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暖通空调外文文献

An investigation of the existing situation

and trends in building

energy efficiency management in China

Abstract

According to the Chinese State Council’s‘‘Building Energy Efficiency Management Ordinance’’,a large-scale investigation of energy efficiency(EE)in buildings in contemporary China has been carried out in22provincial capitals and major cities in China.The aim of this project is to provide reliable information for drawing up the‘‘Decision on reinforcing building energy efficiency’’by the Ministry of Construction of China.The surveyed organizations include government departments,research institutions,property developers,design institutions, construction companies,construction consultancy services companies,facility management departments,financial institutions and those which relate to the business of building energy efficiency.In addition,representatives of the media and residents were also involved.A detailed analysis of the results of the investigation concerning aspects of the current situation and trends in building energy consumption,energy efficiency strategy and the implementation of energy efficiency measures has been conducted.The investigation supplies essential information to formulate the market entrance policy for new buildings and the refurbishment policy for existing buildings to encourage the development of energy efficient technology.

Keywords:Energy efficiency(EE);Building;Survey;Policy;Legislation; Reform;China

1．Introduction

Future trends in China’s energy will have considerable consequences for both China and the global environment.

Although China’s carbon emissions are low on a per capita basis,China has been already ranked the world’s second largest producer of carbon,behind only the USA. China’s buildings sector currently accounts for23%of China’s total energy use and this is projected to increase to one-third by2010.China has set a target for a50% reduction of energy consumption for buildings.Energy policy plays an important role

in China’s sustainable development.Improving energy efficiency in buildings is one of the most cost-effective measures for reducing CO2emission,which is recognised

as one of the main causes of global warming.

The climate in China is very diverse.According to the national‘‘Standard of Climatic Regionalization for Architecture’’GB50178-93,China is divided into the following zones based on climate characteristics:very cold,cold,hot summer and cold winter,hot summer and warm winter,and moderate.Air conditioning and heating requirements for different zones are as follows:in the very cold zone,the major requirement is heating,and few residential buildings are equipped with air conditioning.In the cold zone,the primary requirement is heating,followed by air conditioning.In the hot summer and cold winter zone,both air conditioning and heating are needed.In the hot summer and warm winter zone,the major requirement is air conditioning and few residential buildings require heating.In some parts of the moderate zone,heating is needed;in other parts,both heating and air conditioning are needed.The availability of heating and air conditioning depends on several factors, including the degree of economic development in an area,the availability of energy supplies and the requirements for environmental protection

The Chinese government has focused on energy efficiency in buildings since the 1980s,and numerous standards,building codes,incentive policies and administrative rules have been issued.For example,the‘‘Energy Design Code for Heated Residential Buildings JGJ26-86’’,‘‘Energy Design Code for Heated New Residential Buildings JGJ26-95’’and‘‘Technical Specification for Energy Conservation Renovation of Existing Heated Residential Buildings JGJ129-2000’’are for the Very Cold and Cold zones.The‘‘Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in the Hot Summer and Cold Winter zone JGJ134-2001’’and ‘‘Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in the Hot Summer and Warm Winter zone JGJ75-2003’’are for non-central heating areas.According to the Chinese government timetable,standards for the energy efficient design for residential buildings in all climate zones should have taken effect by the end of2003 In order to enhance the energy efficiency strategies’implementation,on behalf of the State Council,The Ministry of Construction is drawing up the‘‘Decision on reinforcing building energy efficiency’’,which aims to establish a building energy efficiency legislation system,principally using a policy of economic incentives in order to stimulate the reform in building energy efficiency.To fulfill this task,a large-scale investigation has been carried out focusing on the awareness, understanding and degree of support for the reform of energy

efficiency in buildings.

2.Methodology

The survey method has been applied in this investigation.The questionnaire survey is a common method,which has been used by many researchers worldwide.A detailed description of the survey method used in this work is as follows.

2.1.Objects and subjects of the investigation

The survey into the‘‘existing situation and trends of building energy efficiency management in China’’was carried out from September2005to February2006and aimed to supply realistic information for providing a reliable warranty for drawing up building energy management regulations.Extensive discussions

have been conducted with experts in the country in order to design the survey questionnaire.About22,000copies of the survey questionnaire have been distributed to about22provincial capitals and the major cities throughout the country.The survey subjects are mainly government administrative departments,research institutions, property developers,design institutions,construction companies,construction consultancy service companies,facility management departments,finance organizations,the media and residents.The information

derived from the investigation becomes an important reference for the drawing up of the‘‘Decision on reinforcing building energy efficiency’’.The topics of the investigation are divided into one general part and eight specific parts.The general part is to investigate the existing situation of energy efficiency management,the development tendency and the cost of building energy

efficiency.The specific parts include:

Part1:New building market entrance permission;

Part2:Promotion,limitation and restriction;

Part3:Statistic of building energy consumption;

Part4:Energy efficiency labelling and certification;

Part5:Energy efficiency management and refurbishment for public buildings;

Part6:Energy efficiency management and refurbishment for residential buildings;

Part7:Application of renewable energy;

Part8:Incentive policy for energy efficiency.

