主题句作文
主题句作文
1.写作攻略
主题句作文也可以叫做段首句作文，要求考生将每段所给出主题句分别加以扩展，完成段落，然后由段落组成文章。主题句作文是目前较常用的一种出题方式，它不像一般正规文章那样要求具有开头段和结尾段，一般只给出三句主题句，所以属于一种简单的三段式作文。在写作这种题目的作文时，考生只要正确领悟每个主题句的意思，然后对每段的主题句进行阐述，内容应当展开，可以是对主题句的解释，可以是例证，也可以提供理由或细节。
主题句作文是四级写作中常见的一种作文形式。这是一种控制性作文，旨在控制考生的写作范围，要求考生根据试题中所给的主题句续写一篇完整的短文。在具体写作时要以主题句为线索，因为它是全段的中心，所以具有很强的概括性。要合理安排有关材料或细节，将段落充分展开，并保证各段落在意义上连成一体，形式上互为统一，语气上一气呵成，否则就会偏离主题。提纲作文在大学英语四级考试中，近年来出现的较多的是带提示的命题作文。考试卷上给出作文题目，并附有写作提纲（或提示），要求考生根据提纲（或提示）对命题展开讨论，在规定的时间内写出一篇作文。
常见的提纲作文有两种：一种是中文提纲（例1）；一种是英文提纲（例2）。
如：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about TV and
Education in three paragraphs. You are given the topic sentence of each paragraph and are required to develop its ideas by completing the paragraph. You should write at least 120 words and remember to write clearly on the Answer Sheet.
TV and Education
1. TV is playing a more and more important part in education today.
2. But the problems with TV today are also growing more and more serious.
3. Some suggestions have been put forward in attempt to solve this problem. My Most Favorite Program
例2：Directions: You are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition in no less than 100 words on the topic “My Most Favorite Program”. You should base your composition on the following outline given in Chinese.
1．我最喜爱的电视（或广播）节目是…
2．这类节目的内容和特点
3．我喜欢它的原因
例3：
Where to live--in the City or in the Country?
Directions: You are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition in no less than 100 words on the topic “Where to Live--in the City or in the Country?” You should base your composition on the following outline given in English.
OUTLINE:
1．Conveniences of the city and attractions of the country;
2．Disadvantages of both;
3．My Preference.
这类作文应试程序和技巧与设段首句式作文的应试程序和技巧有相同之处：试题本身提示出了每一段的主题。但也有不同之处：提示不等于设段首句，考生必须根据提示的主题草拟出每段的首句，然后加以扩展。下面谈谈写这类作文必须注意的几点：
1．认真研究提示。仔细而认真地研究提示是写好提纲作文的关键。只有理解了提示的含义，才有
可能抓住要点，明确主题，有效地组织与主题有关的素材。
2．写好每段的首句。首句可以说是这类作文段落的主题句。在理解提示含义后，就要抓住主题，草拟各段的主题句（设首句）。首句写的好坏，直接影响全文。如果某一段的句首偏离提示要求，段落的扩展就会偏题，整篇文章的扣题和连贯都会受到影响。另外，写首句时要注意句意的完整，不可将提示中的词组或短语直接作为首句。如：Conveniences of the city 不是一个完整的句子，是不能作为首句用的。对考生来说，中文提示容易抓关键，但难以拟写英文首句。例如作文题为：Make Our Cities Greener 的中文提示为：1. 城市绿化的现状。有的考生就被“绿化”或“现状”这两个词难住，于是就出现了这样的首句The present state of greenization 。显然，这并不是一个句子，其主谓成分不全，只是只言片语，不能作首句。另外，greenization 是考生自编词，属于用词不当。所以，根据提示可以拟定这样的首句：Much has been achieved in the afforestation
of our cities。（或The afforestation of our cities is far from satisfaction. ）这样不仅满足
了提示的要求，也有利于后面内容的扩展。
3．注意段落间的连贯。每一段的提示各有一定的独立意义，但是，段落之间有着不可分割的联系。作文要考虑文章的整体性，各段之间要注意衔接。如：作文题目为Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports。其提示为：
1．运动的积极因素；
2．运动的消极因素；
3．你的体会。
当这篇作文的第一段写完后，就要注意如何使第二段的首句与第一段的内容有机地相接，可以拟出这样的首句：On the other hand，there are some negative aspects in sports. 还要注意第三段的首句与第二段的内容有机地相接，写出这样的首句：In my opinion，therefore，we should…….也就是说，在写作文时要充分注意首句承上启下的作用。
4．要避免中文式英语。中文提示并不意味着要用中文打草稿，然后汉译英。中文提示能使人较容
易抓住关键。一旦理解了主题，便应该做到用英语思维，这样才能用英语正确地进行书面表达。要避免用汉语打草稿，然后再逐字翻译成英语的不妥做法。其实，英语写作和汉语写作一样，都是由确定主题，选择材料，安排结构以及语言表达四个环节所组成。主题和材料属于内容，结构是对内
容的组织。一个大学生写出120词左右的短文，不至于在这三个环节上遇到多大的困难。目前普
遍存在的问题就是用汉语思维，然后将思维的结果用英语转述出来，而很多的错误就出现在这两种语言转换的过程中。所以一定要用英语思维。在对主题句进行展开时，考生要学会如何取舍，有的观点见解独到或是非常精彩，但是在表达时会有问题，考生本身的英语水平可能无法把这个观点表达清楚，这时应该果断地放弃这一观点。因为考试要考生展现的是语言水平而不是思维的深度，考生在写作时应该尽量少暴露自己在语言上的不足。
我们在写主题句作文时应按下列步骤进行写作：
1. 仔细阅读指令，明确写作题目及其它要求。
2. 仔细推敲主题句。
主题句是段落的主导思想，是作者要加以说明，论证或描写的中心。因此在做主题句作文时，一定要仔细推敲找出所要阐述、说明或论证的重点，然后围绕主题句展开想象，进行论证、说明或描述。有些考生见到文章的
