当前位置：文档库 › 曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案(第七章)

曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案(第七章)

rkets

WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:

There are no major changes to this chapter.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

By the end of this chapter, students should understand:

the link between buyers’ willingness to pay for a good and the demand curve.

how to define and measure consumer surplus.

the link between sellers’ costs of producing a good and the supply curve.

how to define and measure producer surplus.

that the equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes total surplus in a market.

CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:

Chapter 7 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence on welfare economics and market efficiency. Chapter 7 employs the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. These concepts are then

CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THE

EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS

utilized in Chapters 8 and 9 to determine the winners and losers from taxation and restrictions on international trade.

The purpose of Chapter 7 is to develop welfare economics—the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapters 4 through 6 employed supply and demand in a positive framework, which focused on the question, “What is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market” This chapter now addresses the normative question, “Is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market the best possible solution to the resource allocation problem, or is it simply the price and quantity that balance supply and demand” Students will discover that under most circumstances the equilibrium price and quantity is also the one that maximizes welfare.

KEY POINTS:

Consumer surplus equals buyers’ willingness to pay for a good minus the amount they

actually pay for it, and it measures the benefit buyers get from participating in a market.

Consumer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the demand curve and above the price.

Producer surplus equals the amount sellers receive for their goods minus their costs of production, and it measures the benefit sellers get from participating in a market.

Producer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the price and above the supply curve.

An allocation of resources that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus is said to be efficient. Policymakers are often concerned with the efficiency, as well as the equality, of economic outcomes.

The equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus.

That is, the invisible hand of the marketplace leads buyers and sellers to allocate

resources efficiently.

Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence of market failures such as market power or externalities.

CHAPTER OUTLINE:

I. Definition of welfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affects

economic well-being.

Students often are confused by the use of the word “welfare.” Remind them

that we are talking about social well-being and not public assistance.

II. Consumer Surplus

A. Willingness to Pay

1. Definition of willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a

good.

2. Example: You are auctioning a mint-condition recording of Elvis Presley’s first

album. Four buyers show up. Their willingness to pay is as follows:

If the bidding goes to slightly higher than $80, all buyers drop out

except for John. Because John is willing to pay more than he has to for

the album, he derives some benefit from participating in the market.

3. Definition of consumer surplus: the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good

minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.

4. Note that if you had more than one copy of the album, the price in the auction

John and Paul would gain consumer surplus.

B. Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer Surplus

1. We can use the information on willingness to pay to derive a demand curve for the

rare Elvis Presley album.

2. At any given quantity, the price given by the demand curve reflects the

willingness to pay of the marginal buyer. Because the demand curve shows the

buyers’ willingness to pay, we can use the demand curve to measure consumer

surplus.

Figure 2

3. Consumer surplus can be measured as the area below the demand curve and above the

price.

C. How a Lower Price Raises Consumer Surplus

Figure 3

1. As price falls, consumer surplus increases for two reasons.

a. Those already buying the product will receive additional consumer surplus

because they are paying less for the product than before (area A on the graph).

b. Because the price is now lower, some new buyers will enter the market and

receive consumer surplus on these additional units of output purchased (area B

on the graph).

D. What Does Consumer Surplus Measure

It is important to stress that consumer surplus is measured in monetary

terms. Consumer surplus gives us a way to place a monetary cost on

1. Remember that consumer surplus is the difference between the amount that buyers

are willing to pay for a good and the price that they actually pay.

2. Thus, it measures the benefit that consumers receive from the good as the buyers

themselves perceive it.

ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:

Review the material on price ceilings from Chapter 6. Redraw the market for two-

bedroom apartments in your town. Draw in a price ceiling below the equilibrium

price.

III. Producer Surplus

A. Cost and the Willingness to Sell

1. Definition of cost: the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a

good.

You will need to take some time to explain the relationship between the

producers’ willingness to sell and the cost of producing the good. The

relationship between cost and the supply curve is not as apparent as the

2. Example: You want to hire someone to paint your house. You accept bids for the

work from four sellers. Each painter is willing to work if the price you will pay exceeds her opportunity cost. (Note that this opportunity cost thus represents willingness to sell.) The costs are:

3. Bidding will stop when the price gets to be slightly below $600. All sellers will

drop out except for Grandma. Because Grandma receives more than she would require to paint the house, she derives some benefit from producing in the market.

4. Definition of producer surplus: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the

seller’s cost of providing it.

