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对英语语言学定义中的系统性_图文(精)

第７卷第４期２００８年７月

漯河职业技术学院学报

ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＬｕｏｈｅＶｏｃａｔｉｏｎａｌＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ

Ｖ０１．７Ｎｏ．４

Ｊｕｌ．２００８

对英语语言学定义中的系统性

分析及其应用研究

张荣凡

（河南职业技术学院，河南郑州４５００００）

－争??争?夸??｝?＋?÷??争?—争?—争?—争?争?夺??争??争??｝?夺?辱??—争啼?争?—｛，?÷＿争－＋?÷?÷??争?夺??争?夺?÷?牵??｝?÷?÷??争?夺?夺?夺?夺??争?幸?争?寺－?争??争??｝?｛－??争?摘要：本文拟从英语的语言学定义、语言是任意的有声的符号系统出发，对其系统性作些分析，并结合当前英语教学的实际情况，着重研究了解英语的系统性的特点对学习英语的启示和帮助。

关键词：英语；系统；词性；功能中图分类号：Ｈ０文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：１６７１—７８６４（２００８）０４—００９４—０２

．?摹?｛¨．夺?６?．?｝?．各?．｝?—争?÷?夺?．—｝??§??｝??｝?．｝?夺．ｔ｝?．ｔ｝??｝?．ｔ｝?．ｔ｝??各－—｝?扫?Ｅ｝?．ｃ｝?扫．—｝?—ｔ｝??§??｝??｝?÷??｝－?．ｔ｝

?．ｔ｝??ｃ｝??｝??｝－?争?÷??｝?－４｝＇－－．４ｂ?．ｔ｝??—｝?．—｝??｝?＋?

语言是思维的外衣。语言是反映人类认识客观世界的方式和对客观世界的认识。语言的定义反映了语言最基本的特征。关于语言的定义，目前为大多数语言学家所接受的

是：Ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｉｓ

ｍａｎ

ａ

进行描述。这在英语的旱期阶段表现得非常明显：形容词的

性、数、格的变化取决于它所修饰的名词的性、数、格的变化。

因此，通过各种各样的形容词的帮助，使人们能对同一类事物加以个体的区分。在对一个名词进行陈述时，人们如果一直重复说出这个名词就会产生累赘感。如一个人先说；“Ｉ

ｂｏｕｇｈｔ

ａ

ｓｙｓｔｅｍｏｆａｒｂｉｔｒａｒｙｖｏｃａｌｓｙｍｂｏｌｓｕｓｅｄｆｏｒｈｕ－

ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．英语的语言学定义为：英语是任意的有

声的符号系统。作为一种高度发达的语言，英语的系统性，

有声的和任意的特征在语言应用中表现得非常明显。因此。

ｂｏｏｋ

ｙｅｓｔｅｒｄａｙ．”他如果接下来说：“Ｔｈｅ

ｂｏｏｋｉｓｉｎｔｅｒ－

ｅｓｔｉｎｇ．”听者还无所谓，但如果他接下来的陈述中还要重复

“ｔｈｅｂｏｏｋ”．“ＴｈｅｂｏｏｋｉｓｗｒｉｔｔｅｎｂｙＭｒ．Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ．”“Ｔｈｅｂｏｏｋｉｓｗｒｉｔｔｅｎｉｎ

对英语的基本词类构成以及对以基本的词类为基础，复杂的英语句法是如何再次体现英语的系统性的分析，有助于提高

英语学习者学习英语的效率。

Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ…”听者会因“ｂｏｏｋ”太多而听得不舒服，

说话人也会重复过多。因此需要用一个简单的单词来代替它。在这样的情况下。代词的出现就是为使话语简洁，避免不必要的重复。从构词法上看代词ｐｒｏｎｏｕｎ：ｐ∞一“代替”、ｎｏｕｎ一“名词”。代词的基本功用一目了然。

名词和名词之间不是一直作为单个独立存在的．名词和名词之间有各种各样的关系存在着。介词的出现正是为了实现这种链接的需要。作为一种虚词，介词的主要功能就是

表示前后名词之间的关系，如我们可以通过ｉｎ，ｏｎ。ｕｎｄｅｒ，

下面试具体分析一下英语的基本词类和句法系统的

关系。

一、第一个基本的子系统：名词及以其为中心的其他词类构成的子系统

在英语中名词是一种很重要的实词。这一点可以从哲

学上找到其依据。唯物主义认为：世界是物质构成的。作为

认识的主体，人在认识客观世界时，首先要对客观事物命名，只有这样才能对具体的或抽象的事物进行描述。这就是名词产生的根源。随着人类认知的发展，人们需要区分同一概念下的同类事物的不同个体。由于同类事物是在同一个概念下——即同一个语义场中，因此通过上下义词只能区分类名词而不能把同一个事物的各个个体区分开来。也就是说，名词的细致区分不能依靠名词来进行。为了适应名词细致区分的需要，形容词——名词的修饰词应运而生。分析英语的

