外文翻译原文和译文
中国计量学院
现代科技学院
毕业设计（论文）外文翻译
学生姓名：XXX 学号：
专业：法学
班级：
外文题目：
Evasion of Law and Mandatory Rules in Private International Law 指导老师：
系：人文与法学
2013年月日
外文文献原文
Evasion of Law and Mandatory Rules in Private International Law
J.J. FAWCETT
Cambridge Law Journal, 1990, 49(1):44-62
Source: Cambridge Journals，https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html,
INTRODUCTION
IT has often been asserted that English private international law has no doctrine of evasion of the law. It is true that English law has never developed a general doctrine, like the French one of fraude a la hi, to deal with cases of evasion. Nonetheless, evasion of the law has been recognised as a problem in at least some areas of private international law, and an increasing number of specific anti-evasion measures have been introduced in response to this. The English approach towards evasion is a pragmatic one rather than being based on any broad underlying theory. In particular, the fundamental questions have not been addressed of what is wrong with evasion of the law and how it can be dealt with most effectively. The purpose of this article is to examine the present law on evasion, determine what is wrong with evasion of the law and put forward proposals for a principled approach to deal with the problem.
I THE PRESENT LAW ON EV ASION
The most obvious sense in which the law is evaded is when persons deliberately flout the law, for example a taxpayer fails to declare all his income to the Inland Revenue, or a person smuggles goods into a country in breach of import controls. In such cases the party seeking to evade the law wishes no law to apply. The private international lawyer may be concerned with this type of case, for instance the English courts may be asked to enforce a contract the performance of which involves the illegal export of goods.Of more interest to the private international lawyer, and the subject of this article, are those cases where laws are evaded by persons showing a preference for the application of one country's law rather than that of another. People can show this preference by going to another country in the expectation that that country's law will be applied to their affairs. This has happened in the sphere of family law where evasive marriages, divorces and abduction of children are well
known. Evasion can also take place in the commercial sphere where the particular method of evasion takes a different form, i.e. contractual agreements that a particular law will apply. Those areas in which evasion has been recognised as being a problem: marriage, divorce, child abduction and custody, and contract, will now be examined in detail, after which some conclusions will be drawn on the nature of the approach towards evasion adopted under the present law.
A. Evasive Marriages
Evasive marriages have been a well known phenomenon since the earliest days of conflict of laws. Starting with Brook v. Brook in the middle of the nineteenth century there has been a spate of reported cases involving English couples going to Denmark or Germany to marry in order to evade the English law on the prohibited degrees of marriage. After the marriage the couple would return to live in England. The English courts strongly objected to the attempt to evade English law in these cases and refused to recognise the foreign marriage. The technique for dealing with the evasion was to classify the issue in the case as being one of essential validity and to apply the law of the domicile of the parties, England, to the question of the validity of the foreign marriage. In other words, the courts moulded their private international rule on capacity to enter a marriage to stop evasion of the law. The gradual relaxation in the prohibited degrees under English law has largely meant the end of such instances of evasion. However, it still remains the case that, for example, an uncle will be unable to marry his niece in England but he may be able to do so under some foreign systems of law.
Better known to laymen than the Danish marriages cases are the Gretna Green marriage cases.At one time young English couples would elope to Scotland in order to evade the English requirement of parental consent for the marriage of a child between the ages of 16 and 21. Such a child could marry in Scotland without parental consent, there being very much less formality for marriage under Scots law. The reduction of the age of majority to 18 in England has meant that in most cases there is no longer any need for young couples to go to Scotland to enter into a valid marriage. However, the attitude of the English courts towards Gretna Green marriages is instructive and contrasts strongly with their attitude towards the Danish marriages. No objection was made to the parties evading the English requirement of parental consent by going to marry in Scotland and these Scots marriages were recognised as being valid. The issue was classified as one of formal validity and the law of the place of celebration was applied to the marriage, i.e. Scots law. The private international law rule was not
moulded to stop evasion.
The traffic in evasive marriage was not all one way. There are well known instances of French couples coming to England in order to evade stringent French requirements of parental consent to the marriage of children up to the age of 25. Not surprisingly, in the light of the Gretna Green marriages, these English marriages were regarded as being valid, despite the clear evasion of French law by the parties.
