自考英语国家概况笔记(三)全

自考英语国家概况笔记（三）全

1） Parliamentary Electoral System议会选举制

A General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.Britis h citizens,together with citizens of other Commonwealth countries and citizens of the Irish Republic resid ent in Britain,may vote provided they are 1)aged 18 or over,2)included in the annual register of electors f or the constituency,and 3)not subject to any disqualification.A candidate must deposit 500 pound.大选每5年一次，且经常不足5年就举行。英国公民包括其他英联邦国家公民和爱尔兰共和国在英国的居民都有选举权。选举条件1）18或18以上，2）选区全体选民的每年选民登记册上登记注册者 3）有资格参选者。

候选人必须交纳500英镑保证金。

2）The Political Party System政党体制

Since 1945 either the Conservative Party or the Labour Parth has held power.自1945年以来，一

直由保守党或工党轮流执政。

Chapter 9第九章

Social Affairs英国社会

III. Religion 宗教

1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religious freedom with out interference from the communit y or the State. (He may believe in any church or none at all.) He may change his religion at will may man ifest his faith in teaching, worship and observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor may be a Roman Ca tholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churches or none.

在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，社会和政府不得干涉。他可以随意改变宗教信仰，可以在布道，礼拜和仪式中表明他的信仰。除了大法官不可以是罗马天主教徒外，公共职务对各种信仰或没有信仰的人

一律公开。

2. Established churches国教

There are two established church in Britain: in England the church of England and in Scotland th

e (Presbyterian) Church o

f Scotland.

英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会（长老教）。

3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of t hat Church and as ―Defender of the Faith‖. The Church is also linked with the State through the House o f loads. The church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Co

mmon Prayer without the consent of Parliament.

英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系。因为君主作为―国教的捍卫者‖必须是此教会的一员，他在登基时必须承诺维持国教。国教还通过上议院与国家联系起来。没有议会同意，英格兰教会不可随意改变―国教祈祷

书‖中规定的礼拜仪式。

4. The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by ministers an

d elders, all of whom ar

e ordained to office. The Monarch is normally represented at the general assemb

ly by the Lord High Commissioner.

苏格兰教的管理时长老制，也就是由教士和长老治理。他们被授予圣职，王室高级代表通常代表君

主光临会议。

5. Unestablished churches

非国教教会

There are include: the Anglican Churches(圣公会)，the Free Churches(自由教会)；(the largest of t he Free Churches – the Methodist Church 最大的自由教会—卫理公会)，the Roman Catholic Church（罗

马天主教）。

IV. Festival and Public Holidays

节假日

1.Christian festivals 基督教节日

The Christian festival of the year and Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.

其主要的节日有圣诞节，复活节，圣灵降临节

Christmas day, December 25th, celebrates the birth of Christ, and it is the greatest of Christian fes tivals. Easter celebrates the Resurrection (复活) of Christ. Easter is traditionally associated with the eati ng Easter eggs.Whit Sunday (圣灵节) celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ‘s apostles seve n days after his death, and it is on the seventh Sunday after Easter.圣诞节，12.25，纪念耶稣的诞生，是最盛大的基督教节日。复活节是庆祝基督的复活。复活节有吃复活节彩蛋的习惯。圣灵节是庆祝基督去世7周后，重新降临到他的使徒们中间，在复活节后第7个周日。

2.Other festivals 其他节日

Britain‘s other festivals include New Year‘s Day, Gy Fawkes Day (篝火节), April Fools Day（愚人节）, Mother‘s Day and the Remembrance Day (Armistice Day)

Chapter 10

第十章

The education system in Britain

1. primary education 初等教育，小学教育

Primary education is compulsory(义务教育) in Britain. It begins at five in Great Britain and four i n Northern Ireland. All children have to attend primary school and they finish their primary education at t he age of 11. In addition to the many state primary schools(公立小学) which do not ask their pupils to pa y fees, there are also some fee-paying independent primary schools (收费的私立小学). The most famou s fee-paying primary schools are the preparatory schools which admit children from seven-plus to 11,1 2 or 13 years old.初等教育在英国是义务教育，大不列颠是从5岁开始，北爱尔兰是4岁。所有的孩子必须参加初等教育，并在11岁完成。除了许多国家公立小学不向学生收费外，也有一些收费的私立小学。预