主题句后，不善于分析，而是马上动笔写，结果写出的文章语无伦次，不深不透。还有的考生则是看过第一段的主题句后便顺势写下去，结果把三段的内容写在一段里，这都是不可取的。
3. 找出支配全段的主导思想。
分析主题句要找出支配全段的主导思想。支配思想对全段起统帅作用，并决定全段的发展方向。如以上三段各主题句中的支配思想分别为“more and more important part”，“more and more serious”，和“solve this
problem”。
4. 选材和拟定提纲。
准确、全面地理解了文章的主题后就可以根据主题句确定要写的基本内容以及表现这一内容的材料，并拟定写作提纲。选材时，要准备分别用二、三个事实对主题加以论述，说明或描述。
5. 段落写作。
考研英语作文一般由几个自然段组成。文章中的句子和段落均为文章的中心思想服务，形成一个有机的整体。好的段落必须是意思完整，语义连贯，完全体现文章主旨中心，同时又是层次分明，结构严谨，逻辑关系应用合理的。
段落
1、的组成：一个段落由三部分组成：
（1）主题句:点出段落的主题（文章谈论的是什么）。
（2）扩展句:说明和支持主题。
（3）结尾句:得出结论。
2、段落的主题
一篇文章有中心意思，也就是题目。而每个段落有段落主题，段落主题是为文章中心思想服务的。每个段落只能有一个主题（central idea），它用一个句子加以表达，所以称为主题句。主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明，称为扩展句。最
后得出一个结论，并用一个结尾句表达。
主题句
写好主题句
定义：主题句为一个完整的句子，用以概括、叙述和说明该段的主题。
位置：主题句一般位于段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，这样较易掌握和构思。例如：位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主题句。开门见山地提出问题，后面的扩展句围绕主题句加以说明、支持、补充和解释；位于段尾：主题句位于段尾便于总结全段的内容，给读者以深刻的印象，是写作中的一种演绎方法；位于段中：位于段中的主题句起承上启下的作用，这类主题句多起转折作用，一般由“but,however, yet, anyhow, nevertheless”等词连接，用于引起下文；无主题句：有的段落中无主题句，段落的主题思想通过文章内容来提示，这种方法能促使读者对文章内容进行思考和分析，但考生一般不宜在考试中采用这种方法。
主题句和中心思想：
1.主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子；
主题句应该做到句子完整和表达的主题思想完整；关键词是直接表达主题的词汇，它决定段落的内容和展开的方法，引导整个段落的发展。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例：
My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don't argue with parents; they will
think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they will think themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Don't argue.
主题句中提出的＂certain rules＂指的是什么？展开句中通过四个＂Don't argue---" 逐一加以交代。从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句（即本段中的末句）。
1、主题句的特点
拟写主题句是写好一个段落的关键，从而构成一篇结构严谨、主题突出的佳作。一个好的主题句应具备以下几个特点：（1）含有controllingidea.所谓controlling idea是指作者的态度。它可以是句子中的一个单词、一个词组或者一个句子，从而使段落始终围绕一个主题进行。如：Students have different reasonsto choose their own electives （2007年12 月四级作文题What Electives to Choose）。句子划线部分即为句子的controllingidea.（2）引出段落主题即topic.段落主题是指这一段落是关于什么的。它同时既要有一定的范围和概括性又要范围宽窄适度。我们可以看出，段落主题句的写法很有讲究。段落主题句的作用是要告诉读者该段的主题思想，该段将围绕这个主题思想逐步展开、定义、论述、分类、解释和举例说明等。所以，段落主题句必须包含一个主导思想，这是一个等待发展的思想，也是段落的主旨所在。同时，段落主题句不能写得太笼统，也不能涉及面太窄。一个段落的容量是有限的，如果主题句限定范围太宽，其内容就无法在一个段落中阐述清楚。如果限定范围太窄，又不利于段落的发展。段落主题句所限定的内容必须符合段落写作的目的，有利于段落的铺开和抒发。
2、主题句的位置
段落主题句不仅写法很有讲究，其位置安排也是很有讲究的。主题句的位置不是固定不变的，段落主题句可以出现在段首、段尾和段中。
1．1 主题句的位置
（1）主题句在段首
大多数段落的主题句位于段首，这类段落属于演绎式段落，也是学生常用的一种方法，即主题句+ 支撑句的模式。使用这种方法的好处在于学生能够较好的把握全文的结构，有助于确定段落的主线，使各个支撑句围绕段落主题自然展开，保持段落的一致性与连贯性。使用这种模式写起来比较容易接受，也不容易跑题，更容易领略全文的主旨
（2）主题句在段尾
主题句在段尾，可以使语气或气氛逐渐加强，并产生悬念。在这种段落中，通常先把论据、材料、细节逐渐展开，最后，自然而然的归纳出主题。这种段落属于归纳式段落，即由结尾的主题句总结本段的主旨，即支撑句
+ 主题句的模式，这种模式比较有文采，但是对于中国学生，尤其是初学者而言，不容易把握。
（3）主题句在段中
主题句在段中，即支撑句+ 主题句+ 支撑句的模式。这种写作方法对于学生而言，是最难把握的一种，所以建议学生在考试时不要采纳这种模式，它的困难之处在于不好把握主题，也不利于主题句的展开。尽管段落中
所有的句子都很重要，但是从写作的角度看，段落中主题句是最重要的，因为它表达了本段的中心内容或思想。
好的主题句有助于作者集中说明某一个主题并且控制写作范围，也便于支撑句的展开。就中国学生的思维模式
而言，在四级考试的写作中，还是采取主题句在段首的方式较好。
总之，主题句是作者思维的起点，扣题的准绳，阐述的对象，也是读者叩开阅读理解之门的钥匙，它对确保段落主题突出有举足轻重的作用，因此在英语写作中我们要对主题句引起足够的重视。主题句通常放在段落的开
端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者
迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。
但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。
例1 Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made
life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications,
carrying goods ---everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and
buy and sell.
