(完整版)英语定语从句的结构和用法

英语定语从句的结构和用法

一．概念（定义、位置、译法）

关于定语从句的概念，要掌握其定义、位置和译法等。

㈠定义在复合句中，用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。

㈡位置被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句一般放于所修饰的先行词

之后。即…

+

…。

㈢译法含有定语从句的英语句子，译成汉语时大多把定语从句译为“……的”放于所修饰的名词或代词之前，融汇于整个复合句中；但在一些非正式的说法中也可

以把定语从句单独译成一句话，尤其是见于非限制性定语从句。例如：

1）This is the black pen that he likes very much.

可译为：这就是他非常喜欢的那支黑色钢笔。

或译为：这就是那支黑色钢笔，他非常喜欢它。

2）My brother, whom you’ve met before, is a policeman.

我的兄弟是一个警察，你以前曾经见过他。

二．结构

定语从句就像其它曾从句一样，一般都是陈述（句）结构。即：

关系代词或关系副词+ 主语+ 谓语v. + 其它

说明：当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，定语从句的结构则变为：

关系代词（即主语）+谓语v. + 其它。

三．关系代词关系副词（位置、分类、作用、选择、转换、省略、译法）

关于定语从句的关系词，要掌握其位置、分类、作用、选择、转换、省略和译法等。

㈠位置关系词一般是放于定语从句的开头。见上面例句中的that和who。

㈡分类关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词2大类。见下表。

㈢作用关系词作用有2个：①引导定语从句连接主句和从句；②代替先行词作定语从句的一个成分。各关系词的具体用法如下：

㈣选择因为关系词实质上就是代替先行词的词，因此关系词的选择依据是先行词，即根据先行词①指人、指物，还是表地点、时间、原因；②逻辑上在定语从句中

作何成分。见下表：

①指人、指物，还是表地点、时间、原因

先行词关系词

②逻辑上在定语从句中作何成分

具体例子见第四部分各例句。

㈤转换关于关系词的转换问题见第五部分㈧的规定（主要指关系副词和关系代词的转换）。

㈥省略关于关系词的省略问题见第三部分㈡的规定

㈦译法引导定语从句的关系词一般不可按照字面翻译！一般不需要译出！（有时也可结合先行词和定语从句翻译。）见第四部分各例。

四．各关系代词和关系副词的用法举例

1）Who’s the man ( whom/that ) we saw just now?

2）The man who/that works in the office is a math teacher?

3）Mary is the student whose handwriting is the best in our class.

4）The desk whose leg is broken is Jim’s desk.

5）This is the student whose bike Tom borrowed.

比较：This is the student whom/that Tom borrowed the bike from.

6）A bookshop is a shop that/which sells books.

比较：A bookshop is a shop where books are sold.

7）I’ll never forget the days when I studied there.

比较：I’ll never forget the days that/which were exciting.

= I’ll never forget the exciting days.

8）I want to go to a place where the weather is warm.

比较：I want to go to a place that is warm.= I want to go to a warm place.

9）We want to know the reason why he helps us.

比较：We want to know the reason that/which is right.

= We want to know the right reason.

五．值得注意的问题

㈠定语从句的时态和主句的时态可以不一致，即定语从句的时态不受主句时态的限

制（这与宾语从句不同）。例如上述第四部分例1）。又如：The man you saw

yesterday will come here again tomorrow.

㈡关系代词whom、which、that在定语从句中作宾语时才可省略，作主语时不可省略！其它关系词一般不可省略！见第四部分的例子。

㈢关系代词whom、which作定语从句中介词的宾语时，有时介词可提到whom、which之前。而关系代词who（代替whom）、that也可作定语从句介词的宾语，但介词却不可提到who、that之前。

例：1）Who’s is the man (whom/who/that) you talked with just now?

=Who’s is the man with whom(who×,that×) you talked just now?

2）The room (which/that) she lives in is a large one.

=The room in which(that×) she lives is a large one.

㈣关系代词who、that、which在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词在人

称和数上要和先行词一致，而不是和关系代词一致！（因为关系词实质上就是代替先行词的词）

例：1）I know the girl who/that is singing.

比较：I know the girls who/that are singing.

2）In the river, there is a boat that/which look like a goose.

比较：In the river, there are some boats that/which look like geese

㈤定语从句中要避免出现与先行词、关系词在意义和作用上重复的成分。

例：1）This is the book ( that ) I like it. ×

2）This is the man who/that he helped me.. ×

3）This is the man whose his name is Bob. ×

也不可说：This is the man that his name is Bob. ×（关系词选错了，不

该用that。）

说明：以上三个例子去掉划线的词就正确了。

㈥定语从句一般都是紧挨着先行词之后，但有时在先行词和定语从句之间也会插入其他成分。这种情况往往在插入的成分和定语从句之间用逗号隔开。要注意理解。例：1）There are many thousands of stars in the sky, that are(is×) like the sun.