B. Evasive Divorces
In 1868 in Shaw v. Gould Lord Westbury, speaking in the context of a Scots divorce obtained by an English domiciliary said that:
No nation can be required to admit that its domiciled subjects may lawfully resort to another country for the purpose of evading the laws under which they live. When they return to the country of their domicile, bringing back with them a foreign judgment so obtained, the tribunals of the domicile are entitled or even bound, to reject such judgment, as having no extra-territorial force or validity.
A hundred years later there was considerable judicial concern that, whilst the rules on recognition of foreign divorces should be liberalised and made more flexible, "quickie" divorces obtained abroad after a short period of residence should not be recognised. The technique for achieving this was to introduce at common law a real and substantial connection test as a basis for the recognition of foreign divorces. A petitioner who was merely temporarily in, for example, Nevada when he obtained his divorce, would not be able to satisfy this test and the foreign divorce would not be recognised. The attitude subsequently changed and the Recognition of Divorces and Legal Separations Act 1971 enshrined the Law Commission's philosophy that, if there had been forum shopping, the harm had already been done, and in order to prevent a limping marriage the foreign divorce should still be recognised in England.
This still remains the general view to this day. However, there are two specific statutory anti-evasion provisions which constitute exceptions to this general rule. Both provisions are concerned with extra-judicial divorces. There was a concern shown by the judiciary and then by Parliament that parties should not be able to evade the English system of divorces granted by courts and the English law on financial provision on divorce by obtaining in England an extrajudicial divorce. Since 1974 such extra-judicial divorces have therefore been denied recognition. There was then a concern that the particular statutory provision denying recognition to this type of divorce could itself be evaded by English residents going abroad, for example on a day trip to France, to obtain an extra-judicial divorce which, because it would be
recognised in their foreign domicile, would be recognised in England. The latest version of the relevant statutory anti-evasion provision seeks to prevent this by denying recognition to extra-judicial divorces obtained, without proceedings, outside the British Islands if either spouse had for a period of one year immediately preceding the institution of the proceedings habitually been resident in the United Kingdom. The latter provision does nothing to prevent an English domiciliary from evading his financial responsibilities to his spouse by obtaining an extra-judicial divorce in the state of his nationality, and then having this recognised in England. However, the Court of Appeal in Chaudhary v. Chaudhary held that, in such circumstances, recognition of the divorce would be contrary to public policy, thereby preventing the evasion.
C. Child Abduction and Custody
The most recent problem of evasion to arise in the family law area involves cases of child abduction and custody. If the parents of a child are in dispute over the custody of a child and the parent who has not been granted custody by the English courts seizes the child and removes it abroad, there is a deliberate flouting of the English law in that the English custody order has been disregarded. This is regarded as a very serious matter and Parliament has intervened to introduce new criminal offences concerned with taking a child under the age of 16 out of the jurisdiction without consent. There may also be an element of the errant parent preferring the application of a foreign law in that this parent may seek and obtain a custody order abroad. The problem is essentially one of getting a foreign court to recognise the English custody order or the custody rights (if no order has been made) and return the child to England. There are now international conventions on child abduction and custody, and if the child is removed to a country which is a party to these conventions, that country may be obliged to recognise the English custody order and rights. As far as the United Kingdom is concerned the international conventions were brought into effect by the Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985, which requires English courts to recognise foreign custody orders and rights in certain circumstances.
D. Evasive Contracts
In contract cases the judiciary appear on the face of it to have a strong objection to evasion of the law. In theory the requirement laid down in Vita Food Products v. Unus Shipping that the parties' choice of the applicable law must be made in good faith, will stop all cases of evasion of the law. Even if the case involves an issue of formal validity of the contract the bona fides doctrine can still come into play. This
contrasts with marriage cases where, as has been seen, the evasion of formal requirements is not objected to. However, in practice the requirement of a bona fide choice does not appear to restrict the parties' freedom to choose the applicable law. There is no reported English case in which the parties' choice has been struck out on this ground. It is important to notice that, although the Vita Foods Case introduced a restriction on party autonomy, this restriction did not apply on the facts of the case and the result was to allow parties to evade the Hague Rules.
