to her sister, telling her that she didn…t have much money with her then and just ordered something to drink when she said they were not hungr

at all.

Case 35

The American…s personal experience in Russia has taught us not to jump to a conclusion about

any other culture. We may misinterpret the behavior and intention of people in other cultures, for we are easily influenced by some popular overgeneralizations about other cultures. We have to be aware that things in other cultures may not be what they appear to us foreigners. One of the difficulties we

will experience in adjusting to a new culture is that we may have taken too much of our own

―cultural baggage‖: misleading stereotypes and preconceptions about members of that culture. In intercultural communication it is sometimes true that a little learning about other cultures can be a dangerous thing. Distorted or biased knowledge may be worse than no knowledge at all. Even if

what we know about other cultures has been proved to be right and well grounded, we still have to remember that there will often be variation within any culture. We should always be prepared for exceptions when interacting with individuals from another culture.

Case 36

We all know that we are members of a particular culture and we share the same cultural identity

with other members of the culture. However, much of our cultural identity may simply be outside of our awareness. Not until we find ourselves in situations where our sense of self --- our values, beliefs, practices --- is called into question do we perceive the tacit dimensions of our cultural identity. In

this incident, the German woman has found out that Americans treat their neighbors in a way that is different from the way Germans do. As her expectations were thwarted, she became aware of her

own cultural identity, her cultural way of thinking, of interpreting the world. This could be a painful process, which many of us, as the German woman in this case, may not be prepared for. Therefore, it

is important to raise people…s awareness of their culturally shaped identity and acknowledge the likelihood of some emotional disturbance during the cultural adjustment.

Unit 10 Acquiring Intercultural Competence

Translation

理想的减少交际失误的办法是同交际的其他参与者共享知识。这就是为什么同一文化群

体的成员之间最容易交际的原因。这也解释了为什么在社交上人们总是同与自己很接近的人

聚在一起。当你不必费力就能理解所发生的事情或者让别人明白你的意图时，交际将变得更

为轻松顺畅。

遗憾的是，在大多数情况下，这样的联系在交际中时常是不可能存在的。我们甚至可以

进一步说，那不仅是不可能的，而且也是不受欢迎的。今天, 交际发生的情境常常是不同文化群体成员之间在交际。

由于跨文化交际是在不同文化群体成员之间进行的，因此，既然我们之间不共享知识、

假设、价值观念和话语形式，我们必须预料到相互理解时将会发生问题。我们必须注意这些

问题，根据我们之间的差异预计哪儿会出现问题，接着调整我们的交际使之尽可能有效。

和其他群体共享知识并不等同于要加入那个群体并成为其成员。有些群体对吸纳新成员

相当排斥。在提高跨文化交际能力时，我们应该记住, 无论我们多么地了解并欣赏另一种文化，都不太可能成为这种文化的成员。关键是要尽可能地了解其他文化，以便理解和掌握相互之

间的差异和共性。

Case 37

Peter was brought up in a culture in which the demands of politeness and ?face… require either

that one goes against one…s real wishes and accepts invita tions that one would really prefer not to accept, or that one finds elaborate excuses (an ill child is a very useful one) to avoid commitment. However, in Moroccan culture, things are quite different. Peter seems to have gradually adapted very well to the new cultural environment in which he found himself. The lesson we can learn from this is that one should not judge the behavior of those of another culture by one…s own cultural standards and should learn to ―do as the Romans do when in Rome‖.

Case 38

This is just a case of the conflict between the first generation and the second generation of

Chinese immigrants in the United States. These two generations have grown up in totally different social environments in which their values are differently shaped and their views of the world differently formed. The daughter, born and brought up in America, has already been totally Americanized even though she has her eyes and skin of the same color as her parents. Living in American society, she finds it natural to identify herself with the mainstream American culture, in which parents and children (especially the grown up children) are supposed to treat each other as equals, while her mother, though having lived in America for many years, is still culturally more Chinese than American. Therefore, the mother, often with good intentions, is likely to misunderstand what her daughter says and does. To deal with conflicts of this kind, sincere exchange of opinion and willingness to learn from each other are among the best measures.

Case 39

Annie felt unhappy about Rosa…s cousin because she thought Rosa…s cousin had stayed with

them for too long and seemed to have depend on Rosa too much, which, in Annie…s eye, was actually an interference to Rosa… studies.