2）比较：There are many nice pictures in the book, that I like.

在那本书里有许多我喜欢的漂亮图片。

≠There are many nice pictures in the book that I like.

在那本我喜欢的书里有许多漂亮图片。

㈦关系代词that与which指物时的比较

指物时两者常可通用，但下列情况不可以换用：

1. 先行词为all, something(anything, everything, nothing), few, little, many, much,

one of等不定代词时，常只可用that。

例：1）That’s all ( that ) I know.

2）Is there anything ( that ) I can do for you?

3）This is one of the presents ( that ) my friends gave me on my birthday. 2．先行词被only、no、any、few、little、many、much、all、just、very等修饰时，多用that。

例：1）The only thing ( that ) we can do is to wait.

2）In the book, there are no stories that are exciting.

3．先行词是序数词、adj.最高级时，或者先行词被序数词、adj.最高级修饰时，常只用that。

例：1）The first thing that we should do is to work out a plan.

2）This is the most interesting book ( that ) I have read.

4．先行词既有人又有物时，只可用that。

例：The writer and his book that you talked about is really well-known.

5．非限制性定语从句不可用that引导，只可用which（指人时，用who或whom）。

见第六部分。

㈧关系副词与关系代词的转换（这实质上是也是属于先行词的选择问题）关系代词和关系代词一般是不能直接转换的，但有时可以间接转换。

例：1）This is the house ( that/which ) he lives in.

=This is the house in which he lives .

=This is the house where he lives.

2）I’ll never forget the day when they came here.

=I’ll never forget the day on which they came here. 3）This is the reason why he is often late.

=This is the reason for which he is often late.

=

+

㈨定语从句与adj.、分词、短语作定语的转换情况

定语从句有时常可与adj.、分词、短语作定语转换。

例：1）Everyone likes books that are interesting.

=Everyone likes interesting books.

2）The boy who is running is Jim.

=The running boy is Jim.

3）The boy who is running on the playground is Jim.

=The boy running on the playground is Jim.

4）The girl who is under the tree is Lucy.

= The girl under the tree is Lucy.

六．定语从句的分类

根据和主句的关系，定语从句可分为两类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，起着修饰限制作用。如果去掉，主句的意思就会受到影响，它和主句的关系密切，一般不可用逗号与主句隔开。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，如果去掉，不会影响主句的意思。它和主句之间常用逗号隔开。

非限制性定语从句译成汉语时常常可单独译成一句话。

例：1）This is the best movie that I have seen.

这是我看过的最好的一部电影。

比较：Last night, I saw a good movie, which(that×) was about Lei Feng.

昨天晚上，我们看了一部电影。这部电影是关于雷锋的故事。

2）She has a brother who/that is a policeman.

她有一个当警察的哥哥。（她可能不止有一个哥哥）

比较：She has a brother, who(that×) is a policeman.

她有一个哥哥，（他）是当警察的。（她只有一个哥哥）

【注】①非限制性定语从句不可用that引导，指人时who，whom，指物用which。

而且who(m), which作宾语时不可省略（见第一部分㈢例2））。

②两种定语从句的译法常常不同。

七．定语从句与同位语从句的比较：

例：1）I heard the news that was exciting.

被修饰的词the news逻辑上作从句(that）was exciting的主语。因此，that was

exciting是定语从句。

比较：I heard the news that his mother was ill.

被说明的词the news逻辑上不作从句that his mother was ill的任何成分，that his

mother was ill 是说明the news的内容。因此，that his mother was ill是the news

同位语从句。

2）I still remember the day when he first came here.

被修饰的词(on) the day逻辑上作从句(when) he first came here的时间状语。因

此，when he first came here是定语从句。

比较：I have no idea when he first came here.