The subjects come from11groups,they are:

No.1:Government departments;

No.2:Property developers;

No.3:Design and construction companies;

No.4:Energy service companies;

No.5:Clients of public buildings;

No.6:Property service companies;

No.7:Heating suppliers;

No.8:Manufacturers of construction materials and products;

No.9:Financial institutions;

No.10:Residents;

No.11:The Media.

The11subjects were required to answer the questions in the general part but did not necessarily have to answer all the questions in the specific parts.The11types of questionnaire were designed for the different subjects.

3.Analysis of samples

The22,000copies of the questionnaire have been distributed,and about13,125 valid copies have been returned,a response rate of59.7%.Among these valid completed questionnaires,10,236copies were from residents and2889copies from institutions.

3.1.Resident subject samples

The resident questionnaire includes four criteria:ownership of property, building type,building age and average family income.From the investigation we can see that the ownership of property accounts for67.8%;the multi-floor buildings account for61.8%;the buildings aged less than10years old account for62.9%; and households with monthly average family income less than5000Yuan account for61.8%.These figures match the real situation in China.In general,the valid completed questionnaires from resident subjects reflect the general situation in Chinese society.It represents the society’s mainstream.

3.2.Institutions included in the sample

The institutions included in the sample were classified according to three criteria,namely the administrative characteristics of their cities,their climate zone, and whether or not they were building owners.

From the investigation we can see that the surveyed cities are mainly provincial capitals and Municipalities(a Municipality is a specific administrative city which is governed directly by the central government.There are four such cities:Beijing, Tainjin,Shanghai and Chongqing),which account for90%of the whole surveyed cities.The building energy consumption in provincial capitals is more remarkable than that in other cities,which reflect the country’s real situation.

The surveyed cities are mostly located in the very cold,cold,hot summer and

cold winter zones.

and mild zones are

at the moment.

make up the lowest proportion of0.6%because the building energy efficiency service system is not yet fully mature.The proportion of design institutions, construction and consultancy companies is38%,which is the largest group.The second largest group,with14.3%,is made up of manufacturers of building materials and equipment.These two institutions are the practical executive bodies for the implementation of building energy efficiency.The proportion of clients of public building is9.0%,which is particularly selected to reflect public building energy management and renovation.The proportions of these institution subject samples reflect the real situation in China[

4.Result analysis

The surveys were carried out within four groups:consumers,producers, services and consultancy supervisions.The consumers include residents and clients of public buildings.The producers include property developers and manufacturers. The services include design construction and construction consultancy companies, energy service companies,facility management services,energy resource services companies and finance institutions.The consultancy supervisions include government departments and the media.

4.1Consumers of energy efficient products

4.1.1The degree of acceptability of energy efficient products

The investigation

from the survey.From of energy efficient building products does not remain high and there exists a regional difference.The feedback from the resident survey shows that,the energy efficient products are more likely to be accepted in the very cold,cold and hot summer and cold winter zones than the hot summer and warm winter zone.In recent years,a heating metering and payment system reform has been conducted in the very cold and cold zones;therefore the residents in these zones are more interested in energy efficient products.In the hot summer and cold winter zone,the indoor climate is severe in winter and summer without both air conditioning and electric heating; therefore the residents are keen to use energy efficient products to improve their living conditions as well as to save money.The feedback from clients of public buildings shows that the energy efficient products are more favoured in the very cold,cold,and hot summer and cold winter zones.From the survey results we can conclude that the consumers’degree of acceptance of energy efficient building products is

affected by the following factors:

1.The metering and payment system for heating in north China;

2.The quantity of energy consumed;

3.Climate characteristics.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a14808200.html,rge-scale public buildings

The energy consumption in large-scale public buildings is10–15times that in residential buildings.For example,the floor area of large public buildings in Beijing only accounts for5.4%of the city’s total building floor area,however,its electricity energy consumption is almost equal to that of residential buildings.It is obvious that energy efficiency reform should focus on large-scale public and government office buildings.In order to investigate the public expectations of energy efficiency reform,

the question‘‘Can energy efficiency reform save more or less than20%of energy consumption?’’has been included in the survey(see Fig.1).The result from government office buildings is that40.7%of respondents vote‘‘less’’and59.3%‘‘more’’.The result from the large-scale public buildings shows that32%of respondents vote‘‘less’’and68%‘‘more’’.This implies a positive opinion and high expectation that energy efficiency reform will save energy consumption in buildings for these two types of buildings.