Rosa did not change after her cousin came. She was still the same good student as Annie remembered. However, to her, family comes first, so she went out of her way to look after her cousin, even though that means she would be left with little time for herself and her classes. The misunderstanding between Annie and Rosa comes from the difference in what they value. Annie seemed to value privacy, independence, personal needs and interests more than Rosa, to whom family relationships and obligation to family members meant very much.

In Mexican culture, family is the core of affiliation while in the mainstream American culture, individual responsibility is emphasized and self-reliance is preferred.

Case 40

In this case, American students were seen how they would behave in the culture in which they

were communicating with the French students, applying what they had learned in classroom but were not yet quite accustomed to. They finally behaved in the culturally appropriate manners because they were pulled by the force of relationships, by real people in a real situation. This is the ultimate goal of learning about culture and communication, when learners move from the classroom out the door into the new way of life.

跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理

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跨文化交际习题

跨文化交际习题

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在日本，自动售货机里出售除下列哪一种饮料以外的所有其他饮料？ A. 啤酒 B. 加糖精的保健饮料 C. 加糖的咖啡 D. 美国公司生产的软饮料 解答： B 参考答案： B 3. 单选题：（1.0分） 在拉丁美洲，管理者______。 A. 一般会雇佣自己家族的成员 B. 认为雇佣中级家族成员是不合适的 C. 强调雇佣少数特殊群体员工的重要性

D. 通常雇佣比实际工作所需更多的员工 解答： A 参考答案： A 4. 单选题：（1.0分） 在拉丁美洲，人们______。 A. 认为交谈时和对方进行眼神交流是不礼貌的 B. 总是等到对方说完才开始说话 C. 身体接触次数比相似情况下北美商人多 D. 避免身体接触，因为这被认为是对个人隐私的侵犯解答： C 参考答案： C

5. 单选题：（1.0分） 马来西亚的主要宗教是______。 A. 佛教 B. 犹太教 C. 基督教 D. 伊斯兰教 解答： D 参考答案： D 6. 单选题：（1.0分） 在泰国______。 A. 男性之间挽手同行很常见

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跨文化交际课后答案

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《跨文化交际学概论》课后习题答案

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英语论文 跨文化交际 跨文化交际的技巧 Cross-Cultural Communication Skills

Cross-Cultural Communication Skills What is cross cultural communication? Well, it simply refers to interpersonal interaction and communication across different cultures. In our increasingly globalized world, this has become an important issue. Effective cross culture communication is all about overcoming cultural differences across religion, borders, nationality and behavior. Within the business context, the diversity of people in countries and cities means that an element of effective cross cultural communication will always be required whether it is between employees, colleagues, or clients. With proper cross cultural business communication, a company can reap benefits in areas such as improved staff interaction, effective client management and better customer relations. With cross cultural communication training, foreign travel and cultural immersion, one can attain competency in cross cultural communication. Because English is the language of business, those who have English as a first language are distinctly advantaged. It therefore falls to them to take particular care in cross-lingual situations to be sure that they are adjusting their own speaking skills to account for language skill diversity when needed: speaking slowly, using tone for cl arity, avoiding acronyms or idioms, using linguistic “signposts,” etc. Conventions and guidelines for “International English” are developing. These guidelines also serve those for whom English is not a native language as we all strive to bridge the gaps that can occur in cross-cultural communication. Competency in Cross-Cultural Communication Skills Directly Influences Your Success Multi-cultural work is complex, and different cultures have a dissimilar concept of what constitutes effective communication. Mutual understanding and common agreement in cross-cultural settings is a special challenge. Even when the simplest of words are understood across cultures in a common language, they can carry different meanings that can produce misunderstandings and thus reduce trust. Most of the

(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元

1 Translation 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。 很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2 Translation 文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。 文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。 如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并视遵守这些准则的行为为正当、合法。 3 Translation 43