5. Note that if you had more than one house to paint, the price in the auction would

end up being higher (a little under $800 in the case of two houses) and both

Grandma and Georgia would gain producer surplus.

B. Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus

1. We can use the information on cost (willingness to sell) to derive a supply curve

for house painting services.

Price Sellers Quantity Supplied

$900 or more Mary, Frida, Georgia, Grandma4

$800 to $900Frida, Georgia, Grandma3

$600 to $800Georgia, Grandma2

$500 to $600Grandma1

less than $500None0

2. At any given quantity, the price given by the supply curve represents the cost of

the marginal seller. Because the supply curve shows the sellers’ cost

(willingness to sell), we can use the supply curve to measure producer surplus.

3. Producer surplus can be measured as the area above the supply curve and below the

price.

Figure 4

Figure 5

C. How a Higher Price Raises Producer Surplus

1. As price rises, producer surplus increases for two reasons.

a. Those already selling the product will receive additional producer surplus

because they are receiving more for the product than before (area C on the

graph).

b. Because the price is now higher, some new sellers will enter the market and

receive producer surplus on these additional units of output sold (area D on

the graph).

D. Producer surplus is used to measure the economic well-being of producers, much like

Figure 6

ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:

Review the material on price floors from Chapter 6. Redraw the market for an

agricultural product such as corn. Draw in a price support above the equilibrium

price.

Then go through:

IV. Market Efficiency

A. The Benevolent Social Planner

1. The economic well-being of everyone in society can be measured by total surplus,

which is the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus:

Total Surplus = Consumer Surplus + Producer Surplus

Total Surplus = (Value to Buyers – Amount Paid by Buyers) + (Amount Received by Sellers – Cost to Sellers)

Because the Amount Paid by Buyers = Amount Received by Sellers:

2. Definition of efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the

total surplus received by all members of society .

3. Definition of equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly

the members of society .

B. Evaluating the Market Equilibrium

Total Surplus = Value to Buyers Cost to Sellers

Figure 7

Now might be a good time to point out that many government policies involve

a trade-off between efficiency and equity. When you evaluate government Pretty Woman, Chapter 6. Vivien (Julia Roberts) and Edward (Richard Gere)

negotiate a price. Afterward, Vivien reveals she would have accepted a lower price, while Edward admits he would have paid more. If you have done a good job of introducing consumer and producer surplus, you will see the

1. At the market equilibrium price:

a. Buyers who value the product more than the equilibrium price will purchase the

product; those who do not, will not purchase the product. In other words, the

free market allocates the supply of a good to the buyers who value it most

highly, as measured by their willingness to pay.

b. Sellers whose costs are lower than the equilibrium price will produce the

product; those whose costs are higher, will not produce the product. In other

words, the free market allocates the demand for goods to the sellers who can

produce it at the lowest cost.

2. Total surplus is maximized at the market equilibrium.

Figure 8

a. At any quantity of output smaller than the equilibrium quantity, the value of

the product to the marginal buyer is greater than the cost to the marginal

seller so total surplus would rise if output increases.

b. At any quantity of output greater than the equilibrium quantity, the value of

the product to the marginal buyer is less than the cost to the marginal seller

so total surplus would rise if output decreases.

3. Note that this is one of the reasons that economists believe Principle #6: Markets

are usually a good way to organize economic activity.

It would be a good idea to remind students that there are circumstances

when the market process does not lead to the most efficient outcome.

Examples include situations such as when a firm (or buyer) has market power

C. In the News: Ticket Scalping

1. Ticket scalping is an example of how markets work to achieve an efficient outcome.

2. This article from The Boston Globe describes economist Chip Case’s experience

with ticket scalping.

D. Case Study: Should There Be a Market in Organs

1. As a matter of public policy, people are not allowed to sell their organs.

a. In essence, this means that there is a price ceiling on organs of $0.

b. This has led to a shortage of organs.

2. The creation of a market for organs would lead to a more efficient allocation of

resources, but critics worry about the equity of a market system for organs.

V. Market Efficiency and Market Failure

A. To conclude that markets are efficient, we made several assumptions about how markets

worked.

1. Perfectly competitive markets.

2. No externalities.

B. When these assumptions do not hold, the market equilibrium may not be efficient.

C. When markets fail, public policy can potentially remedy the situation.

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:

Quick Quizzes

1. Figure 1 shows the demand curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P1 and the

consumer surplus that results from that price is denoted CS. Consumer surplus is

the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer

actually pays for it. It measures the benefit to buyers of participating in a

market.