4.2.Energy efficient building developers

4.2.1.Property developers

According of

their energy to buildings built in the1980s.These new Energy Efficient Buildings.The survey has been carried out with411property developers involved with the newly constructed buildings to investigate if this target has been met in the following three areas:

1.The number of EE buildings as a proportion of the total number of newly constructed buildings;

2.The costs of EE buildings;

3.The sales of EE buildings in the market.

The survey result reveals that only20.6%of the total buildings have met the requirement of this standard.The investigation shows the increment of cost of the EE buildings.From this figure,we can see that there is a difference in the cost increments for EE buildings constructed by the different property developers. Investigation shows the market situation for EE buildings.From this,we can see that there is no overwhelming advantage for EE buildings on the property market.

This survey identifies some of the problems in developing EE buildings in China, which are:

1.There is a great mismatch between design and construction and this affects the actual energy saving;

2.There is no stable ratio of cost increment to energy saving and this causes problems for the budget estimations for EE buildings;

3.There is no market guidance for energy efficient buildings and this causes low sensitivity to the EE buildings on the property market;

4.Property developers underestimate the requirement of the EE buildings for property buyers.

Meanwhile,we investigated the impact of Building Energy Efficiency Labelling on purchasing intentions and the attitude of property developers to the provision of building energy efficiency labelling.The survey results show that the more information that has been supplied to the buyers,the more attention they pay to a building’s EE status.see Fig.4.The intention to‘‘consider buying an energy efficient building’’increases by more than five times after the provision of the information than before.efficiency building labeling to stimulate the demand for energy efficient buildings on the property market.

Fig.5.shows the attitude towards energy efficiency building labelling of the administrative departments,property developers and buyers.From this,we can see that81.6%of the buyers are very supportive of energy efficiency building information and labelling;however,in contrast about66%of property developers are not

concerned about energy efficiency information.It is very important for legislation on the energy efficiency labelling system to require the property developers to supply the energy efficiency building information to buyers in order to support energy efficiency and avoid overwhelming profit-making on the property market.

4.2.2.Manufacturers of materials and equipment

The investigation on the energy efficiency in building materials and products has been carried out with405manufacturers throughout the country and focused on the following two questions:

１.What are the approaches to the introduction of energy efficiency technology development and transfer?

２.Why do disputes about energy efficiency products occur in practice?

Fig.6shows the approaches to energy efficiency product technology transfer. From this figure we can see that about15%of energy efficiency products are self-developed by the enterprises,22%are jointly developed with research institutions,35%are technology introduced from overseas,15%are imported directly from overseas and13%are from other channels.

There is much dispute about the quality of energy efficiency products.Table5 shows the causes of these disputes.From the table we can see that the quality of the energy efficiency products produced independently by enterprises and jointly

developed with research institutions is responsible for many problems,43.4%and 65.1%,respectively.The last figure in particular is a cause for concern since it demonstrates the weakness of Research and Development(R&D)in China.Both R&D and technology transfer need to be strengthened.Although there are fewer quality problems with imported technologies and products from overseas,there are many problems with their installation and matching with original designs.About 43.3%of the technologies introduced from overseas are improperly used.

About30%of imported energy efficiency products have problems due to improper installation and30%of them do not match with the design.

4.3.Building energy efficiency service system

4.3.1.The design,consultancy services and construction of buildings

The survey has been carried out in1079design institutions,consultancy services and construction companies.The topics focused on were the following:

1.The pass standard implementation;

2.The pass rate of construction abiding by the energy efficient design;

３.The pass rate of the actual energy efficiency of the buildings.

Fig.7shows the pass rates for the above three criteria.From the figure,we can see that energy efficiency design standard implementation has the highest pass rate of

90.3%and construction implementation has a high rate of77%,however,the pass rate for the actual energy efficiency of buildings(42.8%)is low.The results imply that the intention of designing and constructing energy efficient buildings has substantially increased due to the promulgation of the new building design codes.However, unfortunately this did not lead to a substantial increase in energy saving for the actual buildings.This is due to the lack of skilled construction and installation workers.