被说明的词the day逻辑上不作从句(when) he first came here的任何成分，when

he first came here是说明idea的“内容”。因此，when he first came here是idea

的同位语从句。

(完整版)高中英语定语从句讲解及练习

高中英语定语从句讲解及练习 定语从句是高中重点知识，也是高考常考点，大家也不容易掌握，这篇文章主要教你关系代词引导的定语从句 关系副词引导的定语从句判断关系代词与关系副词限制性和非限制性定语从句等内容，有例题讲解定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。 关系副词有：when, where, why等。 18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如： Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） 2）whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose （of which）cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。 3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语） The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语） 18.2 关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于\"介词+ which\"结构，因此常常和\"介词+ which\"结构交替使用。例如： There are occasions when （on which）one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why （for which）he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？ 2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和\"介+which\"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如： His father died the year （that / when / in which）he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which）he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。 18.3 判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。 I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。 判断改错： （错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对）This is the mountain village （which）I visited last year. （对）I'll never forget the days （which）I spent in the countryside. 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关

(完整版)高中英语定语从句讲解及练习题(含答案)

定语从句讲解 一．基本介绍 ?功能：相当于adj,修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。 ?位置：被修饰词之后 ?先行词：被定语从句修饰的词 ?关系词：连接先行词与从句的词称为关系词。 ?确定关系词的步骤：先看先行词，指的是什么；看关系词在充当的成份。 二．特殊用法

1.He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels______filled his bus. 2.The village is no longer the one ___it was five years ago. 5.Such books____you bought are useful. 2

3.Which are the books____you bought for me? 6.____ is known,the earth is round. 4.There is a room,_____window faces the river. 7.There is lots of air in loose snow,_____can keep the cold out. 3

高中定语从句练习（整理） 1. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the factory. A. which B. that C. who D. whom 2. We are going to spend this Spring Festival in Beijing, _____ live our grandparents and some relatives. A. which B. that C. who D. where 3. There are many areas in the world _____ lack experienced doctors. A. where B. in which C. which D. what 4. The years and months _____ we spent together are really wonderful to us all. A. when B. on which C. in which D. that 5. _____ has been described above, it is a general rule that solids expand as the temperature increases and contract when they are cooled. A. It B. As C. That D. Which 6. A. who’s B. which C. whose 7. Susan is not the brilliant writer _____ she used to be. D. this A. which B. that C. who D. whom 8. I, who _____ your friend, will try my best to help you. A. be B. am C. are D. is 9. The size of the audience, _____ we had expected, was well over 1600. A. as B. that C. which D. who 10. They have started an investigation, _____ are being kept secret. A. whose detail B. whose the details C. the details of which D. the detail of it 11. Have you ever asked him the reason _____ may explain his absence? A. why B. for which C. which D. what 12. There were two rooms in the beach house, _____ served as a kitchen. A. the smaller of them B. the smallest of which C. the smaller of which D. smallest of which 13. He imagined various ways _____ he could teach her how to learn English well. A. / B. that C. in which D. A , B & C 14. The speed _____ light travels is said to be the maximum in the universe. A. in which B. by which C. at which D. from which 15. Can you think out a situation _____ this idiom can be used? A. in which B. that C. where D. A & C 16. China has hundreds of islands, _____ is Taiwan. A. in which the largest B. its largest of which C. of which the largest D. which the largest 17. We ate in a luxurious restaurant but it wasn’t such a good dinner _____ she had promised us.

初中英语定语从句的用法解析

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高一英语定语从句讲解 精华版 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】

定语从句 一、基本概念：定语： 定语从句： Do you know the man who spoke at the meeting just now That is the house where he lived ten years ago. 引导词：关系词 关系代词有：that, who, whom, whose, which; 在从句中充当： 关系副词有：when, where, why. 在从句充当： 先行词： 定语从句中引关系词的作用： 二、关系词的用法： （一）关系代词的用法： 1． He is the man lives next door. The train has just left is for Shenzhen. 2． The man ________ we have just seen is a famous writer. Where is the book ___________I bought last week

（二）关系副词的用法： 1． I still remember the time ________I first became a college student. Do you know the date __________Lincoln was born (三) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点： 1．这三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构： when = on (in, at, during…) + which; where = in (at, on…) + which; why = for which. 如： I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived. The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it. 2．当先行词是表时间的time, day等和表地点的place, house等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用which或that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用when或where，试比较： I’ll never forget the day _________ my hometown was liberated. I’ll never forget the days____________we spent together last summer. His father works in a factory____________radio parts are made. His father works in a factory______________makes radio parts.

人教版高一英语定语从句全面讲解与练习

定语从句 定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。 例如 a clever boy the boiling water fallen leaves ?The boy in the classroom needs a pen. ?The man standing there is my teacher. 定语从句：一个句子充当定语 The boy who is reading needs the pen. 单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。 短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 Ⅰ. 概念： (1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。 (2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。 (3) 关系词：引导定语从句的词，并代替先行词在从句中担任一定的成分。分为关系代词和关系副词。 (4) 定语从句基本构成：先行词+关系词+从句 A) 关系词的作用： 1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词； 2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语） 1.The student who answered the question was John. 2. I know the reason why he was so angry. 3. The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother. 4. I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.