Much more important than the common law doctrine of bona fides are the specific statutory anti-evasion provisions that have been introduced into the area of contract. The most famous of these is contained in section 27 of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. This section prevents evasion of English law, or the law of any other part of the United Kingdom, by restricting the parties' freedom to choose a foreign law. It provides that the Act and the protection it gives to consumers still has effect if the choice of law appears "to have been imposed wholly or mainly for the purpose of enabling the party imposing it to evade the operation of this Act". The section goes on to provide as an alternative that the Act will apply, despite the parties' choice, if "in the making of the contract one of the parties dealt as consumer, and he was then habitually resident in the United Kingdom, and the essential steps necessary for the making of the contract were taken there, whether by him or by others on his behalf". The section, more controversially, also prevents parties from evading foreign law. It restricts the right of parties, whose contract has a foreign objective proper law, to choose the law of part of the United Kingdom by providing that, in such a case, certain sections of the Act will not apply as part of the proper law.
Another example of a statutory anti-evasion provision is to be found in the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971, implementing the Hague-Visby Rules. Under the old Hague Rules there was a problem of people evading those Rules by the insertion of a choice of law clause in their contract. This gap was closed by the insertion in the Hague-Visby Rules of a new Article X to replace the original Article X in the Hague Rules. This lays down the territorial scope of the new Rules, and is coupled with a provision in the implementing legislation which states that the Rules, as set out in the Schedule to the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971, shall have the force of law. According to the House of Lords in The Hollandia the intention of Parliament was for the new Rules to apply whenever the case comes within Article X, regardless of whether there is a foreign proper law. Their Lordships were concerned to interpret the Act and the Hague-Visby Rules in such a way as to prevent the possibility of their
being evaded. As Lord Diplock said:
[the Hague-Visby Rules]
should be given a purposive rather than a narrow literalistic construction, particularly wherever the adoption of a literalist construction would enable the stated purpose of the international convention, viz., the unification of domestic laws of the contracting states relating to bills of lading, to be evaded by the use of colourable devices that, not being expressly referred to in the rules, are not specifically prohibited.
An Ad Hoc Approach
What is noticeable about the present law on evasion is that no general principle has been developed to explain why evasion is regarded as objectionable in some cases but not in others. The law seems quite inconsistent, with evasive Gretna Green marriages being regarded as perfectly acceptable but evasive Danish marriages being regarded as beyond the pale. The whole approach towards evasion is essentially an ad hoc one; not only are different types of evasive marriage treated differently, but also evasive marriages are treated in isolation from evasive divorces or evasive contracts. This ad hoc approach extends to the technique for dealing with those cases where evasion is regarded as objectionable. In some cases specific statutory anti-evasion provisions have been adopted to deal with evasion; in other cases the technique has been to mould common law rules to deal with the problem. The result is that the present law on evasion can be seen to be unduly complex, uncertain and inconsistent.
A more principled approach is needed but before this can be developed an answer is required to the fundamental question, which so far has been ignored under English law: what is wrong with evasion of the law?
II WHAT IS WRONG WITH EV ASION OF THE LAW?
A. Moral Guilt
The term evasion is a loaded one, with connotations of shifty, underhand behaviour. It is easy to fall into the trap of automatically assuming that a desire to evade the law is in itself morally reprehensible. This is what has happened in the area of contract choice of law. The requirement that the choice of the applicable law must be made in good faith concentrates on the motives of the parties, and if these are impure the choice is necessarily regarded as a bad one and to be struck out. Yet there is nothing wrong in principle with parties choosing the law to govern their transactions. Indeed, it is very desirable that they should make such a choice. Party
autonomy produces certainty in the law and upholds the expectations of the parties. In some cases this choice may be made on the basis that the application of one law is more convenient than that of another. In other cases the choice may be made on the basis that the content of one law is preferred by the parties to that of another. For example, the parties to an international insurance or shipping contract may choose the law of England to apply, despite the fact that there is no connection with this country, because they regard English law as being well developed in this area. No one would stigmatise this type of conduct. Is it any worse if the parties choose a law to apply because they prefer some specific provisions of that law to that of some other country? What the parties are usually trying to do in such a case is to ensure that a law is applied which provides that their transaction, whether it is a commercial contract or a marriage, is valid. This should not be a cause for concern, nor should it be condemned on the mistaken basis that the parties' motives are impure. Moreover, there is something slightly hypocritical in the judiciary making this type of moral judgment when they themselves are quite prepared to escape from applying a law the content of which is not to their liking by using such devices as public policy and renvoi.
