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中考英语语法复习：动词的分类

动词的分类

一、知识要点

1.及物动词和不及物动词

根据动词在句子中是否可以接宾语，可以把动词分为及物动词和不及物动词两种类型：

A.能接宾语的动词称为及物动词，可分为跟单宾语的及物动词、跟双宾语的及物动词、跟复合宾语(即宾语+宾语补足语)的及物动词等。

My brother is flying the kite on the playground. 我的弟弟正在操场上放风筝。(fly 后跟单宾语kite)

My mother gives me a new bike as the birthday present.

我妈妈给我一辆新自行车作为生日礼物。(give后跟双宾语me和a new bike)

The teacher made his students happy by doing some games.

老师通过做游戏使得学生高兴。(made后跟宾语his students和宾语补足语happy) 注意1：有些双宾语动词间接宾语(人)放在直接宾语(事物)后时，间接宾语前要加to。常用的此类词有bring、give、hand、pass、pay、post、return、sell、show、teach、tell、throw、lend等。

Hand me that book, please. = Hand that book to me, please. 请递给我那本书。

有些双宾语动词间接宾语(人)放在直接宾语(事物)后时，间接宾语前要加for。常用的此类词有buy、choose、cook、draw、book、find、get、make、order等。

My mom bought me a nice backpack. = My mom bought a nice backpack for me.

我妈妈为我买了一个好看的书包。

注意2：

A.及物动词有被动语态形式。

A little girl opened the door. 一个小女孩打开了门。(主动语态)

The door was opened by a little girl. 门被一个小姑娘打开了。(被动语态)

B.不及物动词一般不可以接宾语，但是有时和介词或副词一起使用，可以接宾语。

The little boy runs quickly. 这个小孩子快速地跑了。

We arrived at the station at five. 我们五点到达了车站。

C.大多数动词既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。

常用的此类动词有open、close、start、change、drive、play、meet、win、study 等。

The girl turned her head and smiled. 这个女孩子转过头笑一笑。(turn是及物动词) She turned and walked back to the classroom. 她转过身走回教室。(turn是不及物动词)

D.有一些及物动词用作不及物动词可以表示被动的意思。这个时候句子的主语是物而不是人。

My books sold out in a week.我的书一个星期内卖完了。

2.连系动词

连系动词也称为系动词，用于连接主语和表语，表示主语身份、性质、状态。连系动词有一定词义，但不完整，不能单独做谓语，必须和表语连用，构成系表结构。

You are a teacher, but not a good one. 你是一个老师，但不是好老师。

We feel very happy when we know it. 当我们知道这个的时候，我们都非常高兴。

英语经常用到的连系动词有：

①状态连系动词：表示主语的状态、性质、身份。常用的有be。

My father is very strong. 我的爸爸非常强壮。

②持续连系动词：表示继续或保持一种状态或情况。

常用的有：stay (保持)，remain (保持)，continue (继续)等。

③表象连系动词：用来表示“看起来”的这一概念的词。

常见的有appear(看起来)，seem(看似)，look(看起来)。

Your mother looks much younger than I thought. 你妈妈比我想象得年轻多了。

④感官连系动词：

常用的有feel(摸起来)，taste(尝起来)，smell(闻起来)，sound(听起来)look(看起来)。

The milk tastes a little sour. 这牛奶品尝起来有点酸。

⑤转变或结果连系动词：become(变为)，get(成为)，grow(长得)，turn(变得)，go(变得)。

Our village is becoming more and more beautiful. 我们的村庄正在变得越来越漂亮。

3.助动词

助动词本身没有词意，或者意义不完全，不能单独作谓语，只能和别的动词一起在句子中作谓语，帮助动词构成各种时态、语态等及否定、疑问、强调等。主要的助动词有：be，do，have，shall，will等。

Will you have a sports meeting next week? 你们下一个星期举行体育运动会吗?

Is your mother cooking?你妈妈在做饭吗?

Don't be late for class next time. 下次上课不要再迟到了。

4.情态动词

情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能单独作谓语，只能和其他动词连用作谓语，表示说话人的语气和情感。主要的情态动词有：can，may，must，need，would，could，might，dare等。使用情态动词要注意以下方面：

①含must的一般疑问句，肯定回答仍用must，否定回答则用needn't或don't have to，表示“不必”。一般不能用mustn't，因为mustn't表示“不可以、禁止”，语气很强。

—Must I finish my homework now? 我必须现在完成作业吗?

—No, you needn't. 不，不必要。

②may开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用may，否定回答用mustn't。

—May I smoke here? 我可以在这里吸烟吗?

—No, you mustn't. 不，不可以。

③表示可能性或推测时，can多用于否定句或疑问句，cannot表示“不可能”;may 多用于陈述句，may not表示“可能不”;must只用于肯定句，表示“一定、准是”。

You may be right or may not be right. 你可能对也可能不对。

The news can't be true. 这消息不可能是真的。

She must be angry. 她一定是生气了。

④need用作情态动词主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句，表示“需要”，也可以作实义动词，后跟名词、代词、不定式、动词-ing形式等。need开头的一般疑问句，肯定回答用must。

You needn't come if you are busy. 如果忙，你就不必来了。(情态动词)

—Need I come tomorrow? 我明天需要来吗?

—No, you needn't./Yes, you must. 不，没必要。/是的，你必须来。(情态动词) He needs to get some sleep. 他需要睡一会。(实义动词)

⑤used to 表示“过去常常”，现在并不如此了。常与过去的时间状语连用，否定形式是usen't to 或don't use to。一般疑问句将used提前或用“Did …use to …?”

We used to go there every year. 我们过去每年去那儿。

⑥have to的意思接近must，但是must强调说话者的主观意愿。have to强调客观上的必要性，常译成“不得不”。have to可以用于多种时态，其疑问句、否定句都要借助do构成。

Do you have to leave now? 你现在必须走了吗?

You don't have to get up early. 你没有必要早起。

⑦be able to表示具体的能力，与can用法相近，can只有一般现在时和一般过去时，be able to 可用更多的时态。was/were able to侧重又能力而且成功地做成了某事，而could只表示过去具备某种能力。

The maths problem was hard but I was able to work it out.

这道数学题很难，但我做出来了。

二、易错点

1.及物动词和不及物动词之间的误用。

①My teacher lies the book on the table.

解析：本题考查及物动词lay的用法，本句有宾语book，所以谓语动词应该用及物动词，lie是不及物动词，应该用和它形近的及物动词lay。

②The sun raises in the east and sets down in the west.

解析：本题考查及物动词raise和不及物动词rise的区别，本句没有宾语，所以用不及物动词，raise是及物动词，意思是“举起、筹集”。表示太阳从东方升起用不及物动词rise。所以把raise改为rise。

2.连系动词用法失误。

①The food your mother makes for us eats well.

解析：本题考查动词和连系动词的用法区别。从本句子的意思理解是用连系动词tastes 表示“尝起来”，连系动词后用形容词作表语。所以把eats well改为tastes good。

②That kind of cakes is tasted very well.

解析：本题考查动词和连系动词的用法区别。taste是连系动词，没有被动语态形式，所以把is tasted改为tastes。

3.一些情态动词之间的误用。

①My little brother will can go to school next year.

解析：本题考查情态动词can和be able to不同用法。can和be able to在表示能力的时候，can用于一般现在时和一般过去时，be able to用于各种时态。所以把will can 变为will be able to。

②Look at that tall man. He maybe our new teacher.

解析：本题考查情态动词may be和副词maybe的区别。maybe相当于perhaps，意思是“大概、或许”，在句子中不能作谓语。而may be是情态动词may和be连用在句子中作谓语，表示“可能是”，所以把maybe改为may be。

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