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人教版高中英语必修二unit5music语法-定语从句(介词+whichwhom)

定语从句（介词+which/whom)

概念引入

This is the reason for which(=why) he left the company. 这就是他离开公司的原因。

Can you tell me for whom you are working? 你能告诉我你现在为谁工作吗?

There are sixty students in our class，all of whom are working hard. 班上有60 名学生，他们都在努力学习。

Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，the price of which was very reasonable.最近我买了一个中国古代花瓶，价格非常合理。

语法讲解

【高清课堂：定语从句—定语从句关联词】，

“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

1). 介词放在关系代词前，关系代词只能用which或whom,关系代词不能省略。

这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？

Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?

在黑暗的街道上，没有任何人能让她求助。

In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.

2). 在限定性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句末尾时，可用that/which(物), that/whom/who （指人）作介词的宾语，且关系代词可以省略。

This is the hero that/who/whom we are proud of.

This is the pen that/which I wrote the letter with.

“名（代）词+介词+关系代词”结构一般在从句中作主语。常用于这个结构的代词有one, both, all, some, most, several, few, a few, little, a little, many, much, none, half等。

Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of which she spoke fluently.

茱莉擅长德语、法语和俄语，这三样她都说得流利。

English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it somewhat differently.

英语是一门被很多不同文化分享的语言，其中的每一种都在某种程度上不同地使用它。She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction of which had taken more than three years.

她领着参观者游览博物馆，它的建造超过三年。

The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city.

这个定居点安置了将近一千人，他们中的许多人离开山村的家，到城市寻求更好的生活。

The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of which were made of small diamonds.

这个男人掏出来一块金表，它的指针是有小钻石组成的。

数词/形容词的最高级+of+关系代词

The company has more than 100 employees, 60 percent of whom are women.

这家公司有超过一百名雇员，其中百分之六十是女性。

She traveled abroad and bought a lot of gifts, the most expensive of which was a diamond.

她在国外旅游，买了很多礼物，其中最昂贵的一件就是钻石。

China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.

中国有数千座岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。

“介词+关系代词+名词”在从句中作状语。

He was born in 1948, by which time the Second World War had been over.

他出生于1948年，到那时第二次世界大战已经结束。

I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized.

我叫错了他的名字，因为这个错误我道歉了。

“介词短语+关系代词”在从句中一般作状语，可以与“介词+ whose+名词”结构互换。

用于此结构的关系代词有which, whom, whose。常用于该结构的介词短语有：as a result of, at the back of, because of, by means of, for want of, in front of, in case of, on account of等。

We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.

我们来到一所后面有一个大花园的房子。

Is there a certain test b y means of which the No. 1 will be decided?

有没有一种考试，通过它能决定第一名。

I went to visit my Chinese teacher yesterday, with the help of whom (with whose help) I got in touch with my classmates.

昨天我去拜访我的语文老师了，在他的帮助下我联系上了我的同学们。

介词的选择

介词的选择主要从以下几方面考虑：

1. 从先行词跟介词的搭配出发

I’ll never forget the day on which we worked together in the countryside.

我不会忘记我们一起在乡下工作的日子。(把the day代入从句后，加on 才构成完整的句子，即we worked together on the day in the countryside)

The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through wh ich we could see what was happening inside the house.

这个聪明的孩子在墙上挖了一个洞，透过它我们可以看到屋里发生的事情。(through which即through the hole)

2. 从定语从句中动词、形容词等对介词的搭配要求出发

Do you know the girl _____ whom the man talked just now?

你认识那个男人刚谈到的女孩吗？(talk后用to, with还是about，则根据先行词、定语从句中的动词talk考虑，此处用with或to比较好）

3. 含有介词的动词短语不能拆开，则不能转化成“介词+关系代词”结构，介词仍然放在动词的后面。常见的这类动词有listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of, look into, break into, get rid of, take part in, make use of, take/catch hold of, catch up with, get along with, look forward to…

The babies whom the nurses are taking care of are very healthy.

护士照顾的那些婴儿们都很健康。

4. 也有些介词不是和谓语动词构成短语关系，而是根据句子的逻辑需要填入的。

For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread our future, of which New York is an example. 对世界上的许多城市来说，没有足够的空间拓展未来，纽约就是其中的一个例子。

Villagers here depend on the fishing industry, without which there won’t be much work.

这儿的村民们依赖捕鱼行业，没有这个行业他们就没有什么活干。

关于定语从句的注意点：

1. “介词+关系代词”后接不定式短语作后置定语，相当于一个定语从句。

He has a knife with which to defend himself.

= He has a knife with which he can defend himself.

他有一把刀子，用来自卫。

2. 当先行词在从句中表示时间、地点、原因时，“介词+which”一般在定语从句中分别作时间、地点、原因状语，这时可以分别用when, where, why代替。（when相当于“at/in/during/on 等+which”；where相当于“in/at/on等+which”；why相当于“for which”）。但若“介词+which”不是作时间、地点、原因状语时，则不能用when, where, why代替。

Last week, I visited London, in which/where I have made several friends.

上周我们去了伦敦，在那儿我们交了一些朋友。

Last year she bought this house, for which she paid her life's savings.

去年她买了这所房子，为此她付出了一生的积蓄。

3. 有几个词虽然不指具体的地点，但它们作先行词时常用where/介词+which引导定语从句。常见的有：situation/ case/ point/ circumstances/ stage/ family等。

I have come to the point where I can’t stand him. 我已经到了不能忍受他的程度了。

He’s got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.

他把自己置于一个危险的境地，很容易失去对飞机的控制。

4. 先行词way引导的定语从句

当先行词是way，意为“方法，方式”时，引导定语从句的关系词有in which, that和不用任何关系词这三种形式。

I don’t understand the way in which/that/（省略）they worked out the problem.

我没法理解他们解决这个问题的方法。

试比较以下两个句子关系词的不同：

The way that/which he explained to us was not difficult to understand.

他们给我们解释的这种方法不难理解。( 关系代词that/which在从句中作宾语）

The way that/in which he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.

他们给我们解释这个句子的方法不难理解。(关系词在从句中作状语，相当于in this/that way）

特殊定语从句：

1. 有些定语从句和先行词之间插入一个词组、短语或别的成分，这称为“分裂式定语从句”。

I have an aunt in London, who I have never seen. 我有一个姑姑在伦敦，我没有见过。

Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with the kids.

我有时间陪孩子们的情况很少。

2. 带有插入语的定语从句。

This is my uncle, Mr. Wang, who, I guess, will help you finish the job in three hours.

这是我的叔叔王先生，我认为他会帮你在三个小时内做完这个工作。

He often helps the students who he thinks are not quick at their studies.

他经常帮助他认为在学习上反应不太快的学生。

Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, which, of course, make all the others upset. 玛丽对杰克比对其他人善良得多，这当然使其他人不快。敬请批评指正

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