跨文化考试每单元名词解释及CASE

所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE：

Chapter 1 Culture

Keywords

(1) Culture (from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intelle ctual achievement regarded collectively”（从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。）

(2) Culture (from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and fo r behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human grou ps, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas an d especially their attached values”.（从人类学角度定义文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。）

(3) Culture ( from psychological perspective): culture is the collective programming of he mind which di stinguishes the members of one category of people from another。（从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。）

(4) Culture (from socialogical perspective): Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perc eption—including both verbal and nonverbal language, attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief system s, and behavior. (从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的、基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号、态度、价值观、信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。)

(5) Culture ( from intercultural communication perspective): is the deposit of knowledge, experience, be lief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts o f the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individu al and group striving. （从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。）

(6) Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。）

(7) Subculture：refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic o r social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region. （亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域。）

Subcultures exist within dominant culture ,and are often based on economic or social class,ethnicity,rac e,or geographic region.

(8) Co-culture: refers to groups or social communities exhibiting communication characteristics, percepti ons, values, beliefs, and practices that are significantly different enough to distinguish them from the ot her groups, communities, and the dominant culture. （共文化：指具有独特的交际特征、感知特点、价值观、信仰和行为，区别于其他群体、社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。）

(9) Subgroup: usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily though t of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures d

o. （亚群体：相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。）

Case 2: White Dress Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral i f they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Cult ure is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but w e do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of diff erent colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.

?(6) Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.（文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。）

Case 4: Coconut-skating（用椰油保养地板的方法） Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics o f culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned. People may invent differen t ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learne d this way of mopping from her own culture.

Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication

Keywords

(1) Sender/Source: A sender/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发出者/信息源指传递信息的人。）

(2) Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息指引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。）

(3) Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverba l methods to send an intentional message. （编码：编码指信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。）

(4) Channel/Medium：It is the method used to deliver a message. （渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。）

(5) Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. (信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。)

(6) Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/s he has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。）

(7) Feedback: The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.（反馈：反馈指信息接收者对信息源信息所做出的反应。）

(8) Noise: It is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including externa l noise physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise.（干扰：干扰指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。）

(9) Context: A context is the setting or situation within which communication takes place , including phy sical context, social context and interpersonal context.（语境：语境指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。）

(10) Intercultural communication: It is the communication between people whose cultural perception an

d symbol system ar

e distinct enough to alter the communication event.( 跨文化交际：跨文化交际指的是那些在文化认知和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。)

(11) International communication: it takes place between nations and governments rather than individu als; it is quite formal and ritualized. (国际交流：国际交流是指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际；此种交际非常正式和仪式化。)

(12) Interracial communication: It occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are fr om different races. (跨种族交际：跨种族交际是指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。)

(13) Interethnic communication: It is the communication between or among people from different ethni

c groups in a country or culture.（跨民族交际：跨民族交际是指来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。）

(14) Intracultural communication: it is defined as communication between or among members of the sa me culture.（文化内交际：文化内交际是指同一文化内部的成员之间的交际。）

(15) Communication :is derived from the Latin word communicare,meaning to share with or to make co mmon,as in giving to another part or share of your thoughts,hopes,and knowledge.

Case 12: Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza? This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultura l communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. In Malaysia, where m ost people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirt

y and can not be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American stude nt puts himself in an embarrassing situation. Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception

Keywords

(1) Sensation: It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.（感觉：感觉是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。)

(2) Perception: It is the process by which we become aware of objects, events, and especially people an

d their behaviors through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in th

e interpretation o

f the sensory information. (知觉：知觉是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物、事件、人和人的行为的过程。它是解释感觉信息更为高阶的认知过程。)

(3) Selection: It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and informatio

n around us.（选择：选择是从周围选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。)

(4) Organization: It is the process during which we need to organize and impose structure on what w

e observe in a meaningful way. （组织：组织是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。）

(5) Interpretation: It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.（释义：释义是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。）

Case 16: Different Responses to Noise This case can reflect different culture can give different influence s on human sensation. No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially whe n they come from different cultures. Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with dif ferent way to sense the world. So it is very common for them to have totally different sensations even t owards the same condition. In this case, the German professor and Japanese professor have very differ ent response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their culture s and living habits.

Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers

Keywords

(1) Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feelin

g and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦虑：当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。）

(2) Uncertainty: It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other’s feelings and behaviors i n interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety. (不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。)

(3) Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming from another cultu re are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yo urs than it in fact is. （假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。）

(4) Ethnocentrism: It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s o wn culture.（种族或民主中心主义：是指从本国文化的标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。）

(5) Stereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any obs ervable or believed group membership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）

(6) Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religio n, or sexual orientation.（偏见：偏见是指对于某一特定群体、种族、宗教、或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。）

(7) Racism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status t o individuals based on their race.（种族主义：种族主义是指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任一政策、做法、信仰或态度。） Case 21: A Danish Woman in New York This case can reflect assuming si milarity instead of difference. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to re gard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing thing s: that is “his way”. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alon e, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable i n her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens.

Case 23: Girl-ness This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivale nce, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages. Differe nt cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person. Concerning this case, we shoul

d know what young females call themselves is very different in China from th

e States. In China, "girl" m eans someone who is young and single. In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be calle

d a girl rather than a woman. For most people, "woman" means someon

e who is married and who prob ably is not young. In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted t o be called "women". While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any woman wh o is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alc oholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology became widespread during the "wom en's liberation movement in the 1960s". The term "'girl" is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or di srespectful.

Case 24:An Unfair Decision This case reflects prejudice, which involves an unfair, biased, or intolerant at titude towards another group of people. In this case, Mr. Bias decided to select someone else, instead o f applicant from the country Levadel, for the position. That is just because he holds prejudice towards p eople from the country Levadel.

Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural Communication

Keywords

(1) Verbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds comm unicate with each other by using language.来自不同文化背景的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际

(2) Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary langua ge of the whole people. 方言是某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。

(3) Sociolect refers to variation in terms of social class or style. （社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语风格不同而产生的方言。）

(4) Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as tra ding. 洋泾浜，是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。

(5) When a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent language o

f a region, it is called a Creole. 当有人以洋泾浜为母语，并成为某一地区永久的语言是，它就成为克里奥耳语或混合语

(6) Lingua franca refers to a specific language that is used as an international means of communicatio n. 通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。

(7) Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive a nd impolite. 禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不礼貌行为。

(8) Euphemism is Taboo’s linguistic counterpart because it substitutes the offensive and disturbing voca bulary. 委婉语是替代具有冒犯性的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。

（9）Jargon refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of partic ular professions such as medicine and law. 行话指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药和法律。

Case 25:Success Story One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in thi s case was different notions of what was verbally relevant. In this case, Mary was expecting a much mo re direct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and fel t her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the ans wer to the question. If Mary had been more patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to he r question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms. Goshi ma's comments weren't really relevant to her query.

Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural Communication

Keywords

(1) Nonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words. （非言语交际：不运用言语语言传递信息被称为非言语交际。)

(2) Proxemics: It refers to the study of spatial relations.（时空行为：时空行为对空间关系的研究。）

(3) Kinesics: It refers to gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body positions, body movement, an

d forms of greeting and their relation to communication.（身势语行为：身势语（也称体态语），指手势、面目表情、眼神交流、身体姿势、肢体运动和问候方式以及和他们与交际的关系。）

(4) Chronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.（时间行为：对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。）

(5) Paralanguage: It is the set of audible sounds that accompany oral language to augment its meaning.（辅助语行为：为增强其含义，伴随言语语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统。）

(6) Haptics: It refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact.（触觉行为：指通过身体接触来交流。）

(7) Chromatics: It refers to the study of color use in affecting people’s perceptions, behaviors and impre ssions of others.（色彩学：色彩学指对于影响人们认知、行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。）

(8) Olfactics: It is the study of communication via smell.（气味行为：研究气味对于交流的影响的学科。）

(9) Oculesics: It is the study of communications sent by the eyes.（目光语：对于由眼睛所传达的信息的研究。不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。）

(10) Silence cues affect interpersonal communication by providing an interval in an ongoing interactio

n during which the participants have time to think,check or suppress an emotion,encode a lengthy resp onse,or inaugurate another line of thought.

