英语国家概况--谢福之-复习资料(DOC)

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and

Northern Ireland

Chapter 1 Geography, People and Language

全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain（大不列颠联合王国）and Northern Ireland （北爱尔兰）.

由成千上万的小岛组成（the British Isles）. 两大岛屿：Great Britain（大不列颠）and Ireland（爱尔兰）

The River Thames(second longest and most important), originates（起源于）in southwestern England -----North Sea.

Scotland ( Edinburgh爱丁堡) important river:Clyde River kilts（苏克兰小短裙）Wales( Cardiff加迪夫，著名港口). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England.

Northern Ireland(Belfast贝尔法斯特，首府) Lough Neagh----the largest lake in the British Isles.

Climate: temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量)，冬暖夏凉，降雨充沛

Three major features: winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定London---Buckingham Palace（白金汉宫）, Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul?s Cathedral（圣保罗大教堂）, The Tower Bridge of London（伦敦塔桥）

The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人

English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系

Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。英语从西日耳曼语中发展。

1、Old English: was influenced by Old Norse spoken by the Vikings and was related to the German and Dutch languages.受古代维京人所说的古斯坎德纳威亚语影像并和德语法语密切相关.was ended with the Norman Conquest, when the language was influence by the French-speaking Normans.古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服

2、Middle English: William the Conqueror invaded and conquered and the Anglo-Saxons (Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary)征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格鲁-撒克逊人（大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇）

3、Modern English(15 century): William Caxton brought standardization to English, and spelling and grammar became fixed. The first dictionary published in 1604. Samuel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language was influential in a standard form of spelling.卡克斯顿威廉带来了标准化的英语，并成为固定的拼写和语法。第一本字典发表于1604。约翰逊塞缪尔：一本英文字典是有影响的一种标准形式的拼写。

Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England. It is also

called “the Queen?s English” or “BBC English”. A third of world?s population use English.标准英语是基于英国东南部的讲话的。它也被称为“女王的英语”或“英国广播公司英语”。三分之一的世界人口使用英语。

Chapter 2 History

1.有记录的历史起始于55BC,Julius Caesar（凯撒大帝）and his Roman troops invaded the island. 410年, Germanic（日耳曼人）进攻罗马，结束了罗马的统治

2.Celtic→Spain and France 凯尔特人→西班牙和法国

Anglo-Saxon→Germanic Tribes盎格鲁-撒克逊→日耳曼部落

3. Norman Conquest（诺曼征服）of England marked the establishment of feudalism（封建制度）

4. Henry II 建立rule of the House of Anjou(安茹王朝) in England, 亦称为the House of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝). He improved the courts of justice, introduce the jury system and institutionalized common law.他改进了法院的公正，介绍了陪审制度和制度化的普通法。

5. The Magna Ca (大宪章）：英国宪政的基础the foundation of the British constitutionalism

6. Henry III wages wars. The outraged nobles, led by Simon de Montfort, drafted the Provision of Oxford(牛津条约) to limit the King?s power by calling regular meetings of 15-member Privy Council(枢密院).由Simon de Montfort率领的贵族，起草提供牛津（牛津条约）通过调用15名枢密院会议限制国王的权力（枢密院）Simon de Montfort facilitated the modern idea of a representative parliament.西蒙·德·蒙特福特促进了现代有代表性的议会。

7.The Wars of the Roses: the House of York( white rose) and the House of Lancaster( red rose)→winner. Henry Tudor became King Henry VII and started the rule of the House of Tudor.约克（白玫瑰）和兰开斯特家族（红玫瑰）→赢家。亨利都铎国王亨利七世，开始了都铎王朝的统治

8. In 1584, King Henry VIII issued the Act of Supremacy 《至尊法案》. In 1651, Cromwell destroyed Charles II?s army, which marked the end of the Civil Wars. In 1660 Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne which put an end to the Commonwealth.1584，国王亨利八世颁布《至尊法案》至上的行为。在1651，克伦威尔摧毁了查尔斯二世的军队，这标志着内战结束。在1660届议会决定恢复查尔斯二世的王位，这将结束了英联邦。