ｂｅｈｉｎｄ，把ａｂｏｏｋ和ａｄｅｓｋ的位置关系说清楚。因此，介词在体现名词之间关系方面的作用十分重要。再分析介词的示“位置”。Ｐｒｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ的最初含义即是“置于一个位置（名

词表示的词或词组）之前的词”。所以又有语法学家叫它

构词法：ｐｒｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ：“ｐ舻”表示“前”的前缀，“ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ”表

“前置词”。在英语教学及学习中，对介词的基本功能的理解十分重要，因为作为一种虚词，介词本身没有太多的词汇意义，它更多的体现的是一种关系。作为介于词中的词，它的词汇意义要受相邻的实词的限定。因此，同一个介词出现在

不同的词前面。它的具体意义也就不同。如：ｉｎ在ｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ。

ｉｎｐｅｎ。ｉｎｓｕｍｍｅｒ，ｉｎ

ｂｌｕｅｓｈｉｒｔ，ｉｎｓｏｍｅ

形容词的构词方式：ａｄｊｅｃｔｉｖｅ，ａｄ一。表示“加予一上”的前缀，－ｊｅｃｔ为词根，表示“说出，拿出”——ｉｖｅ表示名词后

缀，它的构词说明形容词的最初的功能就是对事物的性质、

ｃａｓｅ中的含义分别

大小、颜色、新旧的区别，意即形容词的基本功能就是对名词

为“用…语言”，“用…工具”，“在…时候”。。穿…”，“在…情

收稿日期：２００８—０１—１８

作者简介：张荣凡（１９７０一），女，河南职业技术学院讲师，高级职业指导师。

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第４期

张荣凡：对英语语言学定义中的系统性分析及其应用研究

９５

况下”。所以。介词的词义很灵活，在遇到含有介词的句子时，要从介词的邻近词推断其意义。

人们对名词的描述不仅包括性质、形状、颜色、大小等，还包括对数量的描述。由于客观世界中的具体事物是个体组成的整体，我们日常生活运用的只能是整体中的个体或部

分。冈此，如果没有数词的帮助，实际运用中的话语不能表达确切的含义。交换或交易等商业行为更无从谈起。因而，

数词的功用也是对名词进行描述和限定。在这个意义上，数

词又叫做数量词或数词性形容词。如：（ｂｕｙ）ｔｈｒｅｅｂｏｏｋｓ，（ｂｕｉｌｄ）ｆｉｖｅｈｏｕｓｅｓ。（Ｉｔ’Ｓ）ｓｉｘ０’ｃｌｏｃｋ中。ｔｈｒｅｅ。ｆｉｖｅ，ｓｉｘ都

起的是对其后的名词的数量上的描述作用。

概括起来。在以名词为中心的子系统中。形容词、介词、

代词遵循一定的规则发挥不同的功用。至于冠词，它的出现较晚，是为了帮助人们区分所说的事物是有定的还是无定的。根据英语史上的说法，不定冠词ａ。ａｎ和ｏｎｅ是同源词，ｔｈｅ则和ｔｌｌｉｓ，ｔｌｌ砒同源。因此，冠词也是对名词进行限定

的词。

值得注意的是。并不是所有的名词都能找到它需要的形容词。为了解决这个问题，人们首先使用形容词性的分词短语，不定式短语、甚至形容词性的从句来对名词进行修饰。

如：ａ

ｄｅｓｋｍａｄｅｏｆｗｏｏｄ，ａｈｏｕｓｅ

ｔＯ

ｌｅｔ。ａｂｉｒｄｉｎｔｈｅｔｒｅｅ，ｔｈｅ

ｍａｎｗｈｏｉｓｔａｌｋｉｎｇｗｉｔｈＭｒ．Ｂｌａｃｋ等。后来，为了达到语言简

洁的目的。人们开始把某个名词转化为形容词去修饰另一个

名词，于是出现了越来越多的名词作定语的现象。如：ｐａｐｅｒ

ｆｌｏｗｅｒ，ｓｔｏｎｅｈｏｕｓｅ，ｂｏｙｆｒｉｅｎｄ。ｗｏｍａｎ

ｄｏｃｔｏｒ等。二、第二个基本的子系统：动词及以其为中心的子系统

唯物主义哲学指出。世界是物质的，物质是运动的。因此，以名词和动词为两大依据，英语的句法结构分为主语部

分和谓语部分。主语部分提出客观世界的一个现象——抽

象的或具体的。以名词或名词性的词组来表示，谓语部分——由动词组成的结构加以说明。

物质的运动包括绝对运动和相对静止。因此，英语的动

词相应地分为动态动词和静态动词。动态动词表示明显的运动，有过程的特点。因而有进行式。静态动词表示感觉、所属、存在等不明显的运动，一般不用进行式。另外，有些动词必须有其运动的目的，就是说这类动词需要一定的物来承受

这个动作，因而是及物动词。有些动词本身意义完整，它表

示的动作只能及于自身，而不需要其他的承受者，即是不及

物动词。

同一个运动也有轻重，缓急之分。因此，剐词ｕａｄ?

ｖｅｒｂ．ａｄ－－“附加”——于“ｖｅｒｂ”一动词，它的最基本的功能就

是对动词加以修饰。试举一例：如果有三人同时在一个地方

走（ｗａｌｋ），通过ｓｌｏｗｌｙ，ｆａｓｔ和ｌｅｉｓｕｒｅｌｙ的修饰作用，ｏｎｅ

ｉｓ

ｗａｌｋｉｎｇｓｌｏｗｌｙ，ａｎｏｔＩＩｅｒｉｓｗａｌｋｉｎｇｆａｓｔ，ｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄ

ｉｓｗａｌｋｉｎｇｌｅｉ－

ｓｕｒｅｌｙ。我们很容易辨别出三种不同的ｗａｌｋ。动词本身的复杂性，加上副词的位置的灵活性，就使动副结构这个子系统

在运用中很复杂。

三、对英语学习的启示

在语言的学习和应用中，初学者甚至中级程度的学习

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者。由于不能从整体的角度，即从英语的语言学的定义中的系统性出发来认识这门语言，因此经常犯词类搭配不当的错

误。从系统的角度出发，对英语的基本词类的主要特征及其

在英语语言的系统中的主要功能做些分析，有助于了解英语的特点，并在学习中得到启迪和帮助。

对英语的系统性的了解，同样有利于高级英语学习者。英语的学习过程是一个从简单到复杂的过程，即从简单句基本结构的学习到复合句的复杂结构学习的过程。复杂的句子是在简单旬的基础上扩大的。因此，各种从句只不过是某一个句子成分的扩大化、复杂化而已。由于名词可做主语、宾语、表语和同位语。因此就有相应的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从旬这些较复杂的结构来表示一个名词的含义。对一个复杂的长句的理解，首先就是找出其基本的结

构，然后再根据旬中词类之间的相互制约关系找出各自的修饰成分。这样，理解上就不会有偏差。

对系统的了解有助于解决困扰多数中等程度以上的英语学习者的难题，即非限定动词的用法。从英语的系统性中

我们知道，英语句式中．谓语是用动词表示的。如果一个动词没有相应的名词形式来作主语或宾语，在具体的使用中，它必须改变自己的形式，即变作动名词或不定式。虽然动词

的这两种变化形式仍保留有动词的特点——可以有自己的

宾语。可以被副词修饰，但它同时也是失去了动词的基本特征——做谓语动词。不定式的词性不再是动词，这就给了它

很大的活动空间，除去不能用作谓语动词，它可以灵活地用

作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。同样，动名词由于具有名词性，可以作主语，可以作动词宾语。可以作表语，还可以作介词宾语。

再看分词，分词是从动词中分化出来的起形容词或副词

作用的词，这个特点决定了分词的功能主要是对名词或动词

起修饰作用，在旬中做定语或状语。如：Ｉ

ｇｅｔ

ａｎ

ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇ

ｂｏｏｋ；Ｗａｌｋｉｎｇｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅ

ｗｏｏｄｓ，ｗｅｈｅａｒｔｈｅｂｉｒｄｓｓｉｎｇｉｎｇｈａｐ－

ｐｉｌｙ。由于基本上失去了动词的特点，分词除了不能在句中

用作谓语外．也不能像不定式和动名词一样用作主语或宾

语。非限定动词只有在句子中运用时才存在。它们是一种变化形式。而不是基本词类。

综上所述，可以看出，英语学习者应该按照英语的本来面目来学习，从语言的系统性的角度出发，这样才能从宏观上来把握这门语言。从而在学习中取得事半功倍的效果。

参考文献：

【１］王振昆，谢文庆．语言学教程【Ｍ］．北京：外语教学与研

究出版社。１９９９．

［２】何兆熊，梅德明．现代语言学［Ｍ］．北京：外语教学与研

究出版社。１９９９．

［３】张维友．英语词汇学［Ｍ】．北京：外语教学与研究出版

社．２０００．

［４］李基安．现代英语语法［Ｍ］．北京：外语教学与研究出版

社．２０００．

［５］徐克容．综合英语（二）［Ｍ］．北京：外语教学与研究出

版社，２０００．

［责任编辑宋占业］

英语语言学词汇汇总

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英语语言学讲解

《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。

三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时学分：4学分六、教学内容：第一章绪论本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。