4.3.2.The building heating suppliers

The survey has been carried out in71heating suppliers and focused on the following three criteria:

1.How much does heating efficiency increase due to upgrading the heat source and pipe network?

2.How popular are central heating

3.How much would they accept to afford the cost of refurbishment of a heating system?

Fig.8shows the increased heating efficiency due to the refurbishment of heating supply systems inBeijing andDalian.

From the figure,we can see that there is little significant improvement in energy efficiency due to the refurbishment of heating supply systems.The investigation of71 heating supply companies reveals that central heating systems account for about 35–40%of the total heating systems.The heating systems of newly built residential buildings have been designed and installed with thermostats to control the indoor air temperature.This increases costs by about20RMB/m2compared with the old system. The average cost of refurbishment of the old heating system with a thermostat and

replacement of pipes and radiators will cost about

20–30RMB/m2.

We investigated the acceptability of contributing different proportions of the cost of refurbishment.The percentages of the payment are grouped as‘Not at all’.Fig.9 shows the results.From the figure we can see that not many respondents like to pay the costs.This information is very useful for drafting the heating system metering payment system.About42%of the refurbishments of the heating network did not achieve a10%improvement in efficiency.The reform of the heating systems will focus on the improvement of energy efficiency to the end-user.The survey result reveals that the installation of thermostats and a metering payment system can achieve a30%

The

suppliers who are willing to undertake over30%of the refurbishment costs are mainly the producers of combined heat and power.In China,heat resource suppliers charge heat supply agents for the heat while the heat supply agents charge the users by floor area.

英文参考文献标准格式

英文参考文献标准格式:论文参考文献格式规范也可以在标点.之后加上一个空格，但一定要保证所有的项目空格个数一致一、参考文献的类型参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》 [N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)

[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】 [4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3．报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).

外文翻译--农村金融主流的非正规金融机构

附录1 RURAL FINANCE: MAINSTREAMING INFORMAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS By Hans Dieter Seibel Abstract Informal financial institutions (IFIs), among them the ubiquitous rotating savings and credit associations, are of ancient origin. Owned and self-managed by local people, poor and non-poor, they are self-help organizations which mobilize their own resources, cover their costs and finance their growth from their profits. With the expansion of the money economy, they have spread into new areas and grown in numbers, size and diversity; but ultimately, most have remained restricted in size, outreach and duration. Are they best left alone, or should they be helped to upgrade their operations and be integrated into the wider financial market? Under conducive policy conditions, some have spontaneously taken the opportunity of evolving into semiformal or formal microfinance institutions (MFIs). This has usually yielded great benefits in terms of financial deepening, sustainability and outreach. Donors may build on these indigenous foundations and provide support for various options of institutional development, among them: incentives-driven mainstreaming through networking; encouraging the establishment of new IFIs in areas devoid of financial services; linking IFIs/MFIs to banks; strengthening Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) as promoters of good practices; and, in a nonrepressive policy environment, promoting appropriate legal forms, prudential regulation and delegated supervision. Key words: Microfinance, microcredit, microsavings。 1. informal finance, self-help groups In March 1967, on one of my first field trips in Liberia, I had the opportunity to observe a group of a dozen Mano peasants cutting trees in a field belonging to one of them. Before they started their work, they placed hoe-shaped masks in a small circle, chanted words and turned into animals. One turned into a lion, another one into a bush hog, and so on, and they continued to imitate those animals throughout the whole day, as they worked hard on their land. I realized I was onto something serious, and at the end of the day, when they had put the masks into a bag and changed back into humans,

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗外文资料翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：建筑工程学院专业：建筑环境与设备工程姓名： ***** 学号： ******** 外文出处： Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。指导教师评语：签名：年月日

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暖通空调系统中英文资料外文翻译文献外文文献： HV AC system optimization––condenser water loop Abstract This paper presents a model-based optimization strategy for the condenser water loop of centralized heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HV AC) systems. Through analyzing each component characteristics and interactions within and between cooling towers and chillers, the optimization problem is formulated as that of minimizing the total operating cost of all energy consuming devices with mechanical limitations, component interactions, outdoor environment and indoor cooling load demands as constraints. A modified genetic algorithm for this particular problem is proposed to obtain the optimal set points of the process. Simulations and experimental