备学校学生的年龄通常为7岁以上到11 12 13岁。

2.secondary education 中等教育，中学教育

Secondary education in Britain is also compulsory. All the children must receive secondary educat ion after finishing their primary education at the age of eleven. The secondary school age-range(中学生的年龄段) is from 11-18. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in Great Britain atte nd comprehensive schools.Secondary schools include comprehensive schools (综合中学), secondary m odern schools (现代中学) and grammar schools(文法学校). They are state schools（公立学校）。中等教育在英国也是必须的，所有孩子必须在11岁完成初等教育后接受中等教育。中学生的年龄段从11-18。大不列颠90%左右的国属中等学校学生就读于综合中学。

3.higher education 高等教育，大学教育

There are some 90 universities,including the Open University. Most famous ones are Oxford an d Cambridge. There is also the Open University which is ―open‖ to all to become students, mainly adult s tudents. 包括开放大学在内，英国共有90所大学。最著名的是牛津和剑桥。还有开放大学，即向所有未

来的学生和成人开放。

2. The Media

paper 报纸

British newspapers can be divided into three kinds:quality newspapers(高质量严肃报纸)， popula r newspaper(通俗报纸)， and mid-market newspapers(中间市场报)。

1.Quality newspapers are directed at readers who want full information on a wide range of publi

c matters. There are 5 quality dailies (Financial Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Indepen dent, an

d Th

e Times) and 4 quality Sundays (Sunday Telegraph, The Independent on Sunday, The Obs erver, and The Sunday Times).严肃报纸面向那些想全面了解社会事物各方面信息的读者。共有5家严肃日报（《金融时报》、《每日电讯报》、《卫报》、《独立报》、《泰晤士报》）和4家严肃周日报（《星期日电讯报》、《星期日独立报》、《观察家》、《星期日泰晤士报》）

2.Populary newspapers appeal to people wanting news of a more entertaining character, presente

d mor

e concisely. There are 3 popular dailies (Daily Mirror, Daily Star and The Sun) and 3 popular Sund ays(News o

f the world, Sunday Mirror, and The people).通俗报纸吸引那些需要娱乐性较强而又简单明了

的新闻的人们。共有3家通俗日报（《每日镜报》、《晨星报》、《太阳报》）和3家通俗周日报（《世

界新闻报》、《星期日镜报》、《人民报》）

The BBC(the British Broadcasting Corporation英国广播公司) and its programs

BBC is the largest and dominant broadcasting corporation in Britain. BBC World Service broadcas ts international news worldwide in 38 other languages. The BBC is state-run（国营）and it is financed fr om the sales of television licences(出售电视收视证).BBC是英国最大的和独立的广播公司。BBC国际广播电台用英语和其他38种语言播放全球范围的国际新闻。国营的BBC的资金来源于收视许可证的销售。

BBC Network Radio serves（广播网） an audience of 30 million a week in Britain, broadcasting ar ound 38,000 hours of programmes each year on its 5 networks.BBC广播网在英国每周就有3千万听众，

每年在5个广播网上播送节目约38000个小时。.

Sports体育运动

1. Many international sports were introduced by the British who take their leisure time very serious

ly. There is widespread participation in sport in Britain.

英国人很重视休闲时光，许多国际体育项目是由他们推广开来的，在英国，人们广泛参与体育活动。

2. Football ( or ―soccer‖ as it is colloquially called ), the most popular sport in England as well as i

n Europe, has its traditional home in England where it was developed in the 19th century.

足球（口语叫‖soccer‖）,在英格兰和欧洲是最受欢迎的运动，其传统老家在英格兰，在19世纪得到

发展。

3. The game ―Rugby‖ was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century.

英式橄榄球（又称拉格比足球）于19世纪初发明于沃尔威克郡的拉格比学校，因此而得名。

4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. On a

n international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.

板球，是英国人最典型的体育运动，自从16世纪以来已存在。国际比赛是为期5天的康希尔决赛。

5. Although tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated in England in late 1 9th. The main tournament is the annual Wimbledon fortnight, one of the 4 tennis ―Grand Slam‖ tourname

nts.

尽管网球已打了好几个世纪，但现代比赛却起源于19世纪末的英格兰。主要比赛是一年一度的温布

尔登两周赛，这是四大满贯网球锦标赛之一。

6. There is a considerable following and participation of athletics in Britain. For example, the Lond

on Marathon, which takes place every spring.

英国参加田径的人很多，例如伦敦的马拉松塞，每年春季举行。

7. The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century and natur ally the oldest golf club in the world is there: The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. The most i mportant national event is the Open Championship with the Walker Cup for amateurs and the Ryder Cu

p for professionals.