这段文字所讲的主要是能源问题。第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。而随后出
现的三句都是具体事例，对第一句进行说明和论述。我们可以断定第一句为该段的主题句（斜体部分）。
例2 （主题句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. （推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on
our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展
句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and
have classified all our little weakness.
1．2 如何写好主题句中的关键词
段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。关键词要尽量写得具体些。1）主题句要概括一定内
容，不要空泛，否则扩展句将难以说明和支持它；
对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。
在上面的例1，例2中，主题句的关键词分别为：depends very much on energy; no one can avoid being influenced. 我们再看下列例句：
原句1: He can fix a bicycle himself.
字体部分应为主题句中的关键词。但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是
用因果关系法还是用分类法？
修正：He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps.
修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.
原句2: She tries to improve her looks.
斜字体部分应为主题句中的关键词。她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法
从关键词中清楚得知。
修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks.
修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks.
写好主题句是写好一个段落的前提，具体地说，主题句是概括段落中心思想、反映作者写作意图的一个概括性的句子，是段落的核心所在，它通常由主题和限制性陈述两部分组成，作为段落传递信息的出发点，简单扼要地告诉读者段落的线索和范围。主题句必须清晰准确、决不能含糊。在近几年的四级作文中，基本都是主题句+ 支撑句的模式。如果主题句不明确，就无法表达全段的中心思想，达不到主题句统帅全段的目的，甚至会使考生在四级作文考试中出现严重偏差，而影响整个考试的成绩。试比较以下的两篇习作。第一段文字主题分散，给人以不知所云、没有重点的感觉；第二段文字第一句就是主题句，开篇明义，放在段落的开头，开门见山地点明主题，使读者很容易抓住写作主线：My father loves his children.
写好推展句
1 主要推展句
主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。
例1：(主题句) There are several factors affecting climate. (推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (推展
句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.
主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。第一种是太阳光的接收量，第二种是海拔高
度，第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。
2.2 次要推展句
次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某
几个推展句。
例2：(主题句)I don't teach because teaching is easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late
I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because I'm always nervous before I enter the classroom, sure that I
will be found out for the fool that I am. (次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach, because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.
从属于主要推展句2的三个次要推展句起着解释说明作用，分别解释red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach的含义，这就更加形象生动地证明了"teaching is not easy" 这个主题。
2．3 主要推展句与次要推展句的关系
主要推展句与次要推展句的关系(relation)基本可以遵循下面的“三部分”(three-part)规则。
1〕每个主要推展句都应该是对主题句中表示主要思想的关键词的直接、明确的说明。
2〕每个次要推展句都应该说明它的主要推展句。
3〕含有讨论说明或分析的问题通常既要有主要推展素材，又要有次要推展素材。
2．4 写好推展句的方法
主题句及关键词确定后，开始选择和主题有关的信息和素材。实质上，针对关键词测试每一个所选择的素材就是一个分类的过程。有一种常用的方法就是句子展开前加以设问，然后解答，即设问－解答(why-because)的方
法。下面我们通过举例来看一看这种分类过程是如何完成的。例3 ：
假设(suppose)
Topic sentence: English is an international language?
设问(why)
Why can we say English is an international language?
解答(because)
Because: English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the
world.
Because: Over 70 percent of the world's mail is written in English.
Because: More than 60 percent of the world's radio programs are in English.
Because: Pakistan was once one of the British colonies.
Because: Many members of the International Language Society are selected from English-spoken countries.
写好扩展句和段落
围绕主题句展开，支持、说明和阐述主题句的句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词而展开，句子与句子之间逻辑清楚，上下转承结合得当，简明扼要，重点突出。一般来说，每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外，还包含了3－6 个扩展句。所以，
写好了扩展句便基本上完成一个自然段落。
做题时，一旦定下了主题和关键词，作者便按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子，句子之间要具有连贯性，就必须由一系列的逻辑
关系构成，例如：并列关系，因果关系，递进关系，转折关系，解释关系，概括关系，顺序关系，让步关系，对照、比较关系，转
换关系等等，这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词（transitional words）来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上
启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结构严谨，因此极为重要。
主题句只是提出了一段的写作中心，要进一步表达思想，就要展开段落。考生在进行段落写作时应注意段落的统
一性和连贯性。段落的统一性（也说单一性）是指每段应只有一个中心思想，段落中所有的句子都围绕中心思想
进行发挥。段落的连贯性是指段落的每一个句子都应按一定的逻辑顺序排列，句与句之间的过渡必须自然，转换
必须顺势，衔接必须紧凑。
段落（paragraph ）是由表达单一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一组句子（包括主题句topic sentence,
推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence）构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位。
参考范文：
TV and Education
TV is playing a more and more important part in education today. Millions of people in China are learning foreign languages through TV. Adults watch TV every day for a great variety of courses. Special English-learning programs are available on TV for preschool children. TV is now quite indispensable in education today.