2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案

英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6b16812808.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6b16812808.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6b16812808.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6b16812808.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18

英语语言学名词

现代语言学一绪论 1 Linguisitics: 语言学Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: 语音学The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants 元音、辅音、声调、重音以及节奏、音变 3 Phonology: 音韵学The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. For example, phone, phoneme, and allophone. 4 Morphology: 形态学The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. For example, boy and “ish”---boyish, teach---teacher. 5 Syntax: 句法学The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. For example, ”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: 语义学The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example: “The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried. The seal could not be found, The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 同义词、反义词，同音词 7 Pragmatics: 语用学The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. For example, “I do” The word do means different context.在特定情景中的特定话语，研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。 8 Sociolinguistics: 社会语言The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. For example:regional dialects, social variation in language.

英语语言学框架知识中文版

一、绪论语言学的定义语言学的研究范畴几对基本概念语言的定义语言的甄别特征 What is linguistics 什么是语言学 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。 The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学 \Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data. Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high" written language Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: （1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution （2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing （3） speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use Competence and performance 能力与运用 Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users' knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication What is language 什么是语言 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication Characteristics of language: 语言的特性 Language is a rule-governed system Language is basically vocal Language is arbitrary （the fact different languages have different words for the same

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx

英语语言学一、名词解释第一课 l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind? 2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community? 3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. ^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2Deep structure 深层结构：Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D? structure? 4.Surface structure 表层结构：Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 LReference 指称：Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experienee. 2.Homonymy 同音异义：Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both? 3?Hyponymy 上下义关系：Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word? 第六课 l.Pragmatics 语用学：Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

《英语语言学》术语(英汉对照)表

语言学术语（英-汉对照）表 Glossary and Index (备注：因教材改版，部分章节标注等内容有出入。) A abbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1 Abercrombie 10.3.2 ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1 abstractness 抽象性1.3.2 accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5 accuracy 正确性11.6.4 accusative 宾格4.1.1 achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3 acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1 acquisition 习得6.1.2 acronym 缩略语3.3.1 action process 动作过程12.2.3 actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3 addition 添加3.3.2 address form 称呼形式7.2.3 addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1 addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1 adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2 adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3 adverb 副词3.1.2 affix 词缀3.2.1 affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1 affixation词缀附加法7.1.4 affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1 agreement 一致关系4.1.3 airstream 气流2 alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6 allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1 allophone 音位变体2.8 allophonic variation 音位变体2.8.3

英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案

英语语言学期末考试试卷第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt. D. and the details are acquired by instinct 4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. allophone C. phoneme D. sound 5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. free D. word-forming 6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. A. obligatory B. optional C. selectional D. arbitrary 7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________. A. Grice B. Plato C. Saussure D. Ogden and Richards 8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A. utterance B. reference C. predication D. morpheme 10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A. a perlocutionary act B. a locutionary act

语言学(第五版) 笔记重点

第一章 1.What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication 2.Design features of language ①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings) ②Duality（二层性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. ③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. ④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication. (p7) 3.Functions of language ①Informative(信息功能): to give information about facts. (ideational) ②Interpersonal(人际功能): to establish and maintain social status in a society.(age, sex, language, background, accent, status) ③Performative(施为功能) : language is used to do things, to perform certain actions. (name, promise, apologize, sorry, declare) ④. Emotive/Expressive(情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. ⑤Phatic communion(寒暄交流) : to use small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factual content. (health, weather) ⑥Recreational function(娱乐): the use of language for sheer joy. (lyrics, poetry) ⑦Metalingual function(元语言功能): to talk about language itself. 4. What is linguistics? Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 5. Important distinctions in linguistics Descriptive & prescriptive Synchronic & diachronic Langue & parole Competence & performance 6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describe and analyze linguistic facts or the language people actually use (modern linguistic) Prescriptive(规定性)—lay down rules for“correct and standard”linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar:“never use a double negative”) 7.Synchronic study(共时)—description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study (历时)—description of a language as it changes through time (historical development of language over a period of time) 第四章 1．What is Syntax（句法）? Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc

英语语言学一、名词解释第一课共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. 任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled morphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories. structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure. structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 第六课语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something.