高尔夫球的故里是苏格兰，自从17世纪以来这项运动就在那儿盛行。全世界最古老的高尔夫俱乐部也在那里：爱丁堡高尔夫球会员荣誉公司。全国最大的比赛是沃尔克杯业余公开赛和雷德尔杯职业公开赛。

Major forms of art in Britain

1)museums and galleries

The largest and most important is the British Museum最大和最重要的是英国博物馆

2) music

People in Britain are interested in a wide range of music, including classical music(古典音乐), roc k and pop misic, Jazz , folk and Light Mucic. In the early 1960s a new pop culture—beat（披头士）, eme rged in Britain‘s Liverpool. It was started by a group of young people called Beatles.

英国人喜欢各种各样的音乐，包括古典音乐，摇滚和流行音乐，爵士乐，民间音乐和轻音乐。20世纪60年代，一种新的流行文化—披头士，出现在英国的利物浦。这是由一群年轻人组成的乐队叫披头士乐

队，又称甲壳虫乐队。

2) Drama

Britain is one of the world‘s major centres for theatre,and its dramatic tradition is reflected in the ex cellent quality and range of its theatre.英国是世界上最主要的剧院中心，其戏剧传统从其剧院的质量及范

围即可看出。

Arts festivals 艺术节

The most famous is the Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama.It takes place for a p eriod of 3 to 4 weeks between August and September.最著名的是爱丁堡国际音乐戏剧节。该节在八、九

月间举行，历时3-4周。

films 电影

In November each year the National Film Theatre hosts the London Film Festival.每年11月国家电

影院主办伦敦电影节。

Literature and libraries 文学和图书馆

There are several thousand libraries throughout the country,including the great ―copyright‖libraries, which are entitled to receive a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom;libraries of othe r universities and learned institutions and the Public libraries.全国有几千所的图书馆，包括?版权所有‘大图书馆。这些图书馆有权免费得到在英国出版的每一本书的样本，此外还有其他大学、研究所的图书馆和公

共图书馆。

PART TWO The United States of American

1.Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族

1)introduction 概要

①the third most populous country in the world,with 255.5 million people.

②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth.There ar

e many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% o

f immigration ot the United States now is fro m Asian and Hispanic counties.The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherl ands. Population movements are common in America.移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。到目前80%-90 %的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。人口迁徙在美国很普遍。

2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement

①blacks and slavery

the largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; th e first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. 美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的1

2。1%；1619年最早的人人作为奴隶被运至美国。

②The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln‘s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and th

e Thirteenth Amendment to the Consititution in 1865.the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s demande d desegregation and equal right.1863年林肯总统的《解放宣言》和1865年的《宪法第13修正案》使奴

隶制度正式瓦解。废除种族隔离和人权平等导致了1960年的民权运动。

2.American History

1) The ―discovery‖ of the New World 发现新大陆

①The ―first Americans‖ were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人

②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish q ueen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now w est Indies.He thought he had reached Asia and didn‘t know he had disvovered a New Continent.15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。

③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent.Therefore, the land was named Am

erica after him.阿美利歌。韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。

2)Causes of the colonization of the New World

Opportunity was a magic word.①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting m ore land and establishing great new estates.). ②Drew other people who could not find jobs in Englan d. ③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe. ④Many s ettlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted i n England.机遇是一个神气的词。1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的）2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。3）尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可归的人。4）许多人为寻求宗教自由而在这英国殖民地定居下来，因为他们在英国受到早叫迫害。

3)The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.They were Virg inia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Ca rolina, South Carolina, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Georlina. 美洲的第一块英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。从1607年到1733年间，英国在北美的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马塞、康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、马里兰、北卡罗来纳，南卡罗来纳、新泽西、

宾夕法尼亚和佐治亚。

In 1620,201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.They arrived at Plymou th and built the Plymouth colony.The Puritans（清教徒）,unlike the Pilgrims(清教徒前辈)who were artisa ns and peasants,were wealthy,well-educated gentlemen.The Puritans did not allow religious dissent.Th e colonists were building a new way of life in the New World.There were a number of features which wo uld play a role in forming the American character.They were:representative from of government,rule of la w,respect of individual rights,religious tolerance and a strong of individual enterprise.1620年，清教徒前辈中的201人乘坐―5月花号‖船来到新大陆，在普利茅斯建立了殖民地。清教徒和身为手艺人或农夫的清教徒前辈不同，他们富有，是受过良好教育的绅士。清教徒不允许异教存在。殖民者在新大陆建立了一种新的生活方式。以下几点为美国特色的形成起到一定作用：政府的代表形式，法制，对人权的尊重，宗教的