(11) Attire refers to clothing and physical appearance .it also serves as nonverbal symbols.

Case 33:Are Americans Indifferent? This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns ex ist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cult https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5f9342185.html,pared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressi ons in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune. In this case, because of the different o

pinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her fath er’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future lif e, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese.

Case 36:Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm This case can reflect different cultures have different opinion s to spatial relations. Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciousl y structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have relativ ely close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider bo dy touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual.I n this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly,so he w ouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him, even though Mark fro m Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all.

Chapter 7 Cultural Patterns

Keywords

(1) Cultural pattern: Shared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and th at lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations are known as cultural patterns. (文化模式是指在相对稳定的共有的信仰、价值观、标准和社会实践，这些文化模式在相似的情形下会使人产生相似的行为。)

(2) Context：It is the information that surrounds an event, and is inextricably bound up with the meanin

g of the event.（语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的意义解读具有重要参考价值。）

(3) High context communication: is one in which most of the information is already in the person, whil

e very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part o

f the message. （高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。）

(4) Low context communication: is one in which the mass of the information is vested in the explicit cod

e. （低语境交际是指大量的信息通过明确的语言编码被传递的交际。）

(5) Uncertainty avoidance： deals with the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertaint y. （不确定性规避指某一文化的成员对于不确定性因素的规避程度。）

(6) Power distance： is the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations a ccept that power is distributed unequally. （权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度。） 3. Brief Explanations to the Cases of this Chapter

(7) Belief:a belief is an idea that people assume to be true about the world.

(8) Values:involve what a culture regards as good or bad,right or wrong,fair or unfair,just or unjust,bea utiful or ugly,clean or dirty,valuable or worthless,appropriate or inappropriate,and kind or cruel.

(9) Norms:are the socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors.

(10) Social practices:are the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.

(11) Human-nature orientation:我真的不知道该怎么总结这个概念！大家自己看看吧，在书上P239

(12) Person-nature orientation:consists of three categaries:mastery over nature;harmony with nature;su bjugation to nature.

(13) Time orientation:as far as time orientation is concerned,cultures may belong to 1,the past orientati on;2,the present orientation;3,the future orientation.

(14) Activity orientation:the activity orientation involves three groups:1,the doing orientation;2,the bein

g orientation;3,the being-in-becoming orientation.

(15) Relational orientation:consists of three categaries1,individualism;2,lineality;3,collaterality

(16) Individualistic cultures:give more importance to individuals' needs when they do things such as sett ing goals.

(17) Collectivism:is characterized by a rigid social framework that distinguishes between in-groups and o ut-groups.

(18) Masculine and feminine cultures:

Case 41: Getting Frustrated Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used t o didn't apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him. Much of the busines s done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh, a type of kickback to a middleman (and it is a man), wh o facilitates contacts between potential business partners. The middleman is doing a service and expect s to get paid for it. The more baksheesh the person gives, the more likely it is that the person will succe ed, because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well. Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saud i business community. In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the h and is our best tool for eating. However, they are also concerned with hygiene. They reserve the left ha nd for cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating. Saudis have a number of norms related t o restricting male and female interaction that, within the context of their religious beliefs, make perfec t sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners.

Case 43: The Improvement Does Not Work Following their individualistic orientations, Mr. Patterson an d Mr. Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sal es groups. However, as Park Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which i n turn led to poor performance. In the United States, workers are often motivated by the opportunity fo r promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement. In colle ctivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive tea m. Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures. But cultures are not pure. Me mbers of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultur es may value collectivist ideals. For example, Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individual istic tendencies. In Denmark, individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to established tradition s and customs. Regarding income and social rank, Danes are staunchly egalitarian. At the same time, h owever, Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist and to stand out from the group. In this w ay, Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum.

Case 44:When Shall We Meet For Dinner? Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case. I n the dialogue presented below,Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation. Kelly, from th e United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, come

s from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index.In the dialogue above, Keiko is confu sed by Kelly’s easygoing attitude toward the evening’s plans. Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant c ulture, Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening. Kel ly, on the other hand, is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses. With out a plan, how will Keiko know how to act?

Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on Contexts

Keywords

Communication is not devoid of external influence: all human interaction is influenced to some degree b y the social, physical, and cultural settings in which it occurs. This is known as the communication conte xt. （交际无法脱离外部环境的影响：所有的人类交际都或多或少受到社会、物理和文化场景的影响。这些场景被称为交际语境。）

Case 48:Gift from a Chinese Chinese people love giving gifts. Usually, the value of the gift is an indicati on of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes. Most people giving gifts are concerned abou

t whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough. An inexpensive gift means a loss of face.Dongxie ma y have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager, but most Chinese will take it as somethi ng usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respect.North American companies d o occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provi de. Such gifts are treasured; however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a s mall book, or other tokens.

Case 50:Refuse to Be Treated? In the case just described, the U.S. American medical team system fo r making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuri es or illness. Each person was considered as worthwhile as the next, and so seriousness of injury appea red to be a natural way to determine who was seen first. However, the cultural system working for thos e on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first. Their position, age, and wisdo m demanded respect. For younger members of the community to go ahead of them in a time of crisis w as seen as extremely disrespectful.The conflict centered on efforts by each side to do what they perceiv ed as good and morally responsible. Because the U.S. Americans were in a better position to adapt tha n an entire community that had just suffered great loss and were under extreme stress, it was good tha t they were willing to do so. Sadly, this is not always the case.

Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation

Keywords

（1）Acculturation：It refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the ne w host culture. （文化适应：文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程。）

（2）Assimilation：It is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant c ulture, losing their culture in the process. (同化：同化指一个民族群体的人们逐渐失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的过程。)

（3）Integration: It takes place when some people desire a high level of interaction with the host cultur e while maintaining identity with their native culture. This kind of acculturation is called integration. (文化融合：文化融合指人们在文化适应过程中高度接受新的主流文化，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)。

（4）Separation：When individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated m icrocultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture, th

e mode o

f acculturation is called separation. （分离：分离指人们在文化适应过程中对自己原有文化进行重新肯定认同、保留了原有文化，对新的主流文化及与其相关的微观文化不接受不认可）。

（5）Segregation：It occurs when the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want t he intercultural contact, the separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society.（隔离：隔离当经济和政治上更强大的新主流文化不接受人们与它进行文化接触，人们就会被这种文化隔离在外。）

（6）Marginalization：It occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture o r with the host culture. (边缘化：边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且无法融入新的主流文化。)

（7）Culture shock: It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when enterin g a different culture. （文化冲击/文化休克：文化冲击/文化休克指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。）

（8）Intercultural adaptation: It refers broadly to the process of increasing our level of fitness to meet t he demands of a new cultural environment. (跨文化适应：跨文化适应指人们不断提高自己的适应能力，以期达到新文化环境的需要。)

Case 54: A Fish out of Water This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may br ing him some psychological symptoms. Culture shock is virtually a communication problem which involv es the depressed feelings accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communic ation of the host culture, its customs, as well as its value systems. Culture shock happens when peopl

e have to deal with a huge amount o

f new perceptual stimuli that are difficult to understand and interpr et because the cultural context has changed. In this case, when the American student feels that his fam iliar cues from his native culture is removed, he becomes to reject the new environment and he display s some psychological symptoms due to culture shock.

Case 55: Missing China! This case can reflect reverse culture shock. When people return home after a

n extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock in their native cultu re and they must proceed through the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again. In this case, Joh n, whose comes from Canada, has been living in China for quite a long time and he has got familiar wit h the Chinese culture. Therefore, when he returns to Canada, he cannot adapt well to his native culture.