9. 在1688，光荣革命（Glorious Revolution）发生。在1689年，议会通过了人权法案（the Bill of Rights）。

10.19世纪中期，工业革命完成。

11.The British Empire began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. By the end of 19th century, the British Empire included about 1/4 of the global population and the world?s landmass.大英帝国开始与纽芬兰殖民1583。在第十九世纪末，英帝国包括了1 / 4的世界人口和世界的陆地。12.South African is the fourth self-government dominion of the British Empire after Canada, Australia and New Zealand.南非是继加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰之后的第四个自治领。

Chapter 3 Government and the Commonwealth

1.Britain is a parliamentary democracy 议会制民主with a constitutional monarchy君主立宪制.The British Constitution is made up of

① Statutory law 成文法,制定法（the most important）→ passed by parliament

②Common law 判例法，普通法→customs or legal precedents

③Conventions 习惯法，衡平法→not legally exist, but still vital

The King or

Queen?s role is

ceremonial,

unpolitical and

symbolic

3.

4.The House of commons（下议院）三大职能①The most important is drafting new laws. 立法

②to scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government 约束政府③to influence the future government policy影像未来政策

6. The parliament: a two-party system 两党制

7. Three main parties: The Conservative Party保守党, The Labor Party工党, The Liberal Democrats自由民主党. 获得下议院半数以上投票的党派成为执政党

8. The Queen of Britain is considered the head of the Commonwealth. The headquarters are all located in London.英国女王被认为是英联邦的元首（然并卵，只是个代言人而已）。总部都设在伦敦。

Chapter 4 Economy

1.By the 19th century, the British economy had produced 1/3 of the world?s manufactured goods.十九世纪，英国独揽世界三分之一成品

2.In order to separate politics and economic policy, Tony Blair made the Bank of England independent. His government was successful in limiting government spending, keeping inflation under control and reducing unemployment.为了独立的政治和经济政策，布莱尔让英国央行独立。他的政府是成功的限制政府开支，控制通货膨胀，减少失业率。

3.Important crops are wheat, barley, sugar beet and potatoes. The major fishing areas are the North Sea, the English Channel, the waters off the Irish coast and the sea area between Britain and Iceland.重要的农作物有小麦、大麦、甜菜和土豆。主要的捕鱼区是北海，英吉利海峡，爱尔兰海岸和英国和冰岛之间的海域。

4.Major source of energy: coal mining, oil industry (relatively new), nuclear power能源的主要来源：煤炭开采，石油工业（相对较新），核电

5.Three principal financial centers三大金融中心: London, Tokyo, New York

6.Tourism: Stonehenge, Windsor Castle. Britain is one of the world?s largest centers for international conference.最大国际会议中心

7.Export出口partners: Germany, the United Stated, the Netherland, France

Import进口partner: Germany, the United Stated, the Netherland, China

Chapter 5 Education, Media and Holidays

1.Before 1870, education was voluntary and schools were set by the church. 1870年之前教育是自愿的，教堂开设学校

20th century later on, government take responsibility for education二十世纪以后，政府承担教育

2.Four stages: ①primary初中: 5---11

②secondary高中: 11---16

③further education两年以上高中---16 two more years in preparation for higher education

④higher education高等教育---18

3.Two parallel school system

State system国家制度93% →free to all children between 5---16 years old

Independent system独立制度→7%independent tuition fees and curriculum

4.Further Education

●At 16: National examination国考→GCSE (Certificate of Secondary Education) 中等教

育证书to leave or continue

●Sixth form (2 years): 3 or 4 subjects

●A-level( General Certificate of Education---Advanced)→for universities

admittances(academic)普通教育高级证书

●GNVQ( General National V ocational Qualification)→for vocational training全国通用职业

资格证书

5.Recruitment based on: Grades of A-levels, school refences, interview招聘基于：普通教育高级证书，学校推荐和面试

6.Mostly funded by central government grants except university of Buckingham

B.A/B.S M.A/M.S Doctoral degree

3 years 1---2years 3---5years

Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.