宽容和强大个人进取精神。

3）The American War of Independence and its consequences.美国独立战争极其影响

①the causes:With the development of economy,the people in the colonies wanted more power t o determine their own business.But the policy of the British government was to bring the development u nder control and collect more taxes from the colonies.原因：随着经济的发展，殖民地人民要求更多的自决权。而英国政府的政策是要把经济发展控于股掌，并向殖民地征收更多的税

②the Boston Tea Party(波士顿茶叶事件): In 1773, several dozen Boston residents dressed as Ind ians boarded the ships of the British East India Company and threw the tea into the harbor. 1773年，几十名波士顿居民化装成印第安人，登上英国东印度公司的船，将茶叶倾入海中。

③the First continental Congress: In September 1774, the First Continental Congress was held i n Philadelphia which encouraged Americans to refuse to bry British goods. 第一届大陆会议：1774年9

月，在费城召开，鼓励美国人抵制英货。

④Lexington and Concord(列克星顿和康克特)：The War of Independence began at there in 1775.

⑤The Second Continental Congress(three weeks after the battle at Lexington in 1775 ):founde

d a Continental Army and Navy under th

e command o

f Washington; appointed a committee to draft a fo rmal declaration(Thomas Jefferson was the man who draft it), the Declaration of Independence, And ad opted the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.第二次大陆会议（1775年的列克星顿战役三周之后）：建立了大陆军和海军，任命华盛顿为总司令；指定了一个委员会负责起草一份正式宣言（托马斯。

杰斐逊起草），1776.6.4，通过了独立宣言。

⑥The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and this theor y came from the British philosopher John Locke.宣言清晰地解释了指导这场革命的政治理论，这一理论源

于英国哲学家约翰。洛克。

⑦The consequences: IN September ,1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain recognized th

e independence o

f the United States; the war was from 1775 to 1781, it shows that, in a just war ,a wea k nation can defeat a stron

g one. American people gained independence and capitalism developed in A merica. It also had great international influence.意义：1783年9月，《巴黎条约》签署，英国承认美国独立；战争从1775-1781，表明，在一场正义的战争中，弱者可以战胜强者。美国人民获得了独立，资本主

义得到发展。同时具有深远的国际影响。

4)Establishment of a federal form of govermen: 联邦政府的建立

①The Articles of Confederation was unusual in many ways.1)it provided for no king;2)while the Ar ticles created a central government in the form of a Congress,the emphasis was still on state powers.3)t he Articles of Confederation was a written constitution for the U.S..But there were serious weaknesses,i t was difficult to carry on the business of the government without someone to do the executive‘s job.Con gress was too large a body to function as government.And Congress had no power to raise taxes.A conf erence was held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of C onfederation adequate. 十三洲联邦宪法的不同之处在于：1）没有采用君主立宪制；2）确立了国会形式的中央政府，但仍以洲治为主；3）是美国的明文宪法。但也存在严重缺陷：无人主持行政工作，政府事务很难执行。国会体制庞大，无法起到政府职能，国会无权提高税收。1787年5月于费城召开了一次大会，

讨论如何改进十三洲联邦宪法。

②The Great Compromise(on July 16,1787): gave each state an equal vote in the Senate but maki ng representation in the House reflect the size of each state‘s population.1787.7.16出台的大折中：赋予各州在参议院中同样的选举权,而众议院中的代表人数则根据各州的人口决定。

③The Bill of Rights (1791)，became the first ten amendments to the constitution of the American c onstitutional—the Bill of Rights.By then,it is agreed, the foundation of the American constitutional syste m was completed.1791年通过的，成为对《宪法》最早的十项修正案—人权法案。一般认为至此美国宪法

体制的建立全部完成。

④the first Congress: met in New York In 1789.

the first President:Washington

5)Consequences of territorial expansion and the westward Movement 领土扩张和西进运动

①forced England to give up the Old Northwest;迫使英格兰放弃旧西北地区

②Purchased the Louisiana from Nepoleon.(1790‘s)向拿破伦购买路易斯安那州

③forced Spain to cede Florida and the Gulf coast.迫使西班牙放弃弗罗里达和墨西哥海岸。

④Texas added to the Union(1845).1845,德克萨斯加入联邦

⑤Obtained California and New Mexico From Mexico by the war with Mexico (1846-1848)从墨西哥