But the problems with TV today are also growing more and more serious. For example, school children keep watching TV until late at night, leaving little time for school assignment. Watching TV for so many hours a day certainly spoils their eyesight, and makes them less enthusiastic in school studies. What is even worse, so many telefilms and teleplays are about love affairs that a great number of students begin to make friends of the opposite sex or fall in love at a much earlier age than before.
Some suggestions have been put forward in attempt to solve this problem. Parents ought to help children select appropriate TV programs and set up some time limitations. School teachers ought to tell students how to make correct use of TV programs. TV stations should be careful in the selection of movies and plays. Newspapers and journals
参考范文1：
My Most Favorite Program
Nowadays, television is playing a more and more important role in our daily life. There are many
programs on TV every day, most of which are either interesting or instructive. My most favorite
program is “The Animal World”, provided by CCTV every Sunday night.
Born and bred in the city, we can rarely see any wild animals. Therefore, this program serves as a good
compensation. It provides us with natural scenes and the life of all kinds of animals with the narrator’s
life-like explanation. We can get a lot of knowledge about wild animals and some plants. Besides, the
pictures are very beautiful and some of them are very valuable. In my opinion, therefore, it is one of
the mos
t appeal
.必背模版句型
As far as I am concerned,I believe that……
至于我，我相信……
Now it is widely acknowledged that…… But I wonder whether……
目前大家广泛认为……但我觉得……
A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy （groundless）it is.
仔细想想这个问题就会发现它其实毫无根据。
In all the discussion and debate over……,one important fact is generally overlooked / neglected.
在所有就……的讨论中，有一点总是被忽略。
There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First，…… Second ……Finally ……
有很多方法可以使我们保持健康。第一……，第二……，最后……
One of the reasons given for……is that…… What is also worth noticing is that……
关于……的其中一个原因是……，另外……也值得我们注意。
Why are （is / do / did）……？For one thing，…… For anoth er，……
为什么会……？一方面……另一方面……
Taking into account of all these factors，we may reach the conclusion that ……
考虑到所有这些因素，我们可以得出……的结论。
A number of further facts may be added……
这些的例子还可以列举很多……
Television is more than just an electronic appliance;it is a means of expression,as well as a vehicle for communication,and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.
电视不仅仅是一件电器；它是表达的手段和交流的载体，并因此成为联系他人的有力工具。
Television,the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies,marked by rapid change and growth,is moving into a new era,an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility,which promises to reshape our lives and our world.
电视，这项以迅速变化和成长为标志的最普及和最有影响力的现代技术，正在步入一个新时代，一个极为成熟和多样化的时代，这将重塑我们的生活和世界。
The greater the population there is in a locality,the greater the need there is for water,transportation,and disposal of refuse.
一个地方的人口越多，对其水、交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
Adler is correct in his assertion that education does not end with graduation.
阿得勒的这句话很正确，教育不能随着毕业而结束。
With the opening and reform policy being carried out,thousands upon thousands of foreign visitors are crowding into our country. They are eager to see this old mysterious land with a splendid culture of more than 5,000 years.
随着改革开放政策的贯彻执行，数以万计的外国游人涌入中国。他们渴望参观这个有着五千多年灿烂文化的神秘古国。
On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。
There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem;we should take strong measures to deal with it.
无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：我们应该采取有力措施来解决它。
In view of the seriousness of this problem,effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。
3.必背经典范文
Title：The Computer
（1）The computer is a wonderful machine.
（2）Computers play an important role in our life.
（3）However, many scientists don t think that computers will replace human beings completely.
The Computer
The computer is a wonderful machine. The invention of computers has greatly changed the way of our living, and is an important event in human history.
Today it is used a great deal in various fields. Especially, it is useful in automatic control and data processing. And there is great tendency for the use of computer not only in offices but home as well.
Computers play an important role in our life. They can do most of things people can do. They can give you information on buying and selling things. Provide you with suggestion of how to deal with certain illness and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt that people can live much easier with the help of the computers.
However, many scientists don t think that computers will replace human beings completely. No matter how clever they may become, computers are no more that an extension for human brain. It is human being who controls them.
写作主题句
主题句的写作要求 1.完整的结构 Fragment: Teaching a child good manners. Complete: Teaching a child good manners is fun. / Teaching a child good manners is no easy task. (分别以这两句为主题句的段落，其发展方向肯定会不同。) Fragment: The importance of blood. Complete: Blood serves our body in three important ways. 2.明确的观点 Unclear: I know Smith. Clear: Smith has a good sense of humor. Smith is the meanest man I ever know. Unclear: People care about sports. /Sports influence our life. Clear: Sports can keep people healthy and strong. Sports benefit us in many ways. Sports have their negative aspects. Sports sometimes can do some harm to people. 3.具体的内容 General: Electricity is important. Specific: Electricity has become an essential part of modern life. /If there were no electric power, our modern world would be in trouble. 练习： I 选出与下列主题句不符的扩展句： 1.. The sense of humor is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics. A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears. A. There are always different jokes. B. My brother often makes jokes. C. Jokes, despite their differences, have the same humor. D. Whether we find a joke funny or not depends on where we have been brought up. 2.. Retirement gives one a feeling of uselessness. Such a psychological problem often brings physical problems. It is the feeling of emptiness that gradually kills the retired. With retirement there will be a decrease in income. Unless they plan carefully, the retired will get into economic problems. A. The retired are a problem of our society. B. People should not retire until unable to work. C. Retirement can bring many problems for the retired.