Whilst there is nothing wrong with the parties' motives in cases of evasion, this does not mean that the practice is unobjectionable. In some cases the evasion may involve unfairness to someone else; the evasion may even be against the national interest.
外文文献译稿
国际私法中的法律规避和强制性规则
J.J.福西特
剑桥法律期刊，1990，49(1)：44-62．
来源：剑桥期刊网，https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html,
引言
人们常常说，英国的国际私法学说中没有法律规避原则。事实的确如此，英国法律中关于法律规避原则没有发展成一般理论，不像法国中的fraude à la loi （欺诈性法律）来处理法律规避的案件。然而，法律规避已经被认为是一个问题，至少在一些地区的国际私法中，而且针对法律规避行为，这些地区采取了越来越多的反规避措施。就英国而言，对待法律规避应是一个务实的行为，而不是基于任何空泛的理论基础，特别是关于法律规避的影响以及如何更有效的解决法律规避这些根本问题仍没有得到解决。本文的写作目的是考查现行法律对法律规避的规定，确定法律规避的效力，并为解决法律规避的问题提出原则性建议。
一、关于法律规避的现行立法
法律规避给人最明显和最直接的感觉，就是行为人故意规避法律是对法律的无视。举个例子，一个纳税人没有向税务局如实申报他所有的收入，或是一个人进入国境时走私货物违反了该国的进口货物管制，在此种情况下，行为人试图规避法律就是希望相关法律不能适用，是对法律的无视。国际私法的法律工作者可能会更多关注此种类型的情况，例如英国法院或许会被要求强制执行一个合同中涉及的非法出口货物。国际私法的法律工作者更关注的是，在那些法律被人们规避的案件中，显示了行为人对哪一个国家的法律更优先选择适用的问题，这同样是本文的主题。人们通过进入另一个国家，并希望该国的法律将适用于他们所处的情况来表明他们对法律的选择，这已经在类似规避结婚、离婚、收养等家庭法律关系中非常普遍了，而且在具体规避方法有多种不同形式的商业领域同样发生着，像通过合同、协议使某一特定的法律适用。在以下领域，法律规避已被公认是一个问题：结婚、离婚、监护和诱拐儿童、合同关系。现在我将对其详细分述，并在此之后得出一些在现行法律下对待法律规避能接受的实质方法、结论。
（一）结婚关系的法律规避
自早期冲突法产生开始，结婚关系的法律规避就一直是众所周知的现象。十九世纪中叶布鲁克五世时期，就已经有一系列规避结婚法律的案例报道：英国的
夫妇为了规避英国法律中对结婚的禁止性规定而前往丹麦或者德国结婚，待结完婚后又回到英国居住，英国法院强烈反对这种试图逃避英国法律的行为，并拒绝承认这种在国外结婚的效力。英国在涉外婚姻效力的问题上，解决法律规避的方法是对这一问题进行有效分类，并适用当事人的国籍法。换言之，法官要有良好的国际私法规则的专业能力，并将相应规则运用到结婚关系中以禁止当事人规避法律的行为。英国法律的禁止程度逐渐放宽在很大程度上意味着类似规避行为的结束，然而依旧存在着这样的情况，即在英国法律是不允许一个叔叔与其侄女结婚，但在国外的法律体系中他可能就能这样做了。