战争1846-4848，得到加利福尼亚和新墨西哥。

⑥The Gadsden Purchase(1853)

another 30,000 square miles of Mexican land were added to the territory of the U.S.,in return,th e U.S.paid 10 million dollars.1853年的?加滋登购地‘中，又有3万平方英里的墨西哥变成了美国领土，美

国付了1千万美圆的补偿。

6)The American Civil War and its impaction on the development of the U.S

①The conflict beween the North and the South: In the early 1800‘s, black slavery disappeared in t he north because of industry development. But it continued to exist in the South. In the South, farming re maind the most important way of making a living and the planter farmed a large area of land. Slave labo urs seemed best suited for producing these crops.19世纪早期，由于工业的发展，黑奴在北方消失。但在南方仍然存在。在南方，农耕是最主要的谋生手段，农场主耕种了大片土地。奴隶劳动力似乎最适于这些

农作物的生产。

②The Compromise of 1850: the North and the South allowed California to be accepted as a free s tate while ordering the returning of runaway slaves to the masters.1850年通过了一个折中的方案：同意

加利福尼亚为自治州，将逃跑的努力归还主人。

③Abraham Lincoln (亚伯拉罕. 林肯)：Soon after Lincoln Became the U.S. President, the War brok

e out on April 12, 1861.He realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by maki ng the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.Thu s England and France stood by the Union‘s side.Many black slaves joined the Union Army. 亚伯拉罕. 林肯:当林肯成为美国总统后，1861.4.12爆发战争，他意识到可以把战争变为反奴隶的正义战争，从而获得国内外对联邦的支持。所以他颁布了著名的《解放宣言》。这样英法各国站到了联邦一边，许多黑奴加入

了联邦军。

Lincoln‘s speech:―That government of the people,by the people, for the people,shall not perish fro m the earth.‖民有，民治，民享的政府是不会从地球上消亡的。The Thirteenth Amendment,which banned s

lavery,was added to the Constitution in December,1865.废除奴隶制的第十三修正案于1865年12月写入

宪法。

⑦Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War 内战后资本主义的迅速发展

After the war, the U.S. saw great developments in Industry, agriculture, science and technology, a

nd population.

①reasons: a stable political environment after the war was over; enough labour supply after blac k slaves were free; new immigrants; Science and invention played a very important role in acceleratin g America‘s industrial development; the federal goverment put high taxes on foreign imports; the Rich n atural resources.原因：战后稳定的政治环境；黑奴自由，新移民都提供了足够的劳动力；科学和发明在美国的工业发展中起到重要作用；联邦政府对进口商品课以高税，丰富的自然资源。

②consequences: Both production and capital became increasingly concentrated.生产和资本越来

越集中。

3.American History (1900-1945)

1)Economic growth in the early 20th century

①tremendous growth of the American economy(between the end of the civil war and 1900): Stea m and electricity replaced human muscle,steel took the place of iron.Machines and oil were used.Peopl e and goods could move by railroads.in 1900 it became the largest producer of coal and steel in the worl d.内战结束到1900年间，美国经济取得了巨大发展；蒸汽和电力取代了人力，钢取代了铁。机器和石油得

到了应用，客运和货运可以通过铁路进行。煤和铁以巨大产量位居世界之首。

②features in the growth of the economy:1) there emerged a growth of industrial and financial mer gers. By 1910, incorporation had become the dominant type; 2)With the development of industry and th e extension of railroad network,there was a mushroom growth of cities and urbanization; 3)there was a r apid development of new technology. The automobile and radio also developed. America was on the wa y of becoming a nation on wheels.经济发展的特点：1）出现了工业和金融合并发展的势头。到1910年，联合企业已成为主导形式；2）随着工业和铁路网络的扩张，城市如雨后春笋般发展起来（都市化）；3）新工业技术的发展迅猛。汽车和无线电也发展起来，美国正在成为一个车轮上的国家。

2)progressivism and some of the reform efforts.