7.For most British people, a day begins with the morning newspaper and ends with television.

Quality Press Tabloids

Format Large-size paper Smaller

Topic Political and social importance, high culture Scandals and gossip

Style Serious, in-depth Short, easy to read

Reader Well-educated, middle-class The common people

Example The Times The News of the World, The Sun on

Sunday

8.The Observer→the world?s oldest Sunday newspaper最老周日报

The Times→one of Britain?s oldest and influential newspaper 英国最老最有影响力的报纸THREE BIG: The Times, The guardian, The Daily Telegraph 三巨头：时代，卫报，每日电讯报9.BBC: The British Broadcasting Corporation, excel in documentaries英国广播公司

BSkyB: Britain?s top pay-television provider英国天空广播公司，顶级付费

10. Three Christmas traditions: ①Christmas pantomime ②Queen?s Christmas message ③Boxing Day (falls on the day after Christmas) 圣诞三传统：①圣诞哑剧②女王的圣诞致辞③节礼日（落在圣诞节后一天）

11. Trooping the Color (in June), known as the Queen?s Birthday Parade 女王生日游行、Chapter 6 Literature

1.The old English: the epic Beowulf : folk legend of Anglo-Saxons盎格鲁-撒克逊人的民间传说

Middle English: Geoffrey Chaucer, the first court poet The Canterbury Tales杰弗里乔叟，第一个宫廷诗人坎特伯雷故事集

2.Renaissance 文艺复兴

莎士比亚代表作：Romeo and Juliet（罗密欧和朱丽叶）Hamlet（哈姆雷特）Othello（奥赛罗）King Lear（李尔王）Macbeth（麦克白）

Alexander Pope：An Essay on Criticism（批评论）, the greatest English poet of the classical school 3. Jonathan Swift →Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记

Daniel Defoe →Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记

4.William Wordsworth, passive Romanticism →Lake poets

Second generation of Romanticism →George Gordon Byron

5.It was in the Victorian Era that the novel became the leading form of literature

The United States of America

Chapter 8 Geography and People

1.The United States consist of 48 contiguous states in North America, plus Alaska, and Hawaii.

四十八个州+阿拉斯加半岛&夏威夷群岛

Alaska: largest area全美最大Rhode罗德岛中: smallest area Texas德克萨斯州: the largest state on the mainland本土最大

2.New England is the Europeans?first settlement, including Harvard, Yale and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)新英国是欧洲人的第一个解决的问题，包括哈佛、耶鲁和麻省理工学院（麻省理工）

3.Climate: temperate, with some mild subtropical zones 温带&温和的亚热带

4.Major Cities:

New York →the commercial, financial and entertainment center. ( the biggest city)商业金融娱乐中心

San Francisco →a center of oil-refining, chemicals, commerce, finance and shipping industry 炼油、化工、商业、金融和航运业的中心

Los Angeles→second largest city, where Hollywood好莱坞is located

Chicago→“the Windy City”风城is the nation?s third largest city

5.The longest river: Mississippi River, the longest in the world 密西西比河，也是世界上最长的河

The Great Lakes: from west to east 由西向东

Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, & Lake Ontario

Lake Michigan belongs to USA. The other 4 belong to both USA & Canada

密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，密歇根湖属于美国，其他4个属于美国和加拿大

Chapter 9 History

1.It is traditionally believed that the first Americans were Indians, descendants of the Mongoloid people in Asia.传统意义上来说第一个美国人是印第安人，亚洲黄种人的后裔

2.In 1781, the United States of America won its independence美国独立

In 1863, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which granted freedom to all slaves. 1863年林肯解放黑奴Turning point: Gettysburg