作文主题句训练
写作框架训练 好的作文离不开好的框架，为此，我们专门开辟此区供学生练习搭建作文的框架。考生不必写出完整的作文，应先着重锻炼审题能力，根据所给的作文题目搭出作文的大体架构。每个练习的审题时间最好控制在2分钟之内。 练习一 Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading selectively or extensively?You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline.(given in Chinese )below 1．有人认为读书要有选择； 2．有人认为要博览群书； 3．我的看法。 练习二 Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Advantages of Job Interview .You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline.(given in Chinese )below 1．现在找工作一般都要面试，面试者和应试者可以互相了解； 2．面试者可以向应试者介绍情况，如工作性质、条件、待遇等； 3．应试者可通过自我介绍给对方留下最初的印象，如介绍教育背景，工作能力等来表现自信。 练习三 Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic To Be Busy or To Be Idle .You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline.(given in Chinese )below 1．有人认为忙点好，可以让生活充实； 2．有人喜欢悠闲，认为会休息才会工作； 3．你的观点 练习四 Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Teenage Smoking Soars You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline.(given in Chinese )below 1．现在吸烟的青年人越来越多； 2．分析造成这种现象的原因； 3．你的建议。 练习五 Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How to succeed in a Job Interview? You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline. (Given in Chinese) below 1．面试在求职中的作用； 2．取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是--- 参考答案
英语写作技巧学习：主题句
英语写作技巧学习：主题句 I. 用于文章主题句 1. ……是不可能的，无法…… There is no Ving =There is no way of Ving. =There is no possibility of Ving. =It is impossible to V. =It is out of the question to V. =No one can V. =We cannot V. 例：不可否认，成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 2. 不用说... It goes without saying that 子句 =(It is) needless to say (that)子句 =It is obvious that 子句 =Obviously, S. + V. 例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 3. 我深信…… I am greatly convinced (that)子句 =I am greatly assured (that)子句
例：我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种……之中 Among various kinds of ..., ... =Of all the ..., ... 例：在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5. ……是很容易证明的 It can be easily proved (that)子句 例：时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 6. ……无论如何强调都不为过 ... cannot be overemphasized 例：交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。 The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 7. ……就我的看法……;我认为…… In my opinion, ... =To my mind, .... = As far as I am concerned, .
英文写作指导——练写段落主题句topic sentences practice
Topic S entences: P ractice Read t he p aragraphs b elow. T hey a re m issing a t opic s entence. W rite a t opic s entence t hat introduces t he m ain i dea o f e ach p aragraph. *Note: Y ou d o n ot h ave t o u se a s imile o r m etaphor, b ut s ometimes t hese a re g ood w ays t o write i nteresting t opic s entences. ____________________________________________________________________. Who takes care of you? Who supports you? Who sees you grow up? Family is very important. My family has six people: my grandma, my parents, myself, and my two brothers. My grandma loves me very much. When the weather is cold, she always tells me to wear more clothes. Although I often argue with my brothers, they will give me support when I need it. My parents have taken care of me since I was born. My definition of family is an organization which is full of love. ____________________________________________________________________. When you travel to Europe, you can visit many different countries, such as England, Spain, Germany, and Greece. Many different languages are spoken in Europe, and the cultures of the countries are all unique. Also, the weather in Europe varies a lot. Countries in the north are very cold, and you can go skiing. In the south, there are beautiful beaches, and these are popular places for vacations. As you can see, Europe is a very interesting place with different kinds of people and many possibilities. ____________________________________________________________________. Her name is Mrs. Graham, and she not only teaches music in my school, but she is also a friend to all of her students. In class, she teaches us to love music, and she introduces us to different songs and styles of music. She taught me to play the piano and violin, and I am sure that I will enjoy playing these instruments for the rest of my life. Mrs. Graham often tells interesting stories in class, and she always helps us or gives us advice when we have problems. Mrs. Graham is more than just a music teacher, she is like a star in the sky.
