精读三unit9 Globalization's Dual Power中英对译

Globalization's Dual Power

1. At the edge of a new century, globalization is a double-edged sword: a powerful vehicle that raises economic growth, spreads new technology and increases living standards in rich and poor countries alike, but also an immensely controversial process that assaults national sovereignty, erodes local culture and tradition and threatens economic and social instability.

在新世纪即将到来之际，全球化是一把双刃剑：它不仅仅是富国和穷国促进经济增长、传播新技术、提高生活水平的一种强有力的手段，还是一个颇具争议的过程，这一过程会侵犯国家主权，侵蚀本土的文化传统，并且威胁到经济与社会稳定。

2. A daunting question of the 21st century is whether nations will control this great upheaval or whether it will come to control them.

21世纪所面临的一个令人畏惧的问题是：究竟是各个国家将控制这一剧变，还是这一剧变将控制它们。

3. In some respects globalization is merely a trendy word for an old process. What we call the market is simply the joining of buyers and sellers, producers and consumers, and savers and investors. Economic history consists largely of the story of the market's expansion: from farm to town, from region to nation and from nation to nation. In the 20th century, the Depression and two world wars retarded the market's growth. But after World War II ended, it reaccelerated, driven by political pressures and better technology.

在某些方面，全球化只不过是一个用来形容一种由来已久的过程的时髦词。我们所说的市场只不过是把买方和卖方、生产者和消费者、储户与投资者联系在一起。在很大程度上，经济史就是市场扩大的历史：先从农场扩大到城镇，之后从地区扩大到国家，再从一个国家扩大到另一个国家。20世纪的经济大萧条和两次世界大战延缓了市场的发展。但是在二战结束以后，在政治压力与先进技术的推动下，市场又得以快速发展。

4. The Cold War, from the late 1940s through the 1980s, caused the United States to champion trade liberalization and economic growth as a way of combating communism. A succession of major trade negotiations reduced average tariffs in industrialized countries to about 5 percent in 1990 from about 40 percent in 1946.

从20世纪40年代后期到20世纪80年代的冷战，促使美国支持贸易自由化和经济增长，将其作为与共产主义斗争的一种手段。一系列的重要贸易谈判使工业化国家的平均关税从1946年的40%左右降到了1990年的5%左右。

5. After two world wars, Europeans saw economic unification as an antidote to deadly nationalism. Technology complemented politics. Even before the Internet, declining costs for communication and transportation —from jet planes, better undersea telephone cables and satellites —favored more global commerce. By the early 1990s, world exports (after adjusting for inflation) were nearly 10 times higher than they had been four decades earlier.

两次世界大战之后，欧洲人把经济一体化看做是对付激进民族主义的一种手段。技术与政治相辅相成。在互联网问世以前，喷气式飞机、更高级的海底通信电缆和人造卫星等技术使通讯和交通成本持续下降，这都有利于促进全球贸易的发展。到了20世纪90年代初期，世界出口总额（排除通货膨胀因素后）几乎是40年前的10倍。

6. Globalization continues this process but also departs from it in at least one critical respect. Until recently,

countries were viewed as distinct economic entities, connected mainly by trade. Now, this is becoming less true. Companies and financial markets increasingly disregard national borders when making production, marketing and investment decisions.

全球化使得这一进程得以延续，但是至少在一个重要方面背离了它。直到最近，国家还一直被看做是独立的经济实体，主要通过贸易联系在一起。现在，情况已经不再完全如此。公司和金融市场在做生产、营销与投资方面的决策时，正逐渐忽视国界。

7. As recently as 1990, governments —either individually or through such multilateral institutions as the World Bank — provided half the loans and credits to 29 major developing countries (including Brazil, China, India, South Korea and Mexico), according to the Institute for International Finance, a banking industry research group in Washington.