意义：解放黑奴，统一美国

美国独立战争：

原因：

①殖民地要求更多自主权，the people in the colonies wanted morepower。

②波士顿倾茶事件，the Boston Tea Party，1773

过程

第一届大陆会议，the First continental Congress，1774年九月，Philadelphia费城

莱克星顿的枪声，Lexington Shot

第二次大陆会议，the Second continental Congress，1775，确立中央政府began 头assume the functions of a national government。

汤姆杰克逊通过独立宣言（Declaration）

Civil War（内战）

1)奴隶制成为中心The issue of slavery became，in American politics，economics and cultural

life，the central point of contention。

2)林肯当总统，南方要独立。

3)奴隶解放宣言emancipation proclamation

4)Lee surrendered to the North marked，（Lee 投降）内战结束

5)战后资本主义发展迅速

World War Ⅰ（1914~1918）

原因：

①The Germans announced that submarines were to be used to sink ships going to England，which would greatly injure American trade.

②Germany promised the Mexicans a chance to regain its lost territory by going to war against America.

③After more than two years of fighting,both sides grew weary.

World War Ⅱ（1939~1949）

原因：the Japanese air raid on Pearl Harbor

影像：美国发了一笔战争财，成为西方最强大的国家

Franklin D.Roosevelt:the …New Deal?1933.罗斯福新政

Spring of 1947，Truman：Truman Doctrine杜鲁门主义

1949，美国和西方国家成立the North Athletic Treaty Organization北大西洋公约组织

The Vietnam War（1954~1975）

Begin：Eisenhower continue：John F.Kennedy end:Nixon

Chapter 10 Government

Constitution

The Constitution of the United States，basic law of the land.

In Philadelphia

Drawn up in 1787,

Came into effect in 1789.

?separation of powers, check and balances;分权以制衡

?the federal government had the only powers specified in the constitution;联邦政府在宪法的

唯一权利

?The constitution goes first;宪法第一

?All men are equal.人人平等

Qualifications for being a senator:参议员当选条件

over 30 years old;

a US citizen for at least 9 years;公民做满九年

resident in the state from which he is elected.在所在州当选

Qualifications for being a representative:参议员代表当选条件

at least 25 years old;

a US citizen for no less than 7 years; 公民做七年

serve for a term of two years.任职两年

donkey representing the Democratic Party and an elephant representing the Republican Party

民主党——驴共和党——象

The Democratic Party—liberal;Leading party before the civil war民主党：南北战争时期

The Republican Party —conservative;Abraham Lincoln: the first president from the Republican Party 共和党-保守党；亚伯拉罕-林肯：共和党第一任总统

Foreign policy Neutrality Containment and Intervention外交政策中立性遏制与干预

Nixon administration?s historic step—closer ties with Communist countries：尼克松政府与共产党的历史性一步

New relationship with China—the most dramatic move;

Nixon— first US President to visit Beijing;中国最具戏剧性的关系--尼克松--首位美国总统访问北京；Chapter 11 Economy

美国是世界上最大的工业国家

History of American economy

Colonial economy-------farming economy-------industrial economy

殖民地经济————农业经济————工业经济

加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和爱尔兰

1. Canada 加拿大

Canada's geography and history 加拿大的地理与历史

Canada's geographical features 加拿大的地理特点

位于美国以北，地广人稀，人口分布集中，地形多样。

主要城市：多伦多，蒙特利尔，温哥华。四大人口密集区

最高峰为洛根峰。多湖泊。

两个主要的河流系统：马更些河（北美第二大河），圣劳伦斯河。

气候多变，大部分地区气候寒冷，整体不太宜人。

Geographical regions and their characteristics 地理区域及其特征

加拿大由10个省，2个领地组成。6个地理区域如下。

大西洋省区：丘陵和平原，土地贫瘠，人口稀少，盛产土豆。主要城市：哈利法克斯市。圣劳伦斯—五大湖省区：包括圣劳伦斯低地，魁北克省（主要城市：第二大城市暨主要港口蒙特利尔，文化中心魁北克城），安大略省（主要工业区省。首都渥太华，主要城市：第一大城市多伦多，汉米乐顿，伦敦，温得莎）。最发达富饶，工业化程度最高的地区，人口密度最大。

