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山东省学位英语语法精讲-实义动词和系动词的用法(全)

山东省学位英语语法精讲-实义动词和系动词的用法(全)
山东省学位英语语法精讲-实义动词和系动词的用法(全)

山东省学位英语语法精讲-实义动词和系动词的用法

主要考点

动词是语法测试中的重要考点之一,在复习时需要掌握动词的基本用法、特殊用法以及在具体的语境中灵活运用。需要掌握以下两点:

1. 掌握动词的分类以及各自的基本用法。

2. 正确运用情态动词的习惯用法、特殊用法以及固定搭配。

什么是动词?

表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。动词决定着句子意思的表达,同时又决定着句子的语法结构。按构成各种动词形式的功用,动词可以分为实义动词和助动词。按照在句中是否作谓语来划分,动词可分为两大类:谓语动词和非谓语动词。谓语动词用来表示动作或状态,有时态、语态、语气等变化。非谓语动词可分为动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。

一、实义动词

实义动词词义完整,能独立用作谓语。根据动词后是否有补足成分及补足成分的类型,可以分为及物动词、不及物动词和连系动词。

(1)不及物动词:本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。机务动词可用于被动语态。例如:

He bought a dictionary. 他买了一本词典。(单宾语)

Please pass me that book. 请把那本书递给我。(双宾语)

We often hear her sing in the park. 我们经常听到她在公园里唱歌。(符合宾语,宾语+宾语补足语)

The meeting will be held in the afternoon. 会议将在当天下午举行。(2)不及物动词:本身意义完整,后面无需接宾语。不及物动词不用于被动语态。例如:

The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。

(3)有些动词既可以作及物动词,后面直接跟宾语,也可以做不及物动词,后面不接宾语。例如:

Change your way of thinking if necessary. 必要时要改变你的思维。

We must always change. 我们必须一直改变。

二、系动词

系动词,也称连系动词,用来辅助主语的动词。它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,其后必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

1. 系动词的分类

(1)状态系动词。用来陈述试试,表示主语的状态,只有be动词。例如:He is a teacher. 他是一名教师(is与表语一起说明主语的身份)

(2)持续系动词。用来表示主语继续或保持一种状态或态度,主要有keep,stay,remain,lie,stand,hold,continue。例如:

He always keeps silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。

This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。

(3)表象系动词。表示“看起来像”,有same,appear,look等。例如:He looks tired. 他看起来很累。

She seems(to be)very sad. 他看起来很伤心。

(4)感官系动词。感官系动词主要有feel,look,smell,sound,taste,touch。例如:

Its skin feels really smooth. 它的皮摸起来真光滑。

This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。

(5)变化系动词。变化系动词主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run。例如:

The room had fallen silent. 整个房间都变得静悄悄的。

The river ran dry(=stopped flowing)during the drought. 这条河在干旱期间断流了。

(6)终止系动词。表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,turn out,表达“证实”“变成”“最终表明”之意。例如:

The rumor proved false. 这个谣言被证实是假的。

His plan turned out a success. 他的计划成功了。(turn out表示终止性结果)注意:系动词无被动语态。

2. 系动词的主要搭配

(1)系动词+形容词。例如:

The handle came loose. 这把手松了。

(2)系动词+名词。例如:

She became queen in 1952. 她于1952年成为女王。

(3)系动词+不定式。例如:

I’m sure you’ll grow to like her in time. 我确信你慢慢就会喜欢她了。(4)系动词+介词短语。例如:

He has fallen into a bad habit. 他沾染了一种坏习惯。

【知识拓展】

(1)有些系动词与形容词的搭配较为固定。例如:

come clean(全盘托出),come true(变成现实),draw near(临近),fall asleep(入睡),fall due(到期),fall ill(生病),go bad(变质),go mad (发疯),go hungry(挨饿),go wrong(出毛病),get lost(迷路),get ready(准备好),keep clam(保持冷静),make certain(确认),make ready(准备好),make sure(确信),run dry(干枯),stand firm(不让步),stand still(站着不动)。

If you come clean about what happened,I will promise to keep it to myself.

发生了什么事,你都告诉我,我保证不会对别人讲。

Something went wrong with the computer. 计算机出毛病了。

(2)seem,appear,prove,turn out,continue等系动词后可接to be,也可不接。(to be后如果是名词且无形容词修饰,to be常不省)。例如:She seemed(to be)an honest woman.

She seemed to be a teacher.

The party turned out (to be)very successful.

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