Progressivism, also known as the Progressive Movement, appeared in America at the turn of th e 20th century. It demanded government regulation(规范) of the economy and social conditions – socia l area:to improve living conditions of the poor, to ban child labour, work hour limit for women workers,an d industrial accident insurance. Political area:to reform state and city governments and economic area:t o regulate big businesses.进步运动出现在20世纪初，是一场要求政府调控经济和社会生活条件的运动—社会领域：改善城市贫民的居住条件，禁止使用童工，政治领域：改革市政府和州政府，经济领域：调控

大型企业。

①the Muckrakers and Progressive Movement: The Muckrakers, a group of reform-minded journali sts,made investigations and exposed various dark sides of society.Progressive Movement was not an or ganized campaign with clearly defined goals.Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political,socia l, and economic reforms.搜集并揭发丑闻的人，是一群锐意改革的新闻记者，调查和揭露了社会的阴暗面。进步运动不是一场具有明确目标的有组织的运动，而是政治，社会以及经济改革方面一系列不同形式的努

力。

3) role of the U.S. in WWI

at the beginning of the war, Wilson said American policy was neutrality, But in fact it pursued a pol icy of pro-Ally(支持同盟国) partiality. American declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917.The Peace C onference,the Paris Conference,began on January 18,1919.The conference was actually a conference o f division of colonies of Germany,Austro-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire and the grabbing of as muc h as possible from the defeated nations.The result of the Paris Conference was the emergence of the V ersailles Treaty System in Europe.战争初期，威尔逊声明美国中立，但事实上采用了亲同盟国的偏狭政策。美国于1917年4.6对德宣战。1919.1.18,巴黎和会召开，这个会议实质上是瓜分德国，奥匈帝国，奥斯曼帝国殖民地，尽可能掠夺战败国的会议。巴黎和会的结果是欧洲凡尔赛条约体系的出现

4)characteristics of the 1920s

The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success an d spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness.the war changed the U.S. from a debtor nation i nto a creditor. There was further urbanization, new development of technology and mass production. Th e 1920s in the U.S. has been described as a period of material success and spiritual frustration. More p eople had cars. The government gave help to industry and business. There existed a highly aggressiv e and intolerant nationalism. There was the Red Scare in 1919 and 1920. There was the revival of the K u Klux Klan(三K党反动组织复活)which claimed a membership of 5 million.20世纪20年代的美国被很多历史学家描绘成一个物质丰厚而精神崩溃和迷惘的年代。战争将美国从债务国变成债权国。进一步的都市化，技术和大规模生产有了新的发展。更多的人有了车。政府给予工业和商业帮助。产生了一种激进、偏狭的民族主义。一是1919-1920的?红色恐怖‘；三K党的复兴，宣布已有5百万党员。

5)the Great Depression(1929-1937) and the New Deal 大萧条和新政

①no regulation or control over various kinds of investment companies.The banking system lacke

d stability. stock

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自考英语笔记2

Unit 2 Text A Taxes，Taxes，and More Taxes 搭配： 1. be sure of 确保、一定、毫无疑问/形容词词组 2. have a corner in/on sth. 垄断/动词词组 e.g. have a corner on the textile market 垄断纺织市场 have a corner in textile 对纺织品进行垄断 3. lead the world with sth. 以什么来引领世界/动词词组 4. vary in sth. 有差异 e.g. vary in ideas 想法有差异 vary sth. 改变 e.g. vary your attitude 改变你的观点 vary with 随什么而改变 vary from sth./sb. to sth./sb. 什么什么各不相同 e.g. vary from person to person 人人不同vary from place to place每个地方各不相同 5. sth. is due. 到了该什么的时间了。e.g. The federal taxes are due. 到了该收税款的时间了 6. be similar to 与什么一样/形容词词组 7. buy sth. for +多少钱/动词词组 e.g. buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. 8. in addition to sth./doing sth.除了（表示加的概念）/名词词组 e.g. In addition to teaching，she is in charge of managing the whole school. In addition to his flat in Chaoyang，he has anther flat in Haidian. 9. in two forms 以两种形式 10. charge on sth. 收取什么的费用 e.g. charge on cars in a city.收取城内汽车的费用。 be charged with被控诉有某种罪行；be charged by sb. 由某人收取费用 charge for 收取多少价钱e.g. How much do you charge for this car？这辆车你要多少钱？ in charge 负责 e.g. Who is in charge here？谁在这负责？

英语国家概况-爱尔兰篇中英翻译

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英语国家概况总结资料全

Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack （英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗） 2. The basic information of each country: Count ry Capital Area Memo Englan d London 最大 1.最不会把自己的 “英格兰文化区 别于其他文化” 2.一个高度城市化

3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. 4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England: British Isles: the island of Great Britain the island of Ireland

surrounding isles ●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland ●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales 5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain : At first, England was occupied by Celtic people. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire. Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years. the Angle-Saxon invaded. Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into England, the language they spoken became English. PS：One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur（被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑）,

英语国家概况复习题(1)

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