据国际金融研究机构（一家位于华盛顿的银行业研究机构）统计，就在1990年，各国政府---要么单独出资要么通过像世界银行这样的多边机构---向29个主要的发展中国家（包括巴西、中国、印度、韩国与墨西哥）提供了一半的贷款和信贷。

8. A decade later, even after Asia's 1997-1998 financial crisis, private capital flows dwarf governmental flows. In 1999, private flows (bank loans, bond financing, equity investment in local stock markets and direct investment by multinational companies) totaled an estimated $136 billion to these 29 countries, compared with government capital flows of $22 billion, according to the institute.

十年后，甚至在1997到1998年的亚洲金融危机之后，私人资金流超过了政府资金流。根据该机构的统计，在1999年，私人资金流（银行贷款、债券融资、当地股票市场的股本投资以及跨国公司的直接投资）流向这29个国家的总额估计达到了1360亿美元。相比之下，政府资金流仅有220亿美元。

9. Meanwhile, multinational companies have gone on an international acquisitionbinge. In the first half of 1999 alone, the value of new cross-border mergers and acquisitions passed $500 billion in both advanced and developing countries.

与此同时，跨国公司掀起了国际收购狂潮。仅在1999年上半年，在发达国家和发展中国家进行的新的跨国兼并与收购的价值就超过了5000亿美元。

10. The total roughly matched the amount for all 1998 ($544 billion) and was almost seven times larger than the 1991 levels ($85 billion), according to the World Investment Report by the United Nations. The recent takeover struggle between British and German wireless giants — Vodafone AirTouch PLC and Mannesmann AG — is exceptional only for its size and bitterness.

根据联合国发布的《世界投资报告》，这一总额与1998年的全年总额（5440亿美元）大体相当，几乎比1991年的水平（850亿美元）高7倍。最近英国和德国的无线电巨头---沃达丰空中通讯公司和曼尼斯曼公司---围绕收购的争斗仅就其规模和激烈程度而言就是前所未有的。

11. Behind the merger boom lies the growing corporate conviction that many markets have become truly global. By trying to maximize their presence in as many nations as possible, companies seek to achieve economies of scale —that is, to lower costs through higher sales and production volumes —and to stay abreast of technological changes that can now occur almost anywhere.

这个兼并狂潮使公司经营者越来越坚信许多市场已经真正实现全球化了。公司通过努力在尽可能多的国家扩大影响以谋求实现规模经济---也就是说，通过提高销售量和生产量来降低成本---并且要跟上当今几乎无处不在的技术变革。

12. In addition, companies increasingly organize production globally, dividing product design, component

manufacturing and final assembly among many countries.

另外，公司越来越多地在全球范围内组织生产，并把产品设计、零部件生产和最后组装分散到许多国家进行。

13. But it is not just multinational companies, seeking bigger sales and profits, that drive globalization. Governments do, too. In Europe, the relentless pursuit of the "single market" is one indicator. This reflects a widespread recognition that European companies will be hard-pressed to compete in global markets if their local operations are hamstrung by fragmented national markets.

但是，推动全球化进程的并不仅仅是追求更高销售额和更大利润的跨国公司。政府也对这一进程起到了推动作用。在欧洲，对”单一市场“的不懈追求就是一个标志。这反映了一个共识，即如果欧洲的公司在当地的运营受到支离破碎的国内市场的阻碍的话，他们将很难在全球市场的竞争中取得胜利。

14. Among poorer countries, the best sign of support is the clamor to get into the World Trade Organization. Since 1995, seven countries — Bulgaria, Ecuador, Estonia, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Mongolia and Panama — have joined. And 32 (the largest being China) are seeking membership. There is a belief that global trade and investment can aid economic development by providing new products, technologies and management skills.

在比较贫困的国家中，支持全球化的最佳标志就是强烈要求加入世界贸易组织的呼声。自1995年以来，7个国家---保加利亚、厄瓜多尔、爱沙尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、拉脱维亚、蒙古和巴拿马---已经加入了世贸组织。还有32个国家正在申请加入这一组织。人们相信，全球贸易和投资能通过提供新的产品、技术和管理技能促进经济发展。

15. It's no myth. Countries succeed or fail mainly based on their own workers, investment and government policies. But engaging the wider world economy can help.