新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案

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新编跨文化交际英语教程_参考题答案Unit_3

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跨文化交际case参考

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广东专插本管理学

一、单顶选择题 1著有<工业管理与一般管理>一书的古典管理学家是（） A.泰罗 B.法约尔 C.韦伯 D.梅奥 2根据罗伯特卡茨的观点,基层管理者最重要的技能是（） A.技术技能 B.人际技能 C.概念技能 D.领导技能 3有关研究表明，道德发展的最低层次是（） A.原则层次 B.惯例层次 C. 前惯例层次 D.后惯例层次 4下列因素中,不属于全球化任务环境的是（） A.政治体制 B.供应商 C.顾客 D.竞争对手 5把全球作为一个单一的市场,认为不同国家消费者的品味和喜好没有实质性差别而采用的全球化组织模式是（） A.多国组织模式 B.国际组织模式 C.跨国组织模式 D.全球组织模式 6在企业信息化管理发展中,盛行于20世纪80年代的MRPH指的是（） A.开环的物料需求计划 B.闭环的物料需求计划 C.制造资源计划 D.企业资源计划 7在决策的影响因素中,个人对待风险的态度属于（） A.环境因素 B.组织自身的因素 C.决策问题的性质 D.决策主体的因素 8最小最大后悔值法属于（） A.定性快策方法 B.确定性快策方法 C.风险型决策方法 D.不确定型决策方法 9根据计划内容的明确性标准,可以将计划分类为（） A.业务计划,财务计划和人事计划 B.战略性计划和战术性计划 C.具体性计划和指导性计划 D.程序性计划和非程序性计划 10制定处理未来活动的一种必需方法的计划是（） A.程序 B.规则 c.方案D.预算 11制定战略类型的划分,属于成长战略范畴的是() A.收缩战略 B.剥离战略

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跨文化沟通

跨文化沟通 姓名：楚辰玺学号：15120299 案例的选择是一个叫做万里的土耳其学生，是我同学的好朋友，所以平时也有接触。他在中国呆了一年，然后走了，现在又在波兰求学。原来我问他说，为什么要离开中国呢。因他是一个熟练掌握七种语言的人，所以我很佩服他。也很不解。他说因为感觉在中国的生活很难受，感觉自己时时刻刻都很委屈。 后来他给我举了个例子，比如他问中国同学，你想要些什么，或者，你会争取奖学金么，或者是他作为领导问自己的手下，你的目标是什么。而以上种种给他的回答大多是摸棱两可，不置可否。后来我通过《跨文化沟通》一书中的高低语境解答了我的困惑。他的本意只是直来直去，比如他只是想知道自己的手下想要到达一个怎么的高度，或者有什么目标。但是他很直白，不含蓄。所以属于低语境的对话，而中国的文化，众所周知，属于高语境文化，是比较含蓄，委婉。他在这样的环境中会觉得自己是被排挤，被隐瞒的一方，觉得中国的人们不够坦诚，给他的印象很不好。i 我问他对于直接询问、回答和间接的委婉的询问和回答在他看来有什么区别，也就是我们所说的高语境文化和低语境文化。他说为什么不直接说呢？他表示不解，觉得即使说错了或者有冒犯也会得到原谅，不会为人们在意。我觉得这里有着中外文化交流之间冲突的一个矛盾点，中式的对话和交流相处在高语境文化下的重要因素是害怕受到惩罚，或者说有规则的舒服，也就是万里经常说的不自由，我认为是谨小慎微，超出了谨慎的程度，成为了一种惯例。 为了了解外国人与中国人的对话，我要了几张他和中国朋友的对话截图。因为万里是去过三个大洲，25个国家，他像我的朋友发出邀请，说一起去欧洲，我朋友是个女生，然后他说可以住在他家里。当时我还记得我朋友的男朋友很不开心。所以对于在我看来他们的思想和行为都是很自由的。他们更注重个人的发展，而不是集体主义。这个论据的寻求在BBC 的一个纪录片《中国老师来了》。着重体现了英国的教育制度与中国传统的教学制度的不同，比如对于纪律的要求，对于整齐划一的广播操的要求。都体现了在中国的教育体制传输的一种集体主义思想。 他们自己会更注重自己个人的发展，比如万里不舒服就很毅然的离开，他对这里的环境虽有眷恋但是并不可以影响自己的追求，还有他去过25个国家，对于自己的国家也没有很强烈的集体主义感。对于个人的发展要求和对自己的愿望的实现更迫切一些，对于一些对于个人无意义的比如集体的跑操活动，还有课堂上的一些硬性要求，为了培养中国学生的整齐划一的执行能力和集体主义的归属感。 在我咨询万里为什么离开中国，他的陈述中有一个高频词汇“自由”，他认为在中国的各种生活都不自由，在他看来，是一种思想自由和行为自由的不想当。他的想法中，除了早操还有固定的上课模式、固定的强制参加的活动、对于体测的要求等等。 而且在我对于所看到聊天记录的分析，他是一个很会适应当地的生活习俗的人，比如节日，前几天，十二月三十一号晚上，他给我的朋友发了元旦快乐。当时的对话是这样的。万里说：“新年快乐”我的朋友W说：“万里！新年快乐!你那里几点了。我这里11:41了。”万里说：“这里还是四点多，还有很长时间，但在中国已经新年了。”W说：“你能想到我，我很开心的。”万里：“嗯，当然想到你。我们是朋友。”加重语气又说：“好朋友。”这里的好朋友三个字引人深思，我朋友和他的交流的时间并不长，也是之前上过一节课，然后在一个小组，所以有了一定的交流。 在这里我想起上课时结合教材老师讲到的，外国学生对于在学校交流的伙伴，在课后就不管不顾不问候，所以这里有些许的疑问，所以我在询问他，是否真的是这样，对于你们在课