加拿大地盾区：覆盖半个加拿大，自然资源丰富。

大草原省区：人口密度不大。温尼伯是小麦产区的主要城市，被称为加拿大的芝加哥。

不列颠哥伦比亚省：重要的山脉：落基山脉和海岸山脉。比较富有。主要城市：温哥华，重要港口。

北部省区和领地：占国土4/5，大部分地区在北极圈内，气候恶劣，人烟稀少。重要的河流和湖泊：马更些河，大熊湖，大奴湖。丰富的自然资源正在被开发。

The European discovery of Canada 欧洲人发现加拿大

约翰.卡波特：15世纪末,率英国探险队到达纽芬兰岛和加拿大东海岸，1497年宣布拥有主权。杰克.卡蒂埃：1535年到达蒙特利尔所在地，为法国毛皮商和后来的殖民者打开了通往加拿大内地的道路。

The rivalry between the British and the French 英国人与法国人的敌对

在征服消北美领土的过程中成为对手。

17世纪，为了争夺捕鱼业和毛皮业，英法间发生冲突。

1713年，纽芬兰省，哈得孙湾和新斯科舍省被交给英国。

18世纪中期，七年战争后（1756-1763），法国战败，英国统治整个加拿大。

Self-government and the founding of the Confederation 自治政府和联盟制的形成

1837年，上加拿大（英国人）与下加拿大（法国人）发生冲突。

德拉姆勋爵建议，准许移民成立责任自治政府，并将上下加拿大合并为一个省。

1840年合并，1848年成立了内部自治政府。

南北战争后，一些强大的美国北方州对英国殖民地构成威胁。因此合并三个自治殖民地：加拿大（魁北克省，安大略省），新不伦瑞省，新斯科舍省。

1867年共同加入联盟，这是一个联邦统一体，成为自治领。

2. Australia 澳大利亚

Australia's geographical features 澳大利亚的地理特点

第六大国，位于南半球，世界上最小最低最平坦的州。

Australia's geographical structure 澳大利亚的地理结构

三个地理区：

西部大高原：广阔高地，平坦干燥。

东部山地：也叫大分水岭。有最高的高原澳大利亚山脉，最高峰科修斯科山，最长的墨累河以及大堡礁。

中东部低地：很大的低地。有澳大利亚最好的农田和牧场，以及最大的埃尔湖（间歇湖泊）。Factors that affect Australia's climate 影响澳大利亚气候的因素