这并不是神话。国家的成功与否主要取决于本国的工人、投资与政府政策。但是更多地融入到世界经济中去是会有好处的。

16. Consider Asia. Despite its financial crisis, rapid trade expansion and economic growth sharply cut the number of the desperately poor. From 1987 to 1998, those in the region, including China, with incomes of $1 or less a day dropped to 15 percent from 27 percent of the population, the World Bank estimates.

以亚洲为例。虽然发生了金融危机，但快速的贸易扩张和经济增长大幅度地减少了赤贫人口的数量。据世界银行估计，从1987到1998年间，在这个地区，包括中国在内，日平均收入为1美元或不超过1美元的人口比例从27%降到了15%。

17. Meanwhile, Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa — whose embrace of the world economy has been late or limited —fared much less well. In Africa, for example, the World Bank reckons that 46 percent of the population lived on less than $1 a day in 1998, exactly what the percentage was in 1987.

与此同时，拉丁美洲和撒哈拉沙漠以南的非洲---它们融入世界经济的时间较晚或程度有限---经济发展情况就远不如亚洲国家那么好。例如，据世界银行估计，1998年非洲46%的人口每天靠不足1美元的生活费生活，与1987年所占的比例完全相同。

18. Well, if globalization is so good, why is it also so risky? The answer is that two problems could neutralize its potential benefits.

那么，倘若全球化这么好，为什么它又有这么大的风险呢？答案就是，两个问题可能会抵消它的潜在益处。

19. The first is economic instability. The global economy may be prone to harsher boom-bust cycles than national economies individually. The theory that international trade and investment raise living standards works only if investment funds are well used and if trade flows do not become too lopsided.

首先是经济不稳定。与各国的单一经济相比，全球经济可能容易受到更加严重的繁荣---萧条周期的影响。只有在投资资金得到合理运用，并且贸易也没有严重失衡的情况下，国际贸易与投资可以提高生活水平这一理论才会发挥作用。

20. The Asian financial crisis raised questions on both counts. In the early 1990s, most of Asia thrived because it received vast flows of foreign capital as bank loans, direct investment in factories or stock-market investment in local companies.

随之而来的消费狂潮增加了从欧洲、日本和美国的进口，这促进了这些国家的经济发展。然后，这股狂潮在1997年中期骤然停止。显然，由于”裙带资本主义“、不合理的政府投资政策以及过度乐观的情绪，大量的投资被浪费在无用的工厂、办公楼和公寓上了。

21. The ensuing spending boom in turn aided Europe, Japan and the United States by increasing imports from them. Then the boom abruptly halted in mid-1997 when, it became apparent that as a result of "crony capitalism," inept government investment policies and excess optimism, much of the investment had been wasted on unneeded factories, office buildings and apartments.

亚洲金融危机提出了两个方面的问题。在20世纪90年代初期，大部分亚洲国家的经济繁荣得益于大量的外国资金的注入，如银行贷款，对工厂的直接投资以及对当地公司的股票市场投资等。

22. What prevented the Asian crisis from becoming a full-scale global economic downturn has been the astonishing U.S. economy.

是美国惊人的经济发展才阻止了亚洲金融危机演变成大规模的全球经济衰退。

23. Its relentless growth helped the rest of the world by purchasing more and more of their exports. Since 1996, the U.S. current-account deficit in its balance of payments —the broadest measure of the country's international trade — has more than doubled, from $129 billion to an estimated total of $330 billion in 1999. 美国经济的持续增长有助于促进其他国家的经济增长，因为它需要从它们那里购买越来越多的进口产品。从1996年起，美国国际收支平衡表上的往来账目赤字---衡量一个国家国际贸易最广泛的指标---已经翻了一番多：总额估计从1290亿美元增加到了1999年的3300亿美元。

24. The world economy, as Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers has repeatedly said, has been flying on one engine. The trouble is, as Mr. Summers has also warned, this cannot go on forever.