Figure 1 Figure 2

2. Figure 2 shows the supply curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P1 and the

producer surplus that results from that price is denoted PS. Producer surplus is

the amount sellers are paid for a good minus the sellers’ cost of providing it

(measured by the supply curve). It measures the benefit to sellers of

participating in a market.

Figure 3

3. Figure 3 shows the supply and demand for turkey. The price of turkey is P1,

consumer surplus is CS, and producer surplus is PS. Producing more turkeys than

the equilibrium quantity would lower total surplus because the value to the

marginal buyer would be lower than the cost to the marginal seller on those

additional units.

Questions for Review

1. The price a buyer is willing to pay, consumer surplus, and the demand curve are

all closely related. The height of the demand curve represents the willingness to

pay of the buyers. Consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above

the price, which equals the price that each buyer is willing to pay minus the

price actually paid.

2. Sellers' costs, producer surplus, and the supply curve are all closely related.

The height of the supply curve represents the costs of the sellers. Producer

surplus is the area below the price and above the supply curve, which equals the

price received minus each seller's costs of producing the good.

Figure 4

3. Figure 4 shows producer and consumer surplus in a supply-and-demand diagram.

4. An allocation of resources is efficient if it maximizes total surplus, the sum of

consumer surplus and producer surplus. But efficiency may not be the only goal of economic policymakers; they may also be concerned about equity the fairness of the distribution of well-being.

5. The invisible hand of the marketplace guides the self-interest of buyers and

sellers into promoting general economic well-being. Despite decentralized decision making and self-interested decision makers, free markets often lead to an

efficient outcome.

6. Two types of market failure are market power and externalities. Market power may

cause market outcomes to be inefficient because firms may cause price and quantity to differ from the levels they would be under perfect competition, which keeps total surplus from being maximized. Externalities are side effects that are not taken into account by buyers and sellers. As a result, the free market does not maximize total surplus.

Problems and Applications

1. a. Consumer surplus is equal to willingness to pay minus the price paid.

Therefore, Melissa’s willingness to pay must be $200 ($120 + $80).

b. Her consumer surplus at a price of $90 would be $200 ? $90 = $110.

c. If the price of an iPod was $250, Melissa would not have purchased one because

the price is greater than her willingness to pay. Therefore, she would receive

no consumer surplus.

2. If an early freeze in California sours the lemon crop, the supply curve for lemons

shifts to the left, as shown in Figure 5. The result is a rise in the price of

lemons and a decline in consumer surplus from A + B + C to just A. So consumer

surplus declines by the amount B + C.

Figure 5 Figure 6

In the market for lemonade, the higher cost of lemons reduces the supply of

lemonade, as shown in Figure 6. The result is a rise in the price of lemonade and

a decline in consumer surplus from D + E + F to just D, a loss of E + F. Note that

an event that affects consumer surplus in one market often has effects on consumer

surplus in other markets.

3. A rise in the demand for French bread leads to an increase in producer surplus in

the market for French bread, as shown in Figure 7. The shift of the demand curve leads to an increased price, which increases producer surplus from area A to area

A +

B + C.

Figure 7

The increased quantity of French bread being sold increases the demand for flour, as shown in Figure 8. As a result, the price of flour rises, increasing producer surplus from area D to D + E + F. Note that an event that affects producer surplus in one market leads to effects on producer surplus in related markets.

微观经济学(曼昆)案例分析练习题

微观经济学（曼昆）案例分析练习题 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/447152957.html,/ 1、假设我们有以下自行车的市场供给与需求表： a．画出自行车的供给曲线和需求曲线。 b．自行车的均衡价格是多少? c．自行车的均衡数量是多少? d．如果自行车的价格是100美元，存在过剩还是短缺?有多少单位过剩或短缺?这将引起价格上升还是下降？ e．如果自行车的价格是400美元，存在过剩还是短缺?有多少单位过剩或短缺?这将引起价格上升还是下降? f.假设自行车市场的工会为增加工资而谈判。此外，再假设这个事件增加了生产成本，使自行车制造不利，而且，在每种自行车价格时减少了自行车供给量20辆。在图4_2中画出新的供给曲线以及原来的供给和需求曲线。自行车市场新的均衡价格和数量是多少? 【参考答案】： a．