炎热干燥气候的原因：

纬度20-35恰处炎热干燥地区。

山脉少。

空气团是干燥的，日照强烈的高压槽。

距海洋远。

Composition of Australia's population 澳大利亚的人口构成

人口1800万。绝大多数是移民及其后代，主要是英国人的后裔。

另有25万土著人和托雷斯海峡岛居民占1.5%。

多元文化主义。随着英国影响的减弱，美国和日本的影响不断增加。

Australia's built environment 澳大利亚的人造环境

人造环境指被人营造或改变的部分环境。相对于天然环境。

城市面积很大，80%的人口集中在沿海城市。城区的延伸是因为，澳大利亚人喜欢在自己的土地上建自己的住宅。很多城市有林荫街道和漂亮的公园。

五大城市是：东海岸的悉尼（大型海港），墨尔本（文体中心），布里斯班，阿德莱德（艺术节）；和西海岸的佩斯（气候宜人的美丽城市）。

Political divisions in Australia澳大利亚的行政区域划分

6个州和2个区，各自有一个独立的出海口。

新南威尔士：也叫第一州。面积第四，人口第一，最古老。首府悉尼。工业。

维多利亚州：也叫花园州。大陆面积最小，人口第二。首府墨尔本。制造业，服务业。

昆士兰州：也叫阳光州。面积第二，人口第三，最年轻。首府布里斯班。农业，矿业。

南澳大利亚州：面积第三，人口第四。首府阿德莱德。农业，蛋白石，造船业，伐木制材业。西澳大利亚州：也叫令人鼓舞的州。面积第一，人口第五。首府佩斯。矿物资源丰富。

塔斯马尼亚岛：也叫假日岛。面积最小，人口少，第二古老。首府霍巴特（现代化城市，深水港，大赌场）。风景胜地。

北方区：地广人稀。首府达尔文。养牛业，矿物资源丰富。

澳大利亚首都直辖区：1901年从新南威尔士划出。国家首都堪培拉（花园城市）。

3. New Zealand 新西兰

New Zealand's geography新西兰的地理状况

首都惠灵顿。位于南太平洋，第一个迎接新一天的国家，只有一个时区。

两个主要岛屿：北岛和南岛，狭长形，国家距海近。斯图尔特岛位居第三。

多为丘陵，也有草场平原。全境多山，最高峰为库克山。

北岛中央是一个火山地热区。三座火山：鲁阿佩胡火山（活），纽鲁霍伊火山（活），汤加里多火山（死）。怀塔基的地热电站用这个区域的蒸气发电。新西兰最大的陶波湖。

南岛最大的克卢萨河，北岛最大的怀卡托河和黄加雷河。

断层线贯穿新西兰，地震和火山是最严重的潜在灾害。

Characteristics of New Zealand's climate新西兰的气候特点

总体上气候温和。各地有差异，季节变化小，全年都有降雨冬季更多。天气多变且多风。纳尔逊是光照时间最长的城镇。

Native plants and animals 当地的植物和动物

独一无二的有花植物，原始森林中的古老植物。

四季常青树贝壳杉，。红色的常绿树被称为新西兰圣诞树。

基维鸟是民族的象征，新西兰人自比为基维人。

唯一的本国陆地哺乳动物是两种蝙蝠，其它均为引进，主要来自英国。有些引进的动植物成为麻烦：兔子，荆豆，蓟和金雀花；有些发挥着重要作用：农作物，牲畜，松树。Historical background of New Zealand新西兰的历史背景

欧洲人的历史始于17世纪。荷兰人艾贝尔.塔斯曼，是第一个考察者。第一个英国考察者，是皇家海军“奋进”号的詹姆斯.库克船长，画出第一份完整的新西兰地图。

商人，捕猎者和传教士随后到来并定居，毛利人与之交易并学到新的农耕----以养猪和种土豆为基础的农业。

The Treaty of Waitangi 1840 1840年《怀坦吉条约》

1840年，英国人威廉.霍布森，作为第一位官方总督来到新西兰，并代表维多利亚女王与毛利酋长签订了《怀坦吉条约》。协议签订的周年纪念日2月6日，成为新西兰国庆节，也叫怀坦吉节。协议有三条：

立法权属于英国女王。

毛利人拥有对土地，资源的所有权。

毛利人拥有所有英国国民的权利和特权。

Characteristics of Maori culture (Maoritanga) 毛利人的文化特征

毛利人认为，神灵泰恩分开了天父和地母，创造出植物动物和女人，女儿海因.泰塔玛。所有的人都是他们的后代。后来毛伊将新西兰从太平洋中拖起，被探险家库珀发现，之后波利尼西亚人来到新西兰，建立起亲缘为纽带的部落社会。

马位依指聚会用的房子及其周围土地，是毛利人社区生活的中心。聚会厅用于大型社交，政治和典礼场合，包括婚礼和葬礼。聚会厅前的开阔地是部落土地的象征。部落会议根据民主原则运行。