正如美国财政部长劳伦斯.萨默斯多次说过的那样，世界经济一直是靠一个引擎在飞速发展。萨默斯先生还警告说，问题在于这种情况不可能永远持续下去。

25. The great danger is that the world has become too dependent on American prosperity and that a slowdown or recession — reflecting a decline in the stock market, a loss of consumer confidence or higher interest rates — might snowball into a international slump.

巨大的危险在于这个世界变得过分依赖美国的繁荣，以至于一旦美国经济出现减速或衰退---反映在股市的下跌、消费者信心的丧失或利率上调---就可能像滚雪球似地发展成为国际性的经济衰退。

26. By economic forecasts, Europe and Japan are going to do better. In 2000, the European Union's gross domestic product will grow 2.8 percent, up from 2.1 percent in 1999, according to projections by the

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris.

根据经济预测，欧洲和日本的经济发展势头将会更好。另据总部设在巴黎的经济合作与发展组织预测，欧盟2000年的国内生产总值将从1999年的增长2.1%上升到增长2.8%。

27. Japan is projected to grow 1.4 percent, the same as the OECD is predicting for 1999 but a big improvement from the 2.8 percent drop in 1998. If the forecasts materialize— and the OECD's growth estimates for Japan exceed most private forecasts — they will restore some balance to the world economy and relieve fears of a global recession.

预计日本的国内生产总值将会增长1.4%，这与经济合作与发展组织对其1998年经济下滑2.8%而言，已经是一个很大的提高了。如果这些预测能够成为现实---经济合作与发展组织对日本经济增长的预测超过大多数个人的预测---它们会使世界经济恢复某种平衡，并消除人们对全球经济衰退的担忧。

28. Asia and Latin America can continue to recover without relying solely on exports to the United States. But until that happens, no one can be certain that Asia's financial crisis has truly ended. It remains possible that abrupt surges of global capital, first moving into Asia and then out, will have caused, with some delay, a larger instability.

亚洲和拉丁美洲的经济不用单纯依赖对美国的出口就可以持续恢复。但在经济复苏之前，没有人能确定亚洲金融危机已经真的结束了。仍有可能出现全球资本的突然激增，先涌入亚洲再流出，这会在一段时间之后造成更大的经济不稳定。

29. Globalization's other problem is political, cultural and social. People feel threatened by any kind of economic change — and change from abroad naturally seems especially alien and menacing.

全球化所引起的其他问题是政治、文化与社会方面的。人们对任何经济变革都会感觉到威胁---来自国外的变革自然看起来特别陌生和吓人。

30. The street protesters at the Seattle meeting of the World Trade Organization in early December may have lacked a common agenda or even a coherent case against trade. But they accurately reflected the anxiety and anger that globalization often inspires. So do European fears of genetically modified food or nationalistic opposition to cross-border mergers.

12月初，在世贸组织西雅图会议期间聚集在街头的抗议者们可能没有一个共同议程，甚至连一个反对贸易的清晰的理由也没有。但是他们准确地反映出了全球化经常会引发的焦虑与愤怒。欧洲人对转基因食品的恐惧心理或民族主义对跨国兼并的反对也是这种情绪的反映。

31. What is local and familiar is suddenly being replaced or assaulted by something that is foreign and unfamiliar. And even if trade helps most people, it will usually create some losers. In the United States, workers in some high-cost industries —steel and autos, most conspicuously —suffered from intensified import competition.

当地熟悉的事物突然间被外来的、陌生的事物所取代或冲击。即使贸易会对多数人有帮助，通常也会使一部分人蒙受损失。在美国，从事某些高成本行业的工人---尤其是钢铁业和汽车业---就在激烈的进口竞争中蒙受损失。

32. Just because globalization is largely spontaneous —propelled by better communications and transportation — does not mean that it is inevitable or completely irreversible. Governments can, in subtle and not-so-subtle ways, shield local industries and workers against imports or discriminate against foreign investors. If only a few countries do, their actions will not matter much. Global capital and trade will go where

they are most welcome and productive. Indeed, it is precisely this logic that has persuaded so many countries to accept globalization. If they don't, someone else will. Judged by their behavior, most governments believe they have more to gain than to lose.