跨文化交际答案1

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跨文化交际与礼仪的重要性

跨文化交际与礼仪的重要性 随着经济全球化的发展，不同国家之间的交流和接触日益频繁，来自不同国家，有着不同文化背景的人们之间的交流成为人们普遍关注的问题。所谓的跨文化交际，是指来自不同文化背景的人从事交际活动、相互交流的过程。而跨文化交际与普通交际的差别就在于一个“跨”字，即交际双方来自不同的文化背景。然而，在跨文化交际中，由于交际双方的文化背景、习惯、习俗等的不同，交际者之间往往因不了解别国的风俗礼仪而产生误会甚至是冲突。因此，学习各国不同民族的文化礼仪、风俗习惯成为跨文化交际活动中一个不可忽视的重要内容。而跨文化的交际需要双方适当的礼仪作为连接的桥梁。是否能够在交流活动中成功地进行跨文化交际，最重要的一点是是否具备一定的跨文化礼仪知识。 荀子曰：“人无礼则不生，事无礼则不成，国无礼则不宁。”中国自古以来就有“礼仪之邦”的美誉。所谓“礼”，是教人尊敬与关心他人，使之合乎情理。所谓“节”是教人在言谈举止上要恰到其分，使之合乎事理。可见，小到人与人的交往，大到国家间的交往，都必须遵守社交礼仪规范，否则就会失礼失态。拥有长久历史的礼仪文化是古人留给我们的一笔丰厚财富，这对于跨文化的交际与礼仪的发展有着重要的作用。 下面，我们将从文化、涉外秘书工作、送礼习俗、商务交谈等角度阐释跨文化交际与礼仪的重要性。 一、跨文化交际与礼仪在文化方面的重要性 文化是人们行动的指南，指导人们的一切行动文化。在跨文化交际与礼仪中，文化是核心的部分。影响跨文化交际与礼仪的文化因素包括一个民族的历史传统、宗教、价值观念、社会组织、风俗习惯、社会所处的发展阶段和社会制度等。了解各国文化中存在的不同的文化模式和交往规则可以帮助交际者认识到文化差异对交际的影响，提高对跨文化现象的敏感度。它也可以帮助交际者理解跨文化交际语境中交际对象的行为取向。 二、跨文化交际与礼仪在涉外秘书工作中的重要性 涉外秘书往往会与不同国家的人员进行交流，这对于他们来时既是机遇也是挑战。由于不同的语言和文化背景而产生的跨文化交际的障碍比比皆是，作为秘书要处理好跨文化交际活动，避免跨文化交际障碍的出现，促进跨文化交际活动

大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案完整版

期末考试范围 ? 1. 阅读理解2篇（20%） ? 2. 选词填空：15个句子（15个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。（15%） ?eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. ? 3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions和case study( 课内或者稍微改动的）。（25%） 4. 实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%） 5. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论 （comment)。（30%） 如: 说给一个关于教育的话题（文化现象），我们要用所学的中 美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。 价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等 篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 A Unit10 B Unit1 A Key concepts reservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的 humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神 Q1、what is a reserved person like? Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen? Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship. Q3、what is sportsmanship? Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while al so showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Case study Q、What made the British feel quite unhappy in this situation?

《跨文化交际》课程教学大纲

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比如集体主义与个体主义。该课程还讨论语言交际中的具体问题,比如介绍与问候,词语的使用,非言语交际,价值观念,对时间,空间的看法,对教育,工作的态度, 人际间的关系, 家庭观念,以及文化冲突,文化休克等问题。最后能考试合格。 5、教学基本内容及学时安排（总学时：36） 6、各章节教学要求及教学重点 第一章跨文化交际中的问题 本章主要教学内容: 举例说明中国人与英美人士交际中存在的误解或问题。 本章教学目的及要求: 要求学生认识到跨文化交际中文化意识的重要性。 本章教学重点及难点: 交际失败的深层原因不只是语言问题,而是价值观念,经济基础,道德观念等因素在起作用。

跨文化交际课前习题答案

UnitTwoCultureShock Ⅰ.Fillinblanks a.Inaformalwesternmeal,youreofferedasecondhelpingbutyouhavealready hadenough.Youshouldsay“______”.ThatwasdeliciousbutIvealreadyhadple nty,thanks. b.Taboosarewords,expressions,et c.thatareconsideredasbeing______or__ ____.unpleasant,disgustingc.______isaculturethatscoreshighonindividual ism.Individualculture d.Socialdistancereferstothedegreeof______or______betweentwoculture s.similarity,dissimilarity e.Becauseoftheir______,individualistsgivelittleth oughttothe______ofothers.Butcollectivistscareverymuchwhatothersinth eirgroupsthinkanddonotliketobethetargetsof______and_______.indepen dence,evaluations,scrutiny,criticism Ⅱ.KeyTerms a.cultureshock b.collectivistculture c.hospitality d.politeness e.privacy 在一个正式的西餐，你再提供一次帮助但你已经有足够的。你应该说“______”。那是美味的但我已经有很多，谢谢。 B.禁忌词，表达，等，被视为______或______。不愉快的，令人厌恶的 C. ______是一种文化，分数高的个人主义。个体文化 D.社会距离指的是______或______程度在两种文化之间。相似性，相异性 E.因为他们______，个人主义者不在乎别人的______。但集体主义者非常关心他们小组