比起上述去丹麦结婚的例子，更为人所知的是格雷特纳格林的结婚案件。曾有一时，年轻的英国夫妇常会私奔到苏格兰，这是因为英国法律要求16-21岁的孩子结婚必须得到父母同意。在没有父母同意的情况下，为了规避这项规定，年轻夫妇就会私奔到苏格兰，而在那里结婚没有太多礼节和手续，无需征得父母的同意。随后英国将法定年龄降到18周岁，这意味着多数情况下，年轻夫妇无需再为了获得一个有效的婚姻而去苏格兰了。对格雷特纳格林结婚案件，英国法院的态度是具有指导意义的，这与他们对待为规避法律去丹麦结婚的态度形成了鲜明的对比。他们对当事人为了规避英国法律规定“征得父母同意”的要求而去苏格兰结婚不予反对，而且对那样的婚姻效力予以认可，苏格兰的法律也被正式认为有效地适用于结婚关系。可见，在国际私法规则中并不都是禁止法律规避的。
结婚关系的法律规避并非完全是单向的，也有法国夫妇为规避法律来到英国结婚的著名实例。在结婚方面，法国有着比英国更严格的的要求，即父母等到子女满25周岁后才能同意结婚，许多为规避该规定的年轻法国夫妇来到英国结婚。在格雷特纳格林结婚案后，这种方式的婚姻已被认为是有效的，尽管当事人很明显地规避了法国的法律。
（二）离婚关系的法律规避
1868年古尔德.韦斯特伯里五世时期，在苏格兰人为了离婚而去获得英国国籍的大背景下，英国公告说：
一国国籍的公民为了规避本国的法律而合法地利用另一国家法律，是没有哪个国家会承认这种行为的效力。当他们带着外国法院判决回到自己的国家时，法院有权利甚至有义务拒绝承认这样的判决，因为这个判决是没有域外强制效力。
一百多年以后，有更多的司法部门关注这样的问题，并认为对在外国离婚的承认规则应当是开放的、更加灵活的，但在国外获得短期居留期间“闪电”离婚的效力是不能被认可的，而实现这种规则的方法是在普通法律中介绍一个真正的、实质性的标准作为识别国外离婚效力的基础，对一个只是暂居一国而申请离婚的人，比如暂居内华达州而获准离婚，是不能满足这个标准的，这样的离婚不能得到承认。1971年法律委员会所制定的《离婚与合法分居承认条例》对这一
态度发生了变化，认为如果行为人已经“挑选法院”（即当事人利用国际民事管辖权的积极冲突，从众多有管辖权的法院中选择一个最能满足自己诉讼请求的法院去起诉），结果就已经定了下来，并且为了解决举步维艰、不稳定的婚姻问题，在英国，应对规避本国法律而在国外离婚的效力予以认可。
时至今日，英国仍然普遍如此认为，但有两个特殊的禁止规避规定作为这个一般规则的补充，两个补充规定都是涉外离婚的，是司法部门和国会共同的关注的，就是被法院和英国的法律所承认的离婚，当事人不能通过在英国得到涉外离婚的判决而规避英国在财产分割上的离婚制度，自从1974年来这样的涉外离婚就是被拒绝承认的。值得注意的是，某一特定法律条文对拒绝承认离婚类型做出规定，这个条文本身也可能被当事人通过到另一国家的方式所规避，以“法国一天行”为例，为了得到一个外国离婚的判决而去法国，由于法国是可被视为行为人的国外住所，因此所适用的将是法国的相关法律，而不是英国的。关于反规避法律的最新理论，就是旨在通过拒绝承认涉外离婚判决来禁止上述行为，英国以外的夫妇，若有一方在国外居住达到一年便视为经常居住地，优于在其本国提起的诉讼。后者的规定并没有阻止一个通过在其本国获得涉外离婚判决的英国国籍的人规避对其配偶的经济责任，英国也逐渐认识到了这一点。但是，乔杜里诉乔杜里案的上诉法院认为，在这种情况下，对离婚的承认将违反公共政策，因此禁止此情形下的法律规避行为。
（三）监护和诱拐儿童