英语写作之主题句
Definition of Topic Sentence ★ 1866 年,Alexander Bain 首次提出英语段落主题句的概念为“a collection of sentences with unity of purpose” ,即主题句统领段落的主题,决定了段落的一致性。 ★根据Brooks and Warren ,主题句是“a kind of backbone ,a spine ,which supports the body of the paragraph and around which t he rest of the structure is formed” ★一般说来,为了保证段落的统一性,每个段落应有个中心思想(central idea) ,这是写作者要表述的主题思想。在大多数情况下段落的中心思想是由主题句表述的。起提纲挈领的作用。 ★在对语言的掌握得心应手的作者手中,主题句可以应用自如,不用主题句也可以使段落中所有的句子统一、连贯,中心思想突出、明了。但是“In the hands of the less experienced writer ,this controlling idea had better be expressed in the first sentence. ” Composition of Topic Sentence ◇主题句一般由两部分构成: ( 1) 主题( Subject)和( 2) 关于该主题的观点或态度。也就是说, 一个恰当的主题句不仅讲述某一主题, 同时还应阐明作者对该主题的看法或者态度, 而这种看法就决定了什么内容可以放在该段中。所以, 有的修辞学家也把主题句称作“支配性思想”。 ◇例如:( 1 ) Smoking cigar ettes can be an expensivehabit.该句作为一个段落的主题句, 由两部分组成:“Smoking cigaret tes”是主题, 而“an ex pensive habit”则表明作者对该主题的看法或态度, 这种看法决定了只有与“吸烟浪费钱”有关的内容才能放在围绕该主题句展开的段落中。而吸烟引起的其它问题, 比如危害健康或污染环境, 则不能放进去。 The Place of Topic Sentence ◎人们一般认为, 主题句可以放在段首、段中、段未, 甚至可以隐含在文中。这种观点实际上缺乏对主题句重要性的认识。 ◎根据Wesbster 's New World Dictionary 的定义, 主题句是“一个段落或篇章一部分的主要句子, 提出( 段落的) 主要思想, 通常位于段首, 尤其适用于说明文体”。 ◎根据对美国出版的Reader's Dig est 和T imes 的两本期刊中的100 篇短文的调查，其中仅有2 篇短文主题句较为模糊, 而68 篇的主题句位于段/ 文首, 其余30 篇已经将段落的主题句升格为小标题。由此可见, 主题句在英文段落和篇章写作中占有相当重要的地位。 Characteristics of Topic Sentence ⊙一个好的主题句应该具备三个主要特征, 或者说有三个功能. [1] 对文章走向的前瞻性。 [2]对文章结构的支配性, [3] 对作者的制约性。 ⊙前瞻性(predict) 好的主题句应能前瞻文章总的走向是否有前途,并暗示作者应提供什么样的细节、论据、事例等以对主题加以展开或者论证。如果主题句为:Horses are bigger than rabbits. 马比免的个儿大, 显然是毫无前途的, 因为任何读者都是不会对这个连三岁小孩都明白的道理感兴趣的。而且, 除了孤零零的主题句外, 作者还能写什么呢?当然,这只是个非常极端的例子, 借以说明类似的主题句只能使文章走进死胡同。 ⊙下面再举几例主题句 In our country, pop stars are greatly admired. Automobile accidents cause many injuries and deaths. College students in dorms are restricted by hours regulations.
任务型写作指导与训练.doc
任务型写作篇章结构 (1)标题。(有时不一定要求拟标题) (2)第一段：用一两句话概括所给短文内容要点，约30词。建议控制在25-35词之间。 (3)第二段： 议论文——过渡词引出主题句——自己的观点——例证，约100同。 记叙文一一过渡词+与阅读文章主题相同但情节不同的故事，约100词。 (4)第三段：即总结句，套语配名言来进行点题，要前后呼应，三位一体，约30词。 以上结构模式仅供参考，下列两点却是非常重要的： (1)概括一般单独一自然段； (2)发表看法或议论时，依照试题所给内容要点木身的顺序，原则上每个要点单独写一个自然段，这 不但保证写作内容覆盖所有写作点，而且层次清晰，让阅卷老师一目了然；若其中两条逻辑关系特别紧密，也可用一个自然段来表达。 任务型写作模板 The passage mainly tells us about. It talks about and , which is. As far as I am concerned, I think that . B ecause. Take myself for example, I experienced such a thing that many years ago, 1 . As the old saying goes, “In a word, we should and . （每段有主题句，整篇要有中心思想，忌各段“各白为政”。） 概括的形式：“主题句+支撑句”即“主题+主题的什么”。 文体主题句支撑句 议论文文章论点(一句)文章论据(两三句) 记叙文故事的写作目的/主题(一句)故事大意(两三句) 说明文说明的对象/观点/现象解释/分述 tart舰 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 Habits, whether good or bad, are gradually formed. When a person does a certain thing again and again, he is driven by some unseen force to do the same thing repeatedly, and then a habit is formed. Once a habit is formed, it is difficult, and sometimes impossible to get rid of. It is therefore very important that we should pay great attention to the formation of habits. Children often form bad habits, some of which remain with them as long as they live. Older persons also form bad habits lasting as long as they live, and sometimes become ruined by them. There are other habits which, when formed in early life, are of great help. Many successful men say that much of their success has something to do with certain habits in early life, such as early rising and honesty. Among the habits which children should not form are laziness, telling lies, stealing, copying homework, disliking hard work, hating cooperating with others, wasting, smoking and so on, which are all easily formed habits. We should keep away from all these bad habits, and try to form such habits as will be good for ourselves and others. 【写作内容】
英语四级作文万能句式之主题句
英语四级作文万能句式之主题句 I. 用于文章主题句 1. 不用说... It goes without saying that 子句=(It is) needless to say (that)子句=It is obvious that 子句=Obviously, S. + V. 例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。 It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. ……是不可能的，无法…… There is no Ving =There is no way of Ving. =There is no possibility of Ving. =It is impossible to V. =It is out of the question to V. =No one can V. =We cannot V. 例：不可否认，成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 There is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3. 我深信…… I am greatly convinced (that)子句=I am greatly assured (that)子句 例：我深信预防是于治疗。 I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种……之中