19世纪60年代，关系恶化的英国人与毛利人在北岛爆发战争，毛利人失去大片土地，民族关系的基本原则变为实现同化。

1871年政府规定禁止毛利儿童在校讲毛利语，毛利语从此衰落，二战后尤为严重。

二战后，毛利人不断迁往城市，使新西兰白种人更多地感受到毛利文化。

1974年，在毛利妇女的努力下，第一所双语学校成立，从而让孩子学习毛利语和风俗习惯。1975年，城市中的年轻毛利人向议会游行示威，为土地所有权而抗争。

1994年，旺奴伊加中部被毛利抗议者占领，成为激进分子抗议的焦点。抗议还将继续。

现在，毛利语成为新西兰两种官方语言之一，毛利文化的复兴需要强大的经济基础。

4. Ireland 爱尔兰

Ireland's geographical features 爱尔兰的地理特点

首都是都柏林。其它中心城市：科克，利默里克，加尔韦，瓦特福德。

盆地，中部低地地形多样，多沼泽湖泊和低岭。海洋性气候。海岸悬崖耸立。

主要山脉：东部的莫恩山，威克洛山；西南部的麦克利卡迪山。

三大高峰：卡朗图山，布兰登山，卢格纳基拉山。

最大的香农河，提供大部分电力。

动植物从欧洲迁来，与英国类似，但种类比较少。

家畜方面，以科尼马拉矮种马，爱尔兰猎狼和科利蓝闻名。

Climate in Ireland 爱尔兰的气候

温和，湿润和多变。雨量过多。六大气候区：

西北部：雨量充沛，冬季温和常刮大风，植物茂盛。

康诺特省和克莱尔：雨量更充沛，温度稍高，强风限制了树木生长。

西南部：过多的雨量，温暖的冬季，冬季日照少。

东南部：适合农耕。

中部低地：雨量最少的地区。

东北部：较凉爽。农场多为草地，农场和庄稼好。

Ethnic composition of Ireland 爱尔兰的人种构成

基本民族是凯尔特人，混有挪威人，法国人，诺曼人和英国人。没有重要的少数民族。因为种族的同一性，历史上没有种族冲突。

四大人口特征：低出生率，晚婚，男性过剩，高独身比率。

人口流失：1845年的大饥荒使人口锐减，同时人口外迁浪潮雪上加霜，迁居城市使农村地区失去工人，短剧英国潮在继续。

1921爱尔兰自由邦建立后，移民减少，人口外流结束。随着国内条件改善，人口稍有增长。Languages in Ireland 爱尔兰的语言

两种官方语言：

爱尔兰语（凯尔特语）：民族主义者希望在文化上与英国分离。近年作为商业用语和行政用语逐步减少，20世纪90年代只有20%能流利使用。

英语：几乎所有人都能使用。

Irish Catholicism 爱尔兰的天主教

爱尔兰是欧洲最信奉天主教的国家，基督教中心。绝大部分的爱尔兰人为罗马天主教徒，礼拜日做弥撒。美国一半的天主教徒是爱尔兰裔。

最早的传教士：公元431年帕拉迪斯，公元432年帕特里克。

爱尔兰圣公会是最大的非天主教教派，人数一直在减少，很少受到宗教歧视。

Conflict between the English and the Irish 英国人与爱尔兰人间的冲突

英国人与爱尔兰人间的冲突持续了近800年。

1170年英国人入侵爱尔兰，强行推行宗教改革与英国法律，镇压殖民地反叛，波恩战役，《惩罚法》，《加盟法》废除自治政府的议会，大饥荒。

20世纪一二十年，爱尔兰民族主义高涨：1916年复活节起义，宣布成立爱尔兰共和国。1919年爱尔兰共和军与英国政府爆发战争。1921年战争结束，签署《英爱条约》，建立拥有自治的爱尔兰自由邦，在北爱尔兰建立分离的政府。1937年国家名称正式改为爱尔兰。1948年脱离英联邦。1949年4月18日宣布成为共和国。

The issue of Northern Ireland 北爱尔兰问题

爱尔兰极端民族主义者强烈反对北爱尔兰的分离政府。爱尔兰共和军一直要求，与构成北爱尔兰的五个郡统一。都柏林仍然奉行爱尔兰统一的目标。

1992年2月阿尔伯特.雷诺兹任首相以来，爱尔兰与英国同意举行经常性会晤，就北爱尔兰问题的和平解决进行谈判。

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