b ．300美元。 c ．50辆自行车。 d ．短缺，70—30=40单位，价格将上升。 e ．过剩，60—40=20单位，价格将下降。 f.均衡价格为400美元，均衡数量为40辆自行车。 2、假设《每日新闻》估计，如果它把自己报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元，那么订户数就将从5万下降到4万。 a ．当用中点法计算弹性时，《每日新闻》的需求价格弹性是多少? b ．使用中点法的好处是什么? c ．如果《每日新闻》只关心总收益最大化，它应该把报纸的价格从1美元提高到1．5美元吗?为什么该提价或不该提价? 【参考答案】： a ．(10000／45000)／(0.50美元/1.25美元)=0.56。 b ．用中点法的好处是，无论你从价格为1美元开始上升到1.5美元，还是从1.5美元开始下降到1美元，弹性的值是相同的。 c ．应该提价。因为需求价格弹性小于1(缺乏弹性)，价格上升将增加总收益。 3、对下列每一对物品，你预期哪一种物品更富有供给弹性?为什么? a ．电视；海滩的地产

曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案

问题与应用 1．描写下列每种情况所面临的权衡取舍： A．一个家庭决定是否买一辆新车。答：如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支，如：外出旅行，购置新家具；如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。 B．国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。答：对国家公园的支出数额大，国家公园的条件可以得到改善，环境会得到更好的保护。但同时，政府可用于交通、邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少。 C．一个公司总裁决定是否新开一家工厂。答：开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模，生产更多的产品。但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。这样，企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。 D．一个教授决定用多少时间备课。答：教授若将大部分时间用于自己研究，可能会出更多成果，但备课时间减少影响学生授课质量。E．一个刚大学毕业的学生决定是否去读研究生。答：毕业后参加工作，可即刻获取工资收入；但继续读研究生，能接受更多知识和未来更高收益。2．你正想决定是否去度假。度假的大部分成本((机票、旅馆、放弃的工资))都用美元来衡量，但度假的收益是心理的。你将如何比较收益与成本呢?? 答：这种心理上的收益可以用是否达到既定目标来衡量。对于这个行动前就会作出的既定目标，我们一定有一个为实现目标而愿意承担的成本范围。在这个可以承受的成本范围内，度假如果满足了既定目标，如：放松身心、恢复体力等等，那么，就可以说这次度假的收益至少不小于它的成本。3．你正计划用星期六去从事业余工作，但一个朋友请你去滑雪。去滑雪的真实成本是什么？现在假设你已计划这天在图书馆学习，这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么？请解释之。答：去滑雪的真实成本是周六打工所能赚到的工资，我本可以利用这段时间去工作。如果我本计划这天在图书馆学习，那么去滑雪的成本是在这段时间里我可以获得的知识。 4．你在篮球比赛的赌注中赢了100美元。你可以选择现在花掉它或在利率为55%的银行中存一年。现在花掉100美元的机会成本是什么呢? 答：现在花掉100 美元的机会成本是在一年后得到105 美元的银行支付(利息+本金)。 5．你管理的公司在开发一种新产品过程中已经投资500万美元，但开发工作还远远没有完成。在最近的一次会议上，你的销售人员报告说，竞争性产品的进入使你们新产品的预期销售额减少为300万美元。如果完成这项开发还要花费100万美元，你还应该继续进行这项开发吗？为了完成这项开发，你的最高花费应该是多少?? 答：还应该继续这项开发。因为现在它的边际收益是300 万美元，而边际成本是100 万美元。为了完成这项开发我最多能再花300 万美元。只要边际收益大于边际成本，就有利可图。 6．魔力饮料公司的三位经理正在讨论是否要扩大产量。每位经理提出了做出这个决策的一种方法：哈利：我们应该考查一下我们公司的生产率——每个工人生产的加仑数——将上升还是下降。罗恩：我们应该考查一下我们的平均成本——每个工人的成本——将上升还是下降。赫敏：我们应该考查一下多卖一加仑饮料的额外收益，大于还是小于额外的成本。你认为谁对？答：我认为赫敏提出的决策方法正确。因为只有多卖一加仑饮料的额外收益大于它的额外成本时，多卖一加仑饮料才是有利可图的。理性人应该考虑边际量。 77．社会保障制度为65岁以上的人提供收入。如果一个社会保障的领取者决定去工作并赚一些钱，他(或她)所领到的社会保障津贴通常会减少。 A．提供社会保障如何影响人们在工作时的储蓄激励? 答：社会保障的提供使人们退休以后仍可以获得收入，以保证生活。因此，人们不用为不能工作时的生活费而发愁，人们在工作时期的储蓄就会减少。