跨文化交际礼仪

第四节跨文化交际礼仪 一、打电话 二、待人接物 三、着装与赴约 下面我们将为大家介绍跨文化交际时要涉及的一些礼仪。 一、打电话 1.预约 西方人有很强的时间观念，所以他们无论做什么事情都要有电话预约。 例如，你去订台、订宾馆、买机票、看医生、到朋友家拜访等等，一定要事先约好时间，几点几分。如果你到酒店或者餐厅，服务员一般会问你，“先生，请问您有预定吗？”所以，大家如果有机会到国外去留学、工作或者是旅游，一定要养成预约的习惯。如果没有得到主人的允许，不要擅自到别人家拜访，否则，这样做是很不礼貌的。 英国人很注重自己的隐私，如果不是关系特别好的朋友，一般他们不会邀请陌生人到家里去拜访。英语中有句习语“英国人的家是一座城堡。”如果你跟老师有问题要交流，也需要提前预约或者是在老师办公的时间，英语叫Office hour去拜访老师， 不可以随便到老师家里拜访。 另外，不要在清晨或者是晚上10点半以后给别人打电话，因为这样会让对方感到非常紧张，以为发生了什么重大事情。 2.邀请 西方人在邀请别人的时候，通常可以通过以下几种方式： 第一，发请柬第二，打电话第三，面对面邀请。 通常人们会提前一到两个月，至少也要提前一周的时间发出邀请。如果你是在这种场合邀请别人来吃饭，比如说大家已经坐好了，你才给朋友打电话，“喂，你在哪儿？我们在某某某酒楼吃饭，你过来吧。”那么这个人一定不会来。为什么？因为他觉得你不是特意请他的，你是临时才想到他的。这样做是极其不礼貌的。所以我们应该知道电话预约的习惯。如果你不能赴约，一定要提前打电话告诉对方因为什么事情不能赴约，要明确地告诉他，不要等到最后一天才打电话说，“对不起，我不能去。”这样也是很不礼貌的。 二、待人接物 1.宴请 中国人在请客时一般特别客气，主人或东道主通常会准备一大桌子的菜，有时候会请人到酒楼去吃饭，主人开场的第一句话会这么说，“哎呀，你看，我也不会做，随便凑合着吃吧，不成敬意。” 西方人一看，这么一桌子菜，这么丰盛，你还说没什么吃的，他会很不理解，感到很纳闷儿。另外，中国人特别客气，在吃饭的时候喜欢帮别人夹菜，如果客人遇到不喜欢或者不能吃的菜，又不好意思说，这样会令客人感到非常尴尬。 西方人在请客吃饭的时候，通常会加上这样一句话，我是特意为你准备的。他会加上“特意”两个字以表示他对客人的尊重。 另外，请客吃饭的时候，中国人的习惯是一定要提前到，有时候会帮主人打打下手，或者聊聊天。那么在西方，一定要准时赴约，不要提前到。为什么？因为主人在厨房做饭的时

跨文化交际教学大纲

《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别：专业必修课 考核类别：考试 适用对象：本科 适用专业：英语 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识,

更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。

四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。

大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)

Unit1 Sportsmanship:It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. 2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas. 3. It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general. The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom. Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected. American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue. 1.Traditionally, individualism, independence and collaboration, practice, tolerance, melting pot and racial discrimination are the character of Americans. 3.The American Dream is the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. Unit 2 Key concepts Five relationships Five relationships: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend-friend. Humanism Humanism means that man not only had the right to enjoy the beauty of their life, but also had the ability to perfect themselves and perform wonders. Individualism An individualism culture is one in which people tend to view themselves ad individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals.