英语读写课练习答案汇总

I 试用名词化结构英译下列句子。

(1) 食用烤肉、熏鱼或腌鱼，饮酒，以及缺乏镁和维生素A，都可能是胃癌的病因，但尚未证实。（consume, deficient, postulate）

Consumption of barbecued meals, smoked or pickled fish, and alcohol and deficiencies of magnesium and Vitamin A have been postulated but unproven as causes of gastric cancer.

(2) 临床上怀疑有食管癌，应立即进行食管X线摄片。（lead to, esophagogram）

The clinical suspicion of a cancer of the esophagus should lead to an immediate esophagogram.

(3) 辐射作为一种致癌因素，在癌症形成中的作用已被充分证明。（important, develop, document）

The importance of irradiation as an etiologic factor in the development of cancers has been well documented.

(4) 术中确定有无腹腔积血，并记录手术诊断。（present, absent, hemoperitoneum）

At surgery the presence or absence of hemoperitoneum was verified and the operative diagnosis was recorded.

II 采用后置定语英译下列句子。

(1)目前还没有疗效相同、危险性又较小的同类药物。

No other drug is available at present that can produce the same therapeutic effect with less risk.

(2)本文未提及感染的种类。

No mention was made of the kinds of infection in this paper.

(3)还有许多问题需要进一步研究。

Many specific problems remain which will require further study.

(4)治愈某些癌症的方法业已找到。

Ways have been found to cure some cancers.

Title

优化以下标题

1. Retinal arteriolar changes are an indicator of coronary artery disease

Revised:Retinal arteriolar changes as an indicator of coronary artery disease

2. Preliminary experience in using high dose of methotrexate to treat ALL

High dose methotrexate therapy in acute lymphocytic leukemia

或：Use of high dose methotrexate in (the) treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia

3. A research of the relationship between the content of potassium in diet and blood pressure Dietary potassium and blood pressure

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/72931651.html,e MRI to conduct an in vivo study on the enlargement of the pituitary gland during

normal pregnancy

Pituitary gland growth during normal pregnancy: An in vivo study using magnetic resonance imaging

5. A preliminary study on the problems, causes and countermeasures in health and epidemic prevention work of CPLA

Military health and epidemic prevention: Problems, causes and countermeasures

6. A case report of SLE appearing pancreatitis and review of literatures

Pancreatitis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): A case report and review of the literature

7.Is stethoscope a potential source of nosocomial infection?

Stethoscope: a potential source of nosocomial infection?

8. Investigate the relation between atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease in the elderly: an analysis of pathological data of 509 cases

Atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease in the elderly: an analysis of pathological data of 509 cases

Abstract I 练习

1.指出下列摘要中的各项内容（background/objective, method, result, conclusion）

To construct a reference range of SpO2 values in healthy preterm infants using a simple data logging device. 【目的】Thirty three healthy preterm infants were monitored for a continuous period of 4 hours at rest using an Ohmeda Biox 3700 E Pulse Oximeter and an electronic data logger (Rustrack Ranger). Stored data were downloaded and saved as individual files on a personal computer. 【方法】The study group median and 5th and 95th percentiles were used to construct a cumulative frequency curve of time against SpO2 value, representing the normal reference range of SpO2 profiles in healthy preterm infants.【结果】Comparison of an infant’s SpO2 profile against this curve may be more helpful in guiding supplemental oxygen treatment in that individual than a figure for a mean SpO2 and its standard deviation. 【结论】

2.将下列内容按照背景/目的－方法－结果－结论的次序编成一篇摘要。

(1)Incidence of lung cancer in exposed workers ranked the first place, with an SMR of 2.648, as

compared with that of non-exposed workers. Incidence of lung cancer in the dust-exposed workers with a longer duration of employment was significantly higher than in those with a shorter one. Incidence of lung cancer in exposed workers with a wet operation mode was lower than that in those with dry-operation mode.

(2) A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 16711 workers exposed to dust and 7598

non-exposed workers.

(3)Malignant tumor, especially lung cancer, occurred more frequently in the workers exposed to

dust, which could be a potential risk factor contributing to carcinogenesis.

(4)To investigate incidence of malignant tumor in workers exposed to dust in a mine during the

past 30 years.

4 2 1 3

Abstract II 练习

(一) Write the conclusion with the words and phrases provided

1.showed; population characteristics; little association; under the UK; with the quality of

primary medical care; incentivised (刺激的); medical services; contract

Population characteristics showed little association with the quality of primary medical care incentivised under the UK medical services contract.

2.in long term; and; its; therapeutic superiority; cost-effectiveness; further; are needed to

prove; large multicenter trials and meta-analysis (元分析); of ; the available data

Further large multicenter trials and meta-analysis of the available data are needed to prove its therapeutic superiority and cost-effectiveness in long term.

3.between; the study; in icteric neonates(患黄疸的婴儿); of UTI（泌尿道感染）; revealed;

breast feeding; circumcision (包皮环切术) and lower prevalence; significant association The study revealed significant association between breast feeding, circumcision and lower prevalence of UTI in icteric neonates.

4.women do not show; the same benefit; our conclusion; from CABG(冠状动脉旁路移植

术) surgery; is that; that; men do; in a number important QOL measures; and that;

cannot be; these differences; attributed to; preoperative differences

Our conclusion is that women do not show the same benefit from CABG surgery that men do in a number important QOL measures，and that these differences cannot be attributed to preoperative differences.

5.culture and antimicrobial susceptibility(抗菌敏感性) test; moreover; is recommended;

after; for resistant cases; the first failure to therapy

Moreover, culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test is recommended for resistant cases after the first failure to therapy

(二) Translate the Chinese into English

1. _____________ (结果表明) that short term supplementary oxygen may enhance oxidative（氧化的）stress and inflammation in the airways. These findings suggest

2. _____________ (我们的结论是), this study has extended previous observations of Bid activation during renal ischemia-reperfusion（再灌注）. Importantly, using Bid-deficient mice, _____________ (结果还表明) a role of Bid in the development of ischemic renal cell injury and renal failure. In conclusion, the results have suggested

3. _____________ (需要进一步研究) to prove the importance of screening in developing countries following vegetarian diet and high incidence of malnutrition. Further work is required

4. _____________ (这一病例说明) although neonatal（新生儿）lupus erythematosus is usually self-limited, SLE may develop in selected patients in future years. This case illustrates that

5. _____________ (数据不能充分证明) routine cytomegalovirus巨细胞病毒(CMV) screening 筛查of donor blood for exchange transfusion合成血in our setting. Data are not sufficient to warrant

Translate the following into English

1. 这种假体修复术的特点是摩擦较少，活动度较大，恢复速度较快。(prosthesis)

The prosthesis features less friction, greater movement and faster rate of recovery.

2. 作者报道将纳米发电机注入大鼠体内，肿瘤生长减缓，（大鼠）存活时间延长。(nanogenerators)

The author injected the nanogenerators into mice, and reported reduced tumor growth and increased survival time.

3. 耳针对有些难治疾病也显示出了显著的效果。(auricular needling)

Auricular needling has also shown marked results for some difficult diseases.

4. 吗啡可以用于控制过度呕吐

Morphine may be used to control excessive vomiting.

5. 病毒性肝炎的典型表现是血清天门冬氨酸转氨酶的显著升高，以及轻度至中度的碱性磷酸酶升高。(hepatitis, AST, alkaline phosphate)

The typical findings of viral hepatitis are a marked increase in AST and a slight to moderate increase in alkaline phosphate.

6. 该研究小组试图阐明NFAT（活化T细胞核因子）在癌症中的确切作用，从而推出新的治疗方案。（nuclear factor of activated T cells）

The research team is attempting to understand the exact role nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) plays in cancer, which could lead to new treatments.

7. 心区沉闷是冠状动脉疾病的症状（cardiac region , be symptomatic of ）

Heaviness in the cardiac region is symptomatic of coronary artery disease.

8. 有些柑橘属水果含有大量丰富的维生素C。

Some citrus fruits have vitamin C in great abundance.

9. 在入院的64例患者中，35人接受了手术治疗，29人接受了药物治疗。

Of the 64 patients admitted, 35 were treated surgically and 29 medically.

10. 在所有骨内血管中，首先遭到破坏的是静脉窦。

Of the intraosteal blood vessels, the first to be destroyed were the venous sinuses.

(…, the venous sinuses were the first to be destroyed.)

11. 治疗指数越高，药物的安全性越大；治疗指数越低，引起中毒的可能性越大。

The higher the therapeutic index, the safer the drug, and the lower the therapeutic index, the greater the possibility of causing toxicity.

12. 疼痛放射到整个背部说明溃疡已穿透进入胰腺。

Radiation of pain through to the back suggests penetration of an ulcer into the pancreas. Translate the following abstract into English

1.微创手术治疗基底节区高血压脑出血83例疗效观察

摘要:目的探讨小骨窗开颅与穿刺引流治疗高血压脑出血的各自手术疗效。方法采用小骨窗手术开颅治疗高血压脑出血32例,穿刺引流治疗51例,术后二周、三月观察疗效,就显效率、有效率、死亡率、相关并发症进行比较。结果治疗后三个月,在小骨窗组,显效率、有效率和死亡率分别为43.8%, 75%, 21.9%;在穿刺引流组,则分别为29.4%, 67%, 25.5%。结论对基底节区的高血压脑出血,小骨窗开颅在神经功能改善方面优于穿刺引流组。

关键词: 高血压; 脑出血; 外科治疗

Use of minimally invasive method in the treatment of 83 cases with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglion region

(Treatment of 83 cases with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglion region by minimally invasive method)

(Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in basal ganglion region: an observation of 83 cases using minimally invasive method)

Abstract: Objective To explore the curative effect of key-hole and puncture drainage in the treatment of patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH). Methods32 cases with HICH were operated by key-hole and 51 cases by puncture drainage. Postoperative effectiveness (2 weeks, trimester) was followed up. Marked progress rate, effective rate, mortality, as well as incidence of complications were compared respectively. Results At the end of the third month after treatment, marked progress rate, effective rate, mortality were 43.8%, 75% , 21.9% in key-hole surgery and 29.4%, 67%, 25.5% in puncture drainage therapy. Conclusions For the patients with HICH in basal ganglion region, the therapy of key-hole surgery is superior to puncture drainage in the neurofunctional improvement.

Key words: hypertension; intracerebral hemorrhage; surgical treatment

摘要翻译

目的

1. 确定动脉粥样硬化危险因素的发生及治疗在世界许多国家是否具有可比性。atherosclerosis

To determine whether atherosclerosis risk factor prevalence and treatment would demonstrate comparable patterns in many countries around the world.

2. 分析中国独生子女政策对人口生育率、理想子女数和出生性别比的影响。

To examine the impact of the one child family policy in China on fertility, preferred family size, and sex ratio.

3．通过测定吸烟对慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠血清及肺组织中CC16的含量变化，探讨吸烟在COPD形成中的作用。

To explore the impacts of tobacco use on the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by testing the changes of CC16 levels in serum and pulmonary tissues of COPD rats.

4. 本项研究旨在通过免疫组化研究包括38例胰腺癌在内的72例人胰腺组织中的p8基因表达。

pancreatic immunohistochemistry

This study was designed to investigate p8 expression in 72 human pancreatic tissues, including 38 pancreatic cancers (PCs), by immunohistochemistry.

5. 本项研究主要目的是探讨原发开角型青光眼或慢性闭角型青光眼第一次小梁切除术后，贝伐单抗是否能减少滤过泡的失败。trabeculectomy

bevacizumab bleb failure

primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG)

chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG)

The primary objective of the present study was to determine whether bevacizumab can reduce bleb failure in patients undergoing first-time trabeculectomy for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or chronic angle-closure glaucoma (CACG).

6. 确定不同经济条件下的优选筛查方案(optimal screening strategies)；计算优选筛查方案的人均次筛查成本(the cost of per capital each time), 分析筛查的经济可行性(feasibility), 为我国农村地区推行子宫颈(cervical)癌筛查及建立合理、可行的费用分担(cost-sharing) 机制提供依

据。

To determine the optimal screening strategies under different economic conditions, analyze the economic feasibility by calculating the cost of per capital each time, and provide evidence for implementation of cervical cancer screening in rural areas and establishment of a rational feasible cost-sharing mechanism.

7. 估测慢性病的患病率及其相关的危险因素对决策优选和疾病预防策略的制定非常必要。本次横断研究目的在于预估老年男性中常见慢性病的自我报告患病率和临床患病率。Prevalence estimates for chronic diseases and associated risk factors are needed for priority setting and disease prevention strategies. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the self-reported and clinical prevalence of common chronic disorders in elderly men.

8. 背景：肥胖被认为是结直肠癌发病的重要危险因素。然而就亚洲人群中结直肠癌和体重指数的关系，我们的依据仍然有限。

Background: Obesity has been recognized as important risk factors for colorectal cancer. However, limited evidence is available on colorectal caner and body mass index (BMI) in Asian population.

9. 背景：复合口服避孕药被广为提倡用来治疗原发性痛经，但它们的功效在一次Cochrane 系统评价中遭到质疑。本次研究的目的为评估复合口服避孕药以及年龄对痛经严重程度的影响。Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) dysmenorrhoea

Background: Combined oral contraceptives (COCs) are widely advocated as treatment for primary dysmenorrhoea, but their efficacy has been questioned in a Cochrane review. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of COCs and age on the severity of dysmenorrhoea.

10. 目的：评估使用能量多普勒以确认不完全流产妇女受孕产物滞留中有无血流来预测随后的期待治疗成功与否

Objective: To evaluate whether the use of power Doppler to confirm the presence or absence of blood flow within retained products of conception (RPC) in women with an incomplete miscarriage can predict subsequent successful expectant management.

11. 本研究的目的是确定II型糖尿病人在首次服用砒磺环己脲（glipizide）和服用12周后该药的药物动力学（pharmacodynamics）和药代动力学（pharmacokinetics），并对年龄因素的影响做出评价。

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of glipizide after a single dose and 12 weeks of dosing in patients with type II diabetes mellitus, and evaluate the influence of aging.

12. 复发性革兰氏阴性菌血症（recurrent gram-negative bacteremia）是指同一病人发生两次或两次以上菌血症,而在两次发作之间有一个无感染期（infection free）。我们的目的是将患复发性菌血症的病人鉴别出来，以确定引起复发的可能危险因素。

Recurrent gram-negative bacteremia is defined as two or more episodes of bacteremia occurring in the same patient with an infection free interval between each episode. Our purpose was to identify patients with recurrent bacteremia so as to define possible risk factors for its recurrence.

13. 我们进行了一个随机的前瞻性试验，以评价患妇科恶性肿瘤病人在进行了系统的骨盆或骨盆和主动脉旁淋巴结切除术后，纤维蛋白胶对淋巴囊肿发生率的影响。

gynecologic malignancies

pelvic paraaortic

lymphadenectomy

fibrin glue lymphocyst

We performed a randomized, prospective trial to assess the impact of fibrin glue on the incidence of lymphocysts after systematic pelvic or pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy in patients with gynecologic malignancies.

14.（本实验旨在）验证此假设：网状血小板和网织红细胞在成人与新生儿细胞的成熟细胞中呈现升高的粘连受体表达。

To examine the hypothesis that reticulated platelets and reticulocytes show elevated adhesion receptor expression compared with mature cells in both adult and neonatal cells.

15.探讨慢性肾功能衰竭长期血液透析病人外周血单核细胞表面晚期糖基化终产物(AGE)受体的表达及其与循环肿瘤坏死因子α（TNFα）和白细胞介素-lβ(IL-lβ)水平之间的关系，以及血透病人循环中高水平促炎症细胞因子的发生机制。

To elucidate the relationship between the expression of receptors for AGE (RAGE) at the surface of monocyte and plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-lβ(IL-lβ), proinflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic renal failure(CRF) undergoing hemodialysis.(HD)

16.评价牙槽骨垂直牵引成骨技术在改善种植区域骨量中的临床效果。

To evaluate the clinical result of alveolar vertical distraction osteogenesis for implant.

材料和方法

1.我们从这35名病人中获得了一下资料：年龄、工作性质、时间、发生菌血症的时间、原有疾病、最初抗菌治疗情况、感染病灶、是否出现休克、血液分离物对抗菌素的敏感性以及治疗效果。

The following information we obtained from all 35patients: age, service, date of hospital admission, date of the bacteremia, underlying diseases, initial anti-microbial therapy, focus of infection, the presence or absence of shock, anti-microbial susceptibility of the blood isolate, and outcome.

3.化验结果表明病人各类血细胞减少（pancytopenia）。骨髓涂片（marrow smear）及组织

学检查确诊为再障（aplastic anemia）。抗结核治疗(Anti-TB therapy)即停，并开始用Durabolin进行促骨髓生长（myelostimulatory）治疗。病人于停止全部抗结核治疗后23天衰竭（collapse）死亡。

Laboratory evaluation revealed a pancytopenia. The diagnosis of aplastic anemia was confirmed by bone marrow smear and histology. Anti-TB therapy was discontinued, and myelostimulatory treatment with Durabolin was instituted. The patient collapsed and died 23 days after discontinuation of all anti_TB chemotherapy.

3. 在一项多中心试验中，204例急性心肌梗死患者在成功再灌注治疗后3——7天被随机分配针对梗死动脉予冠状动脉内注射骨髓（BMC）源性祖细胞或安慰剂。multicenter trial myocardial infarction reperfusion

intracoronary progenitor

In a multicenter trial, we randomly assigned 204 patients with acute myocardial infarction to receive an intracoronary infusion of progenitor cells derived from bone marrow (BMC) or placebo medium into the infarct artery 3 to 7 days after successful reperfusion therapy.

4. 72 829 名从不吸烟妇女中有65 180人提供其丈夫的吸烟资料，有66 520人提供了源自工作场所和生命早期家庭成员的烟草烟雾暴露资料。

exposure to tobacco

Of 72 829 women who had never smoked, 65 180 women provided information on smoking by their husbands, and 66 520 women provided information on exposure to tobacco at work and in early life from family members.

5. 方差分析步骤检查食物喜好方面的基因型差别；双变量相关系数检查食物喜好与过度进食的变量之间的关系；回归分析检测过度进食各变量对BMI的组合影响。

Analysis of variance procedures examined genotype differences in food preferences; bivariate correlation coefficients examined the relationships among food preferences and the overeating

variables; and a regression analysis tested the combined influences of the overeating variables on BMI.

6. 我们使用源自150名骨髓增生异常综合征患者的骨髓和配对细胞中的DNA，对所有DNMT3编码外显子进行了排序。

We sequenced all coding exons of DNMT3A using DNA from bone marrow and paired normal cells from 150 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) .

7. 研究包括396077例年龄大于66岁，正在接受内科治疗，截至1998年4月1日仍然存活的有心脏病史或糖尿病史的患者。

We included 396077 patients aged 66 years or older who had a history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes while undergoing medical treatment and who were alive on April 1, 1998.

8. 利用自身对照的病例系列研究方法，研究急性呼吸道和尿路感染后首次深静脉血栓形成（DTV）（n=7278）以及肺栓塞（PE）（n=3755）的风险。

self-controlled case-series

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

urinary tract

We used the self-controlled case-series method to study the risk of first deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (n=7278) and first pulmonary embolism (PE) (n=3755) after acute respiratory and urinary tract infections.

9．研究纳入206例经多导睡眠监测诊断为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）非肥胖习惯性打鼾儿童，及年龄、性别、种族和阻塞性呼吸暂停-低通气指数（OAHI）与之匹配的206例肥胖儿童。polysomnographically diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea(OSA); obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI)

In our study, 206 non-obese habitually snoring children with polysomnographically diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were matched for age, gender, ethnicity, and obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) to 206 obese children.

10．共149例病人在移植后被随机分成两组,分别接受阿伦膦酸盐(10 mg/天)或骨化三醇(0.5 μg/天)治疗，平均(±标准差)达(21±11)天。alendronate; calcitriol

A total of 149 patients were randomly assigned to receive either alendronate (10 mg per day) or calcitriol (0.5 μg per day) with a mean (±SD) of 21±11 days after transplantation.

11.对HIV感染者73例临床病例进行了实验室和临床观察，其中包括6例鸡尾酒治疗病例、36例中药试验性治疗病例及31例未进行治疗的感染者。

Totally 73 cases of HIV infected persons were studied with clinical observation and laboratory

examination, 6 cases treated with cocktail therapy, 36 cases with experimental treatment of Chinese herbs and the other 31 cases were untreated.

12.在一项多中心随机化的临床试验中，我们对患急性肺损伤或急性呼吸窘迫综合征的病人，进行了常规治疗（仰卧位）与预先规定将病人置于俯卧位连续10天、每天大于6小时策略的比较。我们纳入304例病人，分为2组，每组152例。

multicenter acute lung injury

acute respiratory distress syndrome

supine position predefined

prone position consecutive

In a multicenter, randomized trial, we compared conventional treatment (in the supine position) of patients with acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome with a predefined strategy of placing patients in prone position for six or more hours daily for 10 consecutive days. We enrolled 304 patients, with 152 in each group.

结果和结论

1. 结果：与没服用者相比, 确诊后常规服用阿司匹林的参与者，其多变量危险度比(HR)为，结肠直肠癌-特定死亡率为0.71 (95% 可信区间[CI], 0.53-0.95)，总死亡率为0.79 (95% 可信区间, 0.65-0.97)。（multivariate hazard ratio；colorectal cancer–specific mortality）

Compared with nonusers, participants who regularly used aspirin after diagnosis experienced a multivariate hazard ratio (HR) for colorectal cancer–specific mortality of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53-0.95) and for overall mortality of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.65-0.97).

2. 结论：本组小样本6个月的初步研究表明，小梁切除术后结膜下注射贝伐单抗，是一种前景良好的减少滤过泡失败的辅助治疗手段。trabeculectomy

subconjunctival bevacizumab

bleb failure

In this pilot study with a small number of subjects, 6-month outcomes suggest that subconjunctival bevacizumab is a potential adjunctive treatment for reducing the incidence of bleb failure after trabeculectomy.

3. 结果：膳食中的胆固醇与胃、结肠、直肠、胰腺、肺、乳腺（主要为绝经后）、肾、膀胱等癌症以及非霍奇金淋巴瘤的发生具有正相关性，最高和最低四分位数比值比的范围为1.4至1.7。相反，胆固醇的摄入与前列腺癌之间则存在逆相关性。

cholesterol

colon rectum pancreas

postmenopausal

non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas; NH

quartile odds ratio, OR

prostate

Results: Dietary cholesterol was positively associated with the risk of cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, pancreas, lung, breast (mainly postmenopausal), kidney, bladder and NHL: the ORs for the highest versus the lowest quartile ranged from 1.4 to 1.7. In contrast, cholesterol intake was inversely associated with prostate cancer.

4. 结论：我们的发现为高胆固醇摄入增加多种癌症的发生风险提供了更多证据。低胆固醇饮食可能有助于预防某些癌症。

Conclusions: Our findings add to the evidence that high cholesterol intake is linked to increased risk of various cancers. A diet low in cholesterol may play a role in the prevention of several cancers.

5. 结果：受访者中有百分之27，22和17的人分别报告了运动不足、吸烟和饮酒过量。除糖尿病，所有受调查的慢性疾病包括高血压、肌肉骨骼以及呼吸系统疾病在受访者中均报告不足。勃起功能障碍和性腺机能减退被严重低估，尽管这两项疾病分别影响了百分之48和21的受访人群。

physical inactivity(hypomotility)

musculoskeletal erectile dysfunction hypogonadism

Results: physical inactivity, smoking and excessive alcohol intake were reported by 27, 22 and 17% of the study population, respectively. Except for diabetes, all the chronic diseases investigated, including hypertension, musculoskeletal and respiratory diseases were underreported by study participants. Erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism were substantially underreported in the study population even though these diseases were found to affect 48 and 21% of the participants, respectively.

6. 结论：本研究显示老年丹麦男性中不良生活方式因素发生率较高，包括吸烟、饮酒过量和运动不足。除糖尿病和呼吸系统疾病，慢性疾病在受访人群中普遍报道不足，尤其是勃起功能障碍和骨质疏松未能得到充分诊断，从而强调了普通大众和医生对慢性疾病认识的重要性。

Conclusions: the study showed a high prevalence of detrimental life style factors including smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and physical inactivity in elderly Danish men. Except for

diabetes and respiratory disease, chronic diseases were underreported and in particular erectile dysfunction and osteoporosis were underdiagnosed in the study population, underlining the importance of awareness of chronic diseases among both the general population and physicians.

7. 三人死于与肾病无关的原因。在其余20个病人中，52%的病人其肾功能保持稳定达至少年之久。在随访两年以上的9个病人中，4人复发，但再次治疗全部有效。

Three died of non-renal causes. Fifty two percent of the remaining 20 patients maintained stable renal function for at least 2 years. Four of the nine patients followed up for longer than two years had a relapse, but all responded again to therapy.

8.我们的发现说明，丙肝是一种进行性疾病，但是在开始使用注射药物以后，很少在平均20.4年中死亡。对于丙肝病人，需要进行抗病毒治疗，以消灭病毒，阻止疾病的发展。hepatitis C

Our findings indicate that hepatitis C is a progressive disease, but only a few died during the average 20.4 years after the initiation of injection drug. Use of antiviral treatment to eradicate the virus and halt the progression of disease is indicated in this group of patients.

9. 护理干预前，两组患者治疗依从性比较无统计学意义（P>0.05）；护理干预后，两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.01)。

There were no significant differences therapeutic compliance before nursing intervention between the test group and the contrast group (P>0.05), while significant differences were found after nursing intervention (P<0.01).

10. 把这个模型分别应用于任何原因所致的死亡、心肌梗死和卒中进行预测评估，所得的结果相似。

Fitting the same model separately to all cause death, myocardial infarction, and stroke gave similar results.

11. 年龄大于等于45岁的新发直肠出血(new onset rectal bleeding)患者中十分之一有结肠肿瘤(colonic neoplasia)，因此对所有此类患者都应进行肠道检查，无论是否伴随其他症状。One in 10 patients aged 45 or more with new onset rectal bleeding had colonic neoplasia, so investigation of the bowel should be offered to all such patients, whether or not they have other symptoms.

12. 小探头超声检查(MPS)无论对胃底静脉曲张(fundic varices) 的诊断还是判断其内镜(endoscopy) 治疗疗效显著优于常规内镜下肉眼(macroscopic)诊断，是临床一种安全性好且很有价值的检查手段。

MPS is demonstrated to be significantly superior to conventional macroscopic diagnosis with endoscopy in both detection of function of fundic varices and evaluation of efficacy of endoscopic

therapy. It appears to be a safe valuable technique which should be widely accepted for routine application.

13.结果：高血压的患病率和药物治疗率随着年龄增加而升高，但是老年女性控制率（收缩压<140mmHg，舒张压>90mmHg）显著降低。

Prevalence of hypertension and drug treatment increased with advancing age, whereas control rates were significantly lower in older women (systolic<140 and diastolic>80mmHg).

14.结论：我们的结果显示，如果对多种药物产生耐药性（multidrug resistance），预示死亡率较高，而病人以后的生存是否得到改善，与是否完成治疗有关。

Our result indicated that multidrug resistance predicted higher mortality, and improved subsequent patient survival was associated with treatment completion.

15. 结果: 在1 638名年龄大于40岁人群中发现哮喘(asthma)患者31 人, 患病率为1. 89% ( 31 /1 638)。哮喘发作的诱因以感冒、冷空气、被动吸烟及油烟刺激等为主。幼年时有呼吸道疾病史、14岁以前咳嗽病史、生物燃料(biomass fuel)使用年限在哮喘组与非哮喘组间差异有统计学意义, 14岁以前咳嗽病史与哮喘发生关系更为密切。该地区哮喘明确诊断比例只有12. 9%，表明该地区哮喘是种常见的漏诊疾病。

Results: The prevalence of asthma among people over 40 was 1.89% (31/1 638). Common triggering factors for asthma included influenza, cold air, passive smoking and cooking oil smoke. There were statistic differences between asthmatics and non-asthmatics in respiratory disease history in childhood, frequent cough before age 14, and years of exposure to biomass fuel. Cough before age 14 was closely associated with asthma. Only 12.9% of the cases had been diagnosed before this study, indicating that asthma was a under-diagnosed disease in this area.

16. 结论: 系统性接触性皮炎主要是由镍盐、汞盐等金属引起, 皮疹多形, 主要临床表现为泛发性湿疹改变。

Conclusion: The chief contact allergens of systemic contact dermatitis (SCD) were metals such as nickel and mercury. The properties of lesions were multiform and general eczema was the main clinical manifestation.

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