曼昆微观经济学习题.doc

1. Describe some of the trade-offs faced by each of the following: a. a family deciding whether to buy a new car b. a member of Congress deciding how much to spend on national parks c. a company president deciding whether to open a new factory d. a professor deciding how much to prepare for class e. a recent college graduate deciding whether to go to graduate school 2. You are trying to decide whether to take a vacation. Most of the costs of the vacation (airfare, hotel, and forgone wages) are measured in dollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. How can you compare the benefits to the costs? 3. You were planning to spend Saturday working at your part-time job, but a friend asks you to go skiing. What is the true cost of going skiing? Now suppose you had been planning to spend the day studying at the library. What is the cost of going skiing in this case? Explain. 4. You win $100 in a basketball pool. You have a choice between spending the money now or putting it away for a year in a bank account that pays 5 percent interest. What is the opportunity cost of spending the $100 now? 5. The company that you manage has invested $5 million in developing a new product, but the development is not quite finished. At a recent meeting, your salespeople report that the introduction of competing products has reduced the expected sales of your new product to $3 million. If it would cost $1 million to finish development and make the product, should you go ahead and do so? What is the most that you should pay to complete development? 6. The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social Security decides to work and earn some income, the amount he or she receives in Social Security benefits is typically reduced.

曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章

————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期： 1

1 Chapter 1 Ten Principles of Economics Multiple Choice 1. The word that comes from the Greek word for "one who manages a household" is a. market. b. consumer. c. producer. d. economy. ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 2. The word “economy” comes from the Greek word oikonomos , which means a. “environment.” b. “production.” c. “one who manages a househol d.” d. “one who makes decisions.” ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 3. Resources are a. scarce for households but plentiful for economies. b. plentiful for households but scarce for economies. c. scarce for households and scarce for economies. d. plentiful for households and plentiful for economies. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Resources, Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 4. Economics deals primarily with the concept of a. scarcity. b. poverty. c. change. d. power. ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Definitional 5. Which of the following questions is not answered by the decisions that every society must make? a. What determines consumer preferences? b. What goods will be produced? c. Who will produce the goods? d. Who will consume the goods? ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economies MSC: Interpretive 6. The overriding reason as to why households and societies face many decisions is that a. resources are scarce. b. goods and services are not scarce. c. incomes fluctuate with business cycles. d. people, by nature, tend to disagre e. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 7. The phenomenon of scarcity stems from the fact that a. most economies’ production methods are not very good. b. in most economies, wealthy people consume disproportionate quantities of goods and services. c. governments restricts production of too many goods and services. d. resources are limited. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive

曼昆微观经济学习题

第六章、第七章练习题一、判断 1．某厂商产量达到5万时的MR=65元，MC=55元，（其它条件一定）该厂商应继续扩大产量. 2. 完全竞争厂商只能被动地接受既定的市场价格。 3. 完全竞争条件下，行业所面临的需求曲线是一条水平线。 4. 完全竞争厂商的短期供给曲线是短期边际成本曲线上等于和高于停止营业点的部分。 5. 完全竞争厂商的平均收益曲线和边际收益曲线与需求曲线是相同的。 6. 完全竞争厂商实现短期均衡时，定可获得大于零的经济利润。 7. 当一个完全竞争行业实现长期均衡时，每个企业都实现了正常利润，且经济利润都为零。 8. 在厂商短期均衡产量上，当AR＜SAC 且AR＞AVC时，厂商亏损，但应继续生产。 9. 在完全竞争市场上，SMC曲线和SAC 曲线的交点，被称为停止营业点。 10.垄断行业由于有规模经济可以比竞争行业产量更高，价格更低 11.完全竞争市场与垄断竞争市场的差别是后者可以影响产品的价格. 12.在完全竞争产品市场，厂商的短期反供给函数为P = SMC =f(Q)。二、选择题 1、在完全竞争市场上，厂商短期均衡条件是（） A、P=AR B、P=MR C、P=MC D、P=AC 2、在垄断竞争中（） A、为数很少的厂商，有差异的产品 B、许多厂商，同质的产品； C、为数很少几个厂商，同质产品 D、许多厂商，有差异的产品 3、在一般情况下，厂商得到的价格若低于下述哪种成本，他将停止营业？（）A、平均可变成本 B、平均成本 C、平均不变成本 D、边际成本 4、在短期，完全垄断厂商（） A、无盈亏 B、取得最大利润 C、发生亏损 D、以上情况都可能出现 5、下列描述中，不属于完全垄断厂商实行差别定价的条件是（） A、市场存在不完全性 B、各个市场的需求弹性不同； C、市场未达到均衡状态 D、市场必须能有效地分离开来。 6、寡头垄断厂商的产品是（） A、同质的 B、有差异的 C、既可以是同质的，也可以是有差异的 D、以上都不对 7、P=MC的最大利润原则（） A．适用于任何条件下的厂商。 B、仅适用于完全竞争条件下的厂商。C．仅适用于非完全竞争的厂商。 D．所有的市场结构都不能适用。 8、在完全竞争市场上（） A、产品不同质 B、要素不能自由流动 C、信息不畅通 D、价格既定 9、在完全竞争市场的收支相抵点上（） A、P=SAC B、 P=LAC C、P=AVC D、MR=AVC 10、如果某厂商的平均收益曲线从水平线变为向右下方倾斜的曲线，说明（）。A、既有厂商进入也有厂商退出该行业 B、完全竞争被不完全竞争所取代 C、新的厂商进入了该行业 D、原有的厂商退出了该行业11、对一个垄断竞争企业来说，平均收益曲线（）。 A、和企业的需求曲线一样，边际收益曲线在企业的需求曲线之下。 B、在企业的需求曲线之上，边际收益曲线在企业的需求曲线之下。 C、在企业的需求曲线之上，边际收益曲线与企业的需求曲线相同。 D、和边际收益曲线一样都与企业的需求曲线相同。

曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案(第七章)

rkets WHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION: There are no major changes to this chapter. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: the link between buyers’ willingness to pay for a good and the demand curve. how to define and measure consumer surplus. the link between sellers’ costs of producing a good and the supply curve. how to define and measure producer surplus. that the equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes total surplus in a market. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 7 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence on welfare economics and market efficiency. Chapter 7 employs the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. These concepts are then 7 CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS

曼昆《经济学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库 (05)

Chapter 5 Elasticity and Its Application TRUE/FALSE 1. Elasticity measures how responsive quantity is to changes in price. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 2. Measures of elasticity enhance our ability to study the magnitudes of changes. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 3. The demand for bread is likely to be more elastic than the demand for solid-gold bread plates. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 4. In general, demand curves for necessities tend to be price elastic. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 5. In general, demand curves for luxuries tend to be price elastic. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 6. Necessities tend to have inelastic demands, whereas luxuries have elastic demands. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 7. Goods with close substitutes tend to have more elastic demands than do goods without close substitutes. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 8. The demand for Rice Krispies is more elastic than the demand for cereal in general. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 9. The demand for soap is more elastic than the demand for Dove soap. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 10. The demand for gasoline will respond more to a change in price over a period of five weeks than over a period of five years. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 11. Even the demand for a necessity such as gasoline will respond to a change in price, especially over a longer time horizon. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Interpretive 12. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 13. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in price divided by the percentage change in quantity demanded. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 5-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Elasticity TOP: Price elasticity of demand MSC: Definitional 288

曼昆微观经济学第四版关键概念中英文对照

微观经济学关键概念中英文对照 CHAPTER 1 scarcity稀缺性 economics经济学 efficiency效率 equity平等 opportunity cost机会成本 rational people理性人 marginal changes边际变动 incentive激励 market economy市场经济 property rights产权 market failure市场失灵 externality外部性 market power市场势力 productivity生产率 inflation通货膨胀 business cycle经济周期

CHAPTER 2 circular-flow diagram循环流向图production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界 microeconomics微观经济学 macroeconomics宏观经济学 positive statements实证表述 normative statements规范表述 CHAPTER 3 absolute advantage绝对优势 opportunity cost机会成本 comparative advantage比较优势 imports进口 exports出口 CHAPTER 4 market市场 competitive market竞争市场 quantity demanded需求量 law of demand需求定理 demand schedule需求表 demand curve需求曲线

normal good正常物品 inferior good低档物品 substitutes替代品 complements互补品 quantity supplied供给量 law of supply供给定理 supply schedule供给表 supply curve供给曲线 equilibrium均衡 equilibrium price均衡价格 equilibrium quantity均衡数量 surplus过剩 shortage短缺 law of supply and demand供求定理 CHAPTER 5 elasticity弹性 price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性 total revenue总收益 income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性