暖通空调毕业设计开题报告

1.课程设计的意义通过本次的课程设计，使自己拥有一定的暖通空调设计能力；了解一些相关的规范和条例；熟悉并掌握暖通空调设计流程；同时使自己的思维更加的严谨，态度更加的认真，为以后的社会工作奠定了扎实的基础。 2.文献综述随着国民经济的快速持续发展，作为支柱产业之一的建筑业也得到迅猛发展。而作为建筑业的重要组成部份的暖通空调业，其新产品、新技术、新材料更是层出不穷。暖通空调业发展所遵循的原则，概括起来就是：节能、环保、可持续发展，保证建筑环境的卫生与安全，适应国家的能源结构调整战略，贯彻热、冷计量政策，创造不同地域特点的暖通空调发展技术。因此，如何结合设计的需要，重视相关技术，并有选择而合理的应用在我们的设计中，满足业主要求，提高设计水平，是我们必须努力做到的。 2.1.暖通空调变工况点优化控制及能量管理探讨 2.1.1.工况点优化控制暖通空调变工况点优化控制问题的研究近年来在我国被重视。S.W.Wang 提出了一种基于整个系统环境的预测响应及能量运行来改变暖通空调系统控制，设定点的系统方法，并用遗传算法对系统进行优化控制，同时优化多个设定点来改善系统响应和降低系统能耗[1]，后来他又采用自适应性控制理论对某海水冷却。空调系统进行了优化控制研究，采用带指数遗忘的最小二乘法参数辨识方法和基因遗传优化算法，对空调系统的空气处理单元进行了优化控制研究[2]。罗启军等人提出了一项动态的优化技术在一个指定期间内，能得到使目标函数( 运行成本或者峰值能耗) 最小的房间温度曲线，该算法还给出了暖通空调设备的最佳开/关时间[3]。K.T.Chan 等人提出用遗传算法对风冷制冷机的冷凝温度设定点进行优化控制以提高制冷机的效率[4]。此外，有许多研究者用人工神经网络来模拟暖通空调系统中各个设备的非线性特性，用于实现对整个空调系统的优化控制。目前，研究者们将更多先进的建模方法和智能优化方法引入到了暖通空调的优化控制中，更加注重变工况点的在线优化控制。何厚建等人对已建的暖通空调各关键设备的静态模型采用用实数编码的遗传算法建立了水系统工作点优化控制策略[5]杨晓平等人采用模糊聚类和RBF方法建立了空气处理单元的动态数学模型，以最终舒适性为目标优化空气处理单元的温湿度和送风压力[6]。孙一坚根据空调负荷变化对一级泵水系统进行变流量控制，取得了显著效果[7]。总之国内的学者更多探讨的是把智能方法引入控制系统的优化中，仿真研究多，实践成果少。

英文引用及参考文献格式要求

英文引用及参考文献格式要求一、参考文献的类型参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley,M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为：Norris,F.&I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58. [2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3]Heider,E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemo ryoftwolanguages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–6 7. 2.专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42. [5]Gill,R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45. 3.报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7]French,W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly,198 715(33). 4.论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(e ds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988, pp.271-313.

拉丁美洲农村金融机构信贷风险管理【外文翻译】

外文翻译原文 Managing Credit Risk in Rural Financial Institutions in Latin American Material Source：Rural Financial Learning Centre（RFLC）Authors：Mark Wenner, Sergio Navajas, Carolina Trivelli, Alvaro Tarazona Adequately managing credit risk in financial institutions is critical for their survival and growth. In the case of rural lending in general and agricultural lending in particular, the issue of credit risk is of even of greater concern because of the higher levels of perceived risks resulting from some of the characteristics of rural dwellers and the conditions that they find themselves in. More extremely poor people tend to live in rural than in urban areas. In addition, fewer people are able to access basic infrastructure services and these tend to be of lesser quality or to be less reliable than in urban areas. Rural residents tend to be less educated, more often than not they have insecure land tenure, and they live farther apart than urban populations .Most importantly, agriculture, the mainstay of most rural economies, tends to be subject to price volatility, weather shocks, and trade restrictions. As a result, financial institutions that are active in rural areas are likely to face an elevated level of credit risk and need to manage it well. The lack of good risk mitigation techniques and high transaction costs can discourage formal financial institutions from entering and serving rural areas. Conclusions and Recommendations Credit risk management in Latin American rural financial institutions is improving and evolving, but much still needs to be done. Many of the institutions surveyed demonstrated success as measured by high overall rates of profitability, low delinquency rates in both general and agricultural portfolios, and sustained growth rates in agricultural portfolios over time. Nonetheless, the paucity of institutions active in rural areas and expressed desires for better risk management systems, the relatively small loan sizes, and restricted terms indicate that the situation is less than optimal. There are four ways to deal with credit risk—reduce it, cope with it, transfer it, or retain it. Based on survey results and the four case studies, the following