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山东省学位英语语法精讲-名词-全梳理

山东省学位英语语法精讲-名词-全梳理何为名词

名词是语法考试中的主要考点之一，考生在复习备考时需要掌握名词的基本用法、特殊用法以及在具体语境中的灵活运用。

开篇之前有以下几点要求：

1、正确识别可数名词和不可数名词。

2、掌握可数名词的复数变化规则。

3、掌握名词所有格的用法。

4、区别名词词义以及词语的固定搭配。

名词概括

通过思维导图来了解名词的分类，下面我们会进行语法精讲。

语法精讲

一、名词的分类

名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。

专有名词是指某个（些）人物、事物、地点、机构、国家地区等专有名称，如Beijing，China，Bill Gates等。

普通名词是指一类人或物或是一个抽象概念的名称，如book，family，orange 等。

普通名词又可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词四类。

个体名词表示某类人或物中的个体，如child，room等。

集体名词表示由若干个个体组成的集合体，如people，family等。

物质名词表示无法分为个体事物，如air，ink等。

抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、情感等抽象概念，如work，kindness等。可数名词：个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词。

不可数名词：物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，成为不可数名词。二、名词的数

可数名词大多都是有单数和复数形式。表示一个人或事物用单数，表示一个以上的人或事物用复数。可数名词的复数形式主要分为规则的复数和不规则的复数形式两种。

1、名词规则的复数形式

除以上常见的规则复数形式以外，还有以下几种情况：

（1）以“元音字母+y ”结尾的名词，或以-y结尾的专有名词，直接在词尾加-s。例如：boys，toys，days，rays，henrys等。

·（2）以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词后加-s。例如：

auto-autos kilo-kilos memo-memos Filipino-Filipinos

solo-solos embryo-embryos photo-photos piano-pianos

（2）以-th结尾的名词，直接在其后加-s。例如：mouths，paths，months，truths，depths，strength等。

2、名词的不规则复数形式

（1）改变单数名词内部元音使其变为复数。例如：

man-men woman-women foot-feet tooth-teeth

（2）在单数名词词尾加-ren或-en。例如：

child-children ox-oxen

（3）复数形式与单数形式相同。例如：

sheep-sheep deer-deer means-means trout-trout

（4）一些外来词仍保留其原来的名词复数形式。例如：

basis-bases thesis-theses analysis-analyses crisis-crises

（5）表示“某国人”的名词的单、复数形式因习惯不同而各异。

①一般以-se或-ss结尾，单复数形式相同。例如：Chinese，Japanese，Swiss，Portuguese等。

②词尾加-s构成复数。例如：German，American，Australia，Canadian，Italian，Belgian，Greek，Hungarian，Swede，Arab等。

③变man为men形式复数。例如：

an Englishman-five Englishmen a Dutchman-four Dutchmen

a Frenchman-three Frenchmen an Irishman-tow Irishmen

（6）部分集体名词即可用作单数（作为整体），也可用作复数（作为成员）。例如：

army 军队audience 听众band 帮，伙class 班级committee 委员会couple 对，双crew 船员crowd 人群

family 家group 小组

3、合成名词的复数形式

（1）若主体词为名词，将主体词变为复数。例如：

son-in-law--sons-in-law 女婿grand-child--children 孙子孙女

（2）若没有主体名词，则在最后一个词后加复数词尾。例如：

go-between--go-betweens 中间人grown-up--grown-ups 成年人（3）以man和woman构成的合成名词，两个构成部分都需要变成复数。例如：

man-doctor--men-doctors 男医生woman-teacher--women-teachers 女老师

一、名词所有格

名词在句中表示所属关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。

名词所有格主要有两种不同的形式：一是在名词词尾加-’s构成；二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多用于有生命的东西，后者多用于无生命的东西。

名词所有个可以表示所属、主谓、动宾关系，还可以表示其他意义，如来源、类别、度量、价值等。

1、-’s属格

（1）表示有生命的名词一般再次为加-’s构成所有格，放在另一名词之前，作定语用。名词所有格的构成方法见下表：

（2）有些指时间、度量、价值、国家、城镇等的名词，也可加-’s，构成所有格。例如：

an hour’s work 一个小时的工作a pound’s weight 一磅的重量

one dollar’s worth of meat 一美元的肉China’s capital 中国的首都（3）复合名词或词群的所有格，在后面的名词词尾加-’s。例如：

her son-in-law’s photo 他女婿的照片

the President of the United State’s car 美国总统的车

（4）如果某样东西为两个人共有，则只在后面那个名词词尾加-’s，如果不是共有的，两个名词词尾都要加-’s。例如：

Jane and Mary’s room 简和玛丽的房间（共有）

Jane and Tom’s books

2、of属格

（1）表示无生命的名词一般与of构成短语，表示所属关系。例如：

the door of room 房间的门the price of the book 书的价格

（2）表示有生命的名词，有时也与of连用，表示所属关系。例如：

the son of my boss 我老板的儿子the death of a salesman 推销员之死3、双重属格

“of 加-’s”形式或“of+名词性物主代词”形式，叫做双重属格，表示部分观念或感情色彩。

（1）表示部分观念。例如：

a portrait of Mr. Brown’s 布朗先生收藏的画像中的一张

a book of mine 我的一本书

（2）所修饰的名词前用指示代词this，that，these，those等修饰，表示情感色彩。例如：

This lovely child of your sister’s 你姐姐的这个可爱的孩子。

（3）双重所有格与of所有格的不同。例如：

He is a friend of your husband’s 他是你丈夫的一个朋友（强调你丈夫的朋友不止一个）

He is a friend of your husband 他是你丈夫的朋友。（强调他对你丈夫的友好）4、名词所有格中的省略现象

（1）名词所有个所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到，后面往往可以省略，以免重复。例如：

This book is not mine，but jack’s 这本书不是我的是杰克的

That is Tom’s brother，not Betty’s 那是汤姆的弟弟，不是贝蒂的

（2）当表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格后面一般省略它所修饰的名词。例如：

The tailor’s 裁缝铺the Green’s 格林家。

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