曼昆微观经济学计算题复习题

第一页 1.完全竞争行业中某厂商的成本函数为STC=Q3-6Q2+30Q+40，成本用美元计算，假设产品价格为66美元。（1）求利润极大时的产量及利润总额（2）由于竞争市场供求发生变化，由此决定的新的价格为30元，在新的价格下，厂商是否会发生亏损？如果会，最小的亏损额为多少？（3）该厂商在什么情况下才会退出该行业（停止生产）？解：（1）由STC=Q3-6Q2+30Q+40，则MC=3Q2-12Q+30 当完全竞争厂商实现均衡时，均衡的条件为MC=MR=P，当P=66元时，有 66=3Q2-12Q+30 解得Q=6或Q=2（舍去）当Q=6时，厂商的最利润为 =TR-TC=PQ-（Q3-6Q2+30Q+40）=66×6-（63-6×62+30×6+40）=176元 1、已知某企业的平均可变成本为A VC＝X2－30X+310,X为产量。当市场价格为310时，该企业的利润为0，求该企业的固定成本。 pi=TR-TC=(P-AC)Q, P=310,pi=0得AC=310 AFC=AC-A VC=310-（X^2-30X+310）=-X^2+30X TFC=-X^3+30X^2 因为MC=d(TVC)/dx =d(X^3-30X^2+310X)/dx =3X^2-60X+310 又P=MC=AC得X=20 所以TFC=-X^3+30x^2=4000 4、假设完全竞争市场的需求函数和供给函数分别为Qd=50000－2000P； Qs=40000＋3000P。求：（1）市场均衡价格和均衡产量；（2）厂商的需求函数？市场均衡时Qd=Qs，即 50000－2000P=40000＋3000P 市场的均衡价格P=2 均衡产量QD=Qs=46000。完全竞争市场中，厂商的需求曲线是由市场的均衡价格决定，故厂商的需求函数为P=2。 4、设生产成本函数为：C（Q）＝50＋Q2，反需求函数为：P（Q）＝40－Q，求：利润最大化时厂商的产量、价格及利润。分析：利润最大化时MR=MC 因为P（Q）=40-Q 得出TR=40Q-Q2 MR=40-2Q

曼昆微观经济学计算题复习题定稿版

曼昆微观经济学计算题复习题精编W O R D版 IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】

第一页1.完全竞争行业中某厂商的成本函数为STC=Q3-6Q2+30Q+40，成本用美元计算，假设产品价格为66美元。（1）求利润极大时的产量及利润总额（2）由于竞争市场供求发生变化，由此决定的新的价格为30元，在新的价格下，厂商是否会发生亏损如果会，最小的亏损额为多少（3）该厂商在什么情况下才会退出该行业（停止生产）解：（1）由STC=Q3-6Q2+30Q+40，则MC=3Q2-12Q+30 当完全竞争厂商实现均衡时，均衡的条件为MC=MR=P，当P=66元时，有 66=3Q2-12Q+30 解得Q=6或Q=2（舍去）当Q=6时，厂商的最利润为 =TR-TC=PQ-（Q3-6Q2+30Q+40）=66×6-（63-6×62+30×6+40）=176元 1、已知某企业的平均可变成本为AVC＝X2－30X+310,X为产量。当市场价格为310时，该企业的利润为0，求该企业的固定成本。 pi=TR-TC=(P-AC)Q, P=310,pi=0得AC=310 AFC=AC-AVC=310-（X^2-30X+310）=-X^2+30X TFC=-X^3+30X^2

因为MC=d(TVC)/dx =d(X^3-30X^2+310X)/dx =3X^2-60X+310 又P=MC=AC得X=20 所以TFC=-X^3+30x^2=4000 4、假设完全竞争市场的需求函数和供给函数分别为 Qd=50000－2000P； Qs=40000＋3000P。求：（1）市场均衡价格和均衡产量；（2）厂商的需求函数？市场均衡时Qd=Qs，即 50000－2000P=40000＋3000P 市场的均衡价格P=2 均衡产量 QD=Qs=46000。完全竞争市场中，厂商的需求曲线是由市场的均衡价格决定，故厂商的需求函数为P=2。 4、设生产成本函数为：C（Q）＝50＋Q2，反需求函数为：P（Q）＝40－Q，求：利润最大化时厂商的产量、价格及利润。