跨文化交际案例 Intercultural Communication—Case Studies

Course: Intercultural Communication—Case Studies Textbook: Self-compiled handouts Objectives: This curricular module prompts students with the salient issues related to intercultural communication (1CC). Its main focus is on discussions of major problems arising from ICC. During the course the students are exposed to a large variety of cases, taken from up-to-date documents. The goal is not only to build up students' knowledge of ICC, but more importantly to increase their cross-cultural awareness. The course intends to be instructive, practical and enjoyable. At the end of this course, the students will be able to 1. deepen their understanding of major ICC principles; 2. become familiar with differences in Chinese and American cultures; 3. experience conflicts and controversies in ICC; 4. enhance their abilities to analyze ICC phenomena; 5. improve their ICC competence. Topic Areas: Values: 1. Friendship 2. Ethics 3. Individualism & self-reliance 4. Privacy 5. Equality 6. Attributes 7. Time & space 8. Competition & cooperation 9. Volunterism & philanthropy Daily life: 1. Lifestyle 2. Family & marriage 3. Entertainment 4. Holidays & travel 5. Art & architecture 6. Science & technology Social life: I. Education 2. Religion 3. Political systems & law 4. Minorities 5. Prejudices &stereotyping 6. Building bridges Assessment: The students will have one assignment for this course. The assignment should center on one of the particular ICC issues covered in the course. They are supposed to address the topic on the basis of theoretical analysis applying the knowledge, principles, as well as strategies obtained during the course. The assignment should run approximately ten pages long, with an abstract, key words and a list of references in the APA format. It must be double-spaced, using Times New Roman (12). Reference: 1. Larry A. Samovar. Communication Between Cultures Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000 2. Dou, RQ, Qian DX, Li BX. Selected Readings in Intercultural Communication Xi‘an Jiaotong University Press, 2004 3. Jia Yuxin. Intercultural Communication Shanghai Foreign languages Education Press, 2003 4. Yao Baorong. Han Qi, Wang Tao. Chinese Society and Culture Shaanxi people‘s Publishing