Among various kinds of ..., ... =Of all the ..., ... 例：在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。 Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular. 5. ……是很容易证明的 It can be easily proved (that)子句 例：时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 6. ……无论如何强调都不为过 ... cannot be overemphasized 例：交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。 The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 7. ……就我的看法……；我认为…… In my opinion, ... =To my mind, .... = As far as I am concerned, . =I am of the opinion that 子句 例：就我的看法?打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。 In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health. 8. (A) 每个人都知道…… Everyone knows (that)子句 (B) 就我所知…… As far as my knowledge is concerned, ... 例：就我所知，下列方法对我帮助很大。
读写任务主题句的7种模式
读写任务主题句的7种模式 一、.直接回答要点 写作要点是询问考生的看法时，对提问直接作出回答。 假如你处在那些动物的处境,你会有什么反应？ If I were an animal in the wildlife park, I would feel unhappy when people keep taking photos with me.(subjunctive mood) 你理想中的大学生活是什么样的？ As for me, the ideal college life is wonderful/relaxing. 1.假如没有清洁工，环境会变得如何？（13年广东高考读写任务要点2） Nobody could imagine what an bad environment we would live in if there were no cleaners. (subjunctive mood) 2.上文使你想起哪位对你帮助最大的老师？（12年广东高考读写任务要点1） This passage reminds me of my Chinese teacher, Mr. Li, who helped me a lot. 二、表明立场或发表看法 明确表示对某观点支持、或反对；或表明对某事物的看法。 你认为是否应该禁止游客和动物拍照。(2009年广东高考读写任务要点3) I believe that taking photos with animals should be banned. 你对用金钱鼓励孩子学习的看法。(2010年广东高考读写任务要点1) 表示支持或赞同： I agree with the idea of using money to encourage kids to get good marks. 表示反对或不赞同： I disagree with the idea that people use money to encourage kids to get good marks. 1.写作要点：对作者写感谢信这种习惯的看法。 明示观点：如：我高度赞扬作者写感谢信的习惯。 I think highly of the author’s habit of writing thank-you letters. 2.写作要点：你怎样看待老师对学生的影响？（12年广东高考读写任务要点3） 摆明观点：如：我认为，一个好老师在学生的成长中起着重要作用。 译成英文：From my own experience, I can safely draw a conclusion that a good teacher plays a really important role in students’ lives. 三、重述要点 不直接回答写作要点，而是翻译要点作为段落主题句。 例1：描述清洁工工作的艰辛。（13年广东高考读写任务要点1） There is no doubt that what a cleaner does is harder compared with any other jobs in the society. 例2：在生活中谅解他人有何重要意义. From the story, I learn that understanding and forgiving others plays an important role in our life. 1.要点：建设绿色校园的重要性。 There is no doubt that it is very important to build a green campus. 2.要点：中学生活和大学生活的差别. As we all know, the college life is widely different from the middle school one. 四．总述原因 人们在参观动物园时为什么喜欢和动物拍照 (2009年广东高考) 重述：人们在参观动物园时是喜欢和动物拍照.
高三作文整体训练(教师版)
高三作文整体训练 一篇好作文的标准: 思路清晰、思想深刻、语言精彩 《说文》曰:?耻,为恥的俗字。?? 恥 ,辱也,从心,耳声。?《集韵》曰:? 恥 ,从辱。?《孟子》曰:?人不可以无恥?。《广韵》曰:? 恥 ,惭也。?《六书总要》曰:? 恥 ,从心,耳会意,取闻过自愧之意,凡人心惭则耳热面赤是其验也。?可见, 耻的含义与?心?、?耳?、?闻?、?惭?等有关。 孔子说:?知耻近乎勇。?实践证明,人们如果能知道?羞耻?、?耻辱? ,知道?错误?、?惭愧? ,人们就能够发奋、勇猛、精进。 “ 耻” 这个问题, 还和时代发展、经济水平、社会风气、民族文化等等有着密切的联系。 请以“… 耻?的感悟” 为题,自选角度,写一篇作文, 不少于 800字,除诗歌外文体不限。 耻的感悟 泱泱华夏,五千年的文明灿若星河。知进,知退, 知难,知易,知聚,知散……在众多文化的积淀中, 最重要也是最核心的一条就是——知耻。 耻,辱也,过也。而知耻,不仅早已渗透到每一个炎黄子孙的一言一行中,还是中华文化中不可或缺的一环,更是推动中华文明的不竭动力。 可以说,知耻,才有了中华文明智慧而坚忍的精神内核。 知耻,是日常行为的准则。早在《孟子》中, 就有?人不可以无耻?之言。?老吾老以及人之老?是荣,人人景仰。?诲淫诲盗?是耻,人人唾弃。试想,一个人若是做了耻辱之事,家人白眼、朋友冷遇、邻人鄙夷, 每一个人心中自有一杆?知耻?的秤,那
么即使这个人再心如铁石,恐怕也不得不对自己的行为做一番检省。慢慢地,何可为何不可为,何该为何不该为,一颗知耻的心自会判断,而?知耻?两个字,也会渐渐体现在日常行为的一点一滴之中,也才有了?温柔敦厚?的中华文明的基本构架。 由个人而国家,知耻则构成了中华文明精神最重要的内涵。名将岳飞以靖康之难山河沦丧为耻,将一腔热血抛洒疆场,三十功名,全部写进慷慨悲歌的爱国传奇。反观秦桧,不但不以偏安半壁江山为耻,反而厚颜无耻地苟安求和,甚至以?莫须有?的罪名杀害了岳飞, 结果如何?历史自有公断:?青山有幸埋忠骨, 白铁无辜铸佞臣。?西湖边岳坟墓边的字迹历历如新。知耻的岳飞唱响了中华民族爱国精神的最强音, 而恬不知耻的秦桧,则永远被钉在历史耻辱柱上。情随境迁,随着时代不断发展, ?知耻?也被赋予了更新的内涵,也引导着中华文化不断向前。古以冒进为耻,今以墨守为耻;古以异端邪说为耻,今以抱残守缺为耻;古以不守成规为耻,今以不思进取为耻。光阴荏苒,耻的含义不再囿于忠、节、孝、义,而是拓展到诚信、助人、环保、革新等方方面面, 情随境迁, 随着时代不断发展, ?知耻?也被赋予了更新的内涵, 也引导着中华文化不断向前。古以冒进为耻,今以墨守为耻;古以异端邪说为耻,今以抱残守缺为耻;古以不守成规为耻,今以不思进取为耻。光阴荏苒,耻的含义不再囿于忠、节、孝、义,而是拓展到诚信、助人、环保、革新等方方面面, ?知耻?也相应渗透进社会生活的每个角落:知耻则奋发,知耻则后勇, 知耻则节约,知耻则有勇气有力量在面对他人无耻的行为时大声喊出?不! ?因为知耻,中华文明才变得更丰富,更有内涵,更有准则,或者换个说法,更?文明?。 耳听而知,既知而止。?耻?字本身既已充分说明了它的意义。伟大的中华文明创造了?耻?字, 而?耻?字又教导炎黄子孙懂得了?知耻? ,知耻而仁,知耻而勇,知耻而义,知耻而不为人之所能为,知耻而为人之不敢为。 知耻,构筑了中华民族的行为准则;知耻,孕育了中华文明不屈的精神内核;知耻,让中华文明经过五千年的繁衍发扬之后,依然熠熠生辉。 因此,当我门再论起璀璨的中华文明,请别忘了在那些令人目眩的辉煌背后隐隐写着的两个大字——知耻。