仅仅是因为全球化在很大程度上是一个自然而然的过程，由更先进的通讯和交通助推着---并不意味着它是不可避免的或不可逆转的。政府可以用隐蔽的或公开的方式来保护当地产业和工人免受进口的冲击或对外国投资者区别对待。如果只有几个国家这样做，那么他们的行为影响不会太大。全球资本和贸易会向它们最受欢迎和效益最高的地方流动。的确，正是这种逻辑说服了众多国家接受全球化。如果它们不接受，别的国家将会接受。通过它们的行为来判断，大多数政府认为它们得多失少。

33. But this does not mean that a powerful popular backlash, with unpredictable consequences, is not possible. In a global recession, too many sellers will be chasing too few buyers. A plausible presumption is that practical politicians would try to protect their constituents from global gluts. If too many countries did, globalization could implode.

但是这并不意味着全球化不会引起民众的强烈反对，并产生不可预料的后果。在全球经济衰退时，太多的卖者将会去追逐太少的买者。一个合理的假设就是务实的政客们将尽力保护自己的选民免受全球性供过于求的影响。如果太多的国家这样做，全球化就会崩溃。

34. It's a scary prospect. Economic interdependence cuts both ways. Under favorable conditions, it helps everyone; under unfavorable conditions, it hurts everyone. Globalization's promise may exceed its peril — but the peril is still real. Both await the new century. One of the great dramas will be to see which prevails.

这是一种可怕的前景。经济上的相互依存有利也有弊。在有利的情况下，它使每一个人受惠；在不利的情况下，它又会伤害到每一个人。全球化带来的好处也许会超过它带来的伤害---但这种危害仍然存在。利弊两个方面都在等着这个新世纪。究竟哪一方面会占上风是我们要看的大戏之一。

现代大学英语精读2 unit3单词及释义

Unit3 Glossary annual adj. happening or done once every year apart adv. not together; separate or separately; tell ~区分 arena n. an area of activity that concerns the public, esp. one where there is a lot ofopposition between different groups or countrics竞争舞台 back-breaking adj. (of physical work) Very hard and tiring艰苦繁重的 beet n. a plant with a root that is used as a vegetable, csp. for feeding animals or making sugar甜菜 bind v. to tie or fasten sb./sth. so that they can't move or are held together firmly botanist n. a scientist who studies plants and their structure植物学家 bountiful adj. in large numbers broadcast ad. scattered over a wide area撤播 bunch n. a number of things of the same type which are growing together; a~of一束串… catalogue n. a complete list of items, for example, of things that people can look at or buy cease v. to stop happening or existing chaos n. a state of complete confusion and disorder compensation n. things that make a bad situation better补偿 conceivable adj. able to be believed or imagined可想像的;可信的 conflict n. a situation where there are opposing ideas, opinions, feelings or wishes; a situation in which it is difficult to choose consume v. to use sth. esp. fuel, energy or time; time-~ing耗时的 creature n. a living thing real or imaginary, that can move around, such as an animal

现代大学英语精读2Unit9课后翻译句子答案

Unit9 1.Mr. Lin has always concerned about the desertification. I fully agree with him that this is a serious concern as regard as our environmental protection. 2.The government spokesman expressed deep concern for the two Chinese engineers who were recently taken hostage by the pirates. 3.It is hard to visualize how we can protect the dam from enemy attack. 4.Freedom of religion means not only that people can pursue different faiths. It also means that they the right not to have any religion. 5.We teachers usually meet once every week to compare notes about the teaching. 6.The situation of this area is very delicate. No country should be allowed to do anything to threaten the precarious balance. 7.To be adequate as a translator, we must have a good command of both the foreign language and Chinese. And I consider myself terribly inadequate in this aspect. 8.However we differ in our opinion, we must face the challenge together.

2018年新人教版九年级Unit9单元精选练习题附答案

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