曼昆的《微观经济学原理》课业笔记英文版

Ch 1 Ten Principles of economic ?Scarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources ?Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources, e.g. ?There are 10 principle of economic which are needed to be remember throughout. ?People face trade-off 1. Individual(time,money) and society(efficiency vs equality). ?Cost of something is what your give up to get it.\ 1. The opportunity cost of any item is whatever must be given up to obtain it. ?Rational people thinking at margin(effect of one additional item) 1. This principle assume that everyone is rational people(made their decision base on their interests) this was addressed on Adam Smith's Wealth of Nation. ?People respond to incentives(诱惑物） 1. This statement reveals that human psychology is a important feature in economic study. ?Trade can make everyone better-off 1.Ex: trade of agricultural product and technology between Japan and America, it will break the law of PPF. It involved absolute advantages(low input) and comparative advantage(low opportunity cost win) ?Markets are usually a good way to organize economy activity. 1.Markets can balance the price. ?Government can sometime improve market outcome. ? A country's standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services. ?Price rise when government print too much money.

曼昆微观经济学第13章习题答案

（一）单项选择题 1 ?总产量曲线的斜率是（C 2. 当TP 下降时，（D ） 3. 当AP L 为正且递减时，MP L 是（ A. 可变要素投入量的增长和产虽:的增长等幅变化 B. 产量的增长幅度小于可变要素投入呈的增长幅度 C. 可变要素投入量的增长幅度小于产量的增长幅度 D 产量的增长幅度大于可变要素投入咼的增长幅度 5.某厂商每年从企业的总收入中取出一部分作为自己所提供的生产要素的报酬，这部分资金被视为（B ）. 6?对应于边际报酬的递增阶段，STC 曲线（C ）。 7?短期平均成本曲线成为U 形的原因与（C ）有关 B.外部经济与不经济 8?在从原点出发的射线与TC 曲线的相切的产量上，必有（D ）o 9. 如果生产10单位产品的总成本是100美元，第11单位产品的边际成本是21美元，那么扎第11单位产品TVC 是21美元 B. 第10单位产品的边际成本是大于21美元 C. 11个产品的平均成本是11美元 D 第12单位产品的平均成本是21美元 10. 当边际成本小于平均成本时，产量的进一步增加将导致（B ）。 A. 平均成本上升 B. 平均可变成本可能上升也可能下降第13章生产和成本 A.总产量 B.平均产量 C.边际产量 D.以上都不是 A.AP L 递增 B.AP L 为零 C.MK 为零 D.MK 为负 A.递减 B.负的 C.零 D.以上任何一种 4?生产过程中某一可变要素的收益递减，这意味着（ B) A. 显性成本 B. 隐性成本 C. 经济利润 D 生产成本 A. 以递增的速率上升 B. 以递增的速率下降 C. 以递减的速率上升 D 以递减的速率下降 A.规模报酬 C.要素的边际报酬 D 固立成本与可变成本所占比例 A. AC 值最小 B. AC=MC C.MC 曲线处于上升段 D. A^ B 、C 、

曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案完整版

曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]

the link between buyers’ willingness to pay for a good and the demand curve. how to define and measure consumer surplus. the link between sellers’ costs of producing a good and the supply curve. how to define and measure producer surplus. that the equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes total surplus in a market. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 7 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence on welfare economics and market efficiency. Chapter 7 employs the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. These concepts are then utilized in Chapters 8 and 9 to determine the winners and losers from taxation and restrictions on international trade. The purpose of Chapter 7 is to develop welfare economics—the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapters 4 through 6 employed supply and demand in a positive framework, which focused on the question, “What is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market” This chapter now addresses the normative question, “Is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market the best possible solution to the resource allocation problem, or is it simply the price and quantity that balance supply and demand” Students will discover that under most circumstances the equilibrium price and quantity is also the one that maximizes welfare.

曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案(第七章)

微观经济学(曼昆)案例分析练习题

曼昆微观经济学原理第五版课后习题答案

曼昆微观经济学习题.doc

最新版微观经济学精品习题英文版 (with answer) (9)

曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章

曼昆微观经济学习题

曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案(第七章)

曼昆《经济学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库 (05)

曼昆微观经济学第四版关键概念中英文对照

曼昆微观经济学计算题复习题

曼昆微观经济学计算题复习题定稿版

曼昆的《微观经济学原理》课业笔记 英文版

曼昆微观经济学第13章习题答案

曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案完整版

曼昆的《微观经济学原理》课业笔记英文版