找主题句的方法
找主题句的方法：用浏览法(skimming) 快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息。找主题句的四个小窍门： (1)段落中出现表转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，该句很可能是主题 (2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 (3)作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨;反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 (4)表示总结或结论的话常有therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等。典型例 From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people...Often, we try every way possible to avoid showing our weakness...But only when we stoppretending we're brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness that's in them. 30.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A.A Wheelchair Experience. B.Weakness and Kindness. C.Weakness and Strength. D.A Driving Experience 解析：主旨大意题。在第一段中，出现了表转折的But...可知，“But I have found that my weakness brings out the kindness in people”便是主题句，再根据第二段最后一句可以确定，这句的确是主题句。又因标题要简明、醒目，故选B。 答案：B 1.(2013年高考)Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear.Children know this very well. Fred Epstein，in his book If I Make It to Five，tells a story he heard from one of friends about Tom，a fouryearold boy with a cancer in his back bone.He came through several operations and a lot of pain by mastering his imagination … It doesn't mean that you should dress as a superhero for you next job interview. But，next time you are tested in a way that seems impossible, imagine what it would take to overcome it. Become the person you need to become to win over your challenge and do it in your mind first. So，let your imagination run wild，and dare to dream. 30.What is the purpose of the passage? A.To tell us an interesting story. B.To help us make right decisions. C.To advise us to care about children. D.To encourage us to use our imagination. 解析：主旨大意题。由文章首句Imagination and fantasy can play an important role in achieving the things we fear和全文末句So, let your imagination run wild, and dare to dream可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是鼓励我们运用我们的想象力。 2..Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move
如何写好主题句
如何写好主题句 2007年高考以来读写任务的“写作内容”都是三个要点, 三个要点最好依次用三个段落来写, 每个段落前最好用一个主题句, 这样做既不会漏掉要点，不会离题，又显得层次清楚，能让阅卷老师一目了然。 段落的主题句其实就是一句过渡的话, 用来表达观点(赞成或反对)或引出类似的经历，使上下文衔接得更加紧密。 ◆主题句的定义：段落主题句就是全段的核心，统帅全段，并决定全段的发展方向。全段其他句子都是围绕主题句，对其进行说明、支持或扩展的，这些句子称作“扩展句(supporting sentence)”。 ◆主题句的模式： 1.说出感受 （1）你读信后的感受（2012广州一模） I appreciate what you say and sorry to have caused you so much worry.I’m also touched that ..... (2) 你读完这个故事后的感受 After reading the passage,I was deep in thought ..... (3)你读完这篇演讲稿后的感受（2011广州一模） After reading this speech, I felt really sorry for the student who ....... 可以套用的模版： 1.After reading the passage,I was shocked and at the same time I felt sorry for ...... 2. After reading the passage，I'm really moved and learn a lot from ..... 3.From the story, we learn that ....... 4.I was deeply moved by........ It made me realize ......... 实战演练： （1）Tom来信说他现在学习压力大，请谈谈你读信后的感受。 （2）吴菊萍挽救了一个从10楼掉下来的2岁女婴后被评为“最美妈妈”，请谈谈你对此的感受。. 2.引出经历 （1）讲述一次想家的经历（11广东） Like Sam, each of us may have the experience of missing our family, me included. （2）. 你或你同学的做兼职的经历。 This reminds me of an unforgettable experience of my part-time job. I once had an experience of doing a part-time job in a summer vocation . (3)上文使你想起哪位对你帮助最大的老师（2012年广东高考） After reading this story，it suddenly reminds me of my respectable teacher Miss Wang，an English teacher who always carries a big smile on her face. 可以套用的模版： 1.The story reminds me of ...... 2.The story reminds me of my personal experience. 3.Taking_the_example_of_me,_I think it's not bad for Chinese parents to learn to be a little “westernized”！ 以我为例，我认为中国父母适当西化也是不错的事情。 4.There_are_some_examples_in our daily life, among_which_is the wasting of water.