最近的法律规避问题主要集中在家庭关系法律领域，涉及监护和诱拐儿童。一个孩子的父母对孩子的监护权发生争议诉诸法院，法院经过判决裁定一方享有监护权，而另一方却将孩子转移到国外以规避监护权的丧失，这种情况是蓄意藐视英国法律和监护秩序，其后果非常严重，国会已经推出新的刑事罪行关于未经同意将一个未满16周岁的孩子带出国，从而脱离司法管辖的行为。偏离正路的父母将孩子转移到国外，希望的是通过适用其他国家的法律能获得对孩子的监护权，实质上是让外国的法院承认英国的监护秩序或者监护权利后再将孩子带回国。现在有了监护和诱拐儿童的国际公约，如果儿童被转移到一个国家而该国是这公约的缔约国，这个国家可能不得不认可英国的监护秩序及监护权力。对英国来说，关注的是国际公约与1985《监护和诱拐儿童法案》的生效情况，因为这要求英国法院承认某些情况下外国的监护令和权利。
（四）合同关系的法律规避
在合同案件中，司法部门是非常强烈地反对规避法律的行为。从理论上说，这始于维塔食品公司诉联合国大学船务公司案，在该案件中英国法官和学者总结出各方当事人选择法律适用时必须以诚信为本，禁止一切规避法律的形式。尽管“维塔诉联合国大学船务案”涉及合同善意理论是否正式有效的问题，但不容否
认的是这个理论仍发挥了巨大作用。正如我们看到的那样，这与婚姻案件完全不同，婚姻关系中形式上的规定并不反对规避。实践中，“善意选择法律”似乎并不像人们所想的那样限制了当事人自由选择适用法律，英国也没有相关案例的报道。值得注意的是，尽管“维塔诉联合国大学船务案”提出了对当事人意思自治的限制，但在实际案件中并不适用，其结果还使当事人去规避“海牙规则”。
比起习惯法中善意原则更重要的是具体法令中关于合同关系的反法律规避的规定，其中最著名的规定是载于1977年《不公平合同条款法案》中的第27节，这一节通过严格限制当事人选择外国法律的自由，阻止当事人规避英国任何法律，它规定了如果法律的选择出现“一方当事人规避法案的适用已经实行了全部或主要部分”，法案仍具有效力，还规定了如果合同缔约一方是消费者，他的惯常居所地在英国，且合同主要履行地也在英国，那么不论当事人选择何国法律，法案仍将适用。具有争议的是，法案中的这一节对当事人规避外国的法律加以规定，禁止当事人规避外国法律。如果合同中规定了一个意图适用的外国准据法，该法案的某些部分将不被适用为准据法的一部分，所以《不公平合同条款法案》严格限制了合同当事人选择法律的权利。
另外一个反法律规避的法律是为贯彻执行“海牙维斯比规则”而制定的1971年《海上货物运输法》。在旧的海牙规则实行中，存在着当事人在合同中插入一个法律选择条款意图规避该规则，在“海牙维斯比规则”中这一漏洞被填补，“海牙维斯比规则”编写了一个新的第十条以代替原来旧的海牙规则的第十条。新的规则明确规定了适用范围，并规定要声明适用海牙维斯比规则。1971年《海上货物运输法》在附表中载明了上述规则，具有法律效力。根据霍兰迪亚上议院的意思，国会意图适用新的“海牙维斯比规则”只要符合新的第十条规定的情形，而不管合同中是否已约定了一个外国的准据法。大法官们为防止规避法律的可能性，这样解释《海上货物运输法》和“海牙维斯比规则”：
（海牙维斯比规则）应被给予一个立法意思，而不是狭隘的拘泥于字面构造，而且采纳字面意思将会有违国际公约的目的，即有违统一各缔约国关于海上货物运输中各种不同规定的根本目的，规则中没有明确提到的，不是明文禁止的。
一个专门的方法
现行法律中关于法律规避问题令人关注的是，没有形成一般原则去解释为什么有些情况法律规避是被禁止的，而有些情况法律规避却被允许的。在格雷特纳格林的结婚案中法律规避是被接受的，但去丹麦结婚以规避法律却被认为超越了法律规定而被禁止的，有关的法律规定看起来相当不统一。总的来说，对法律规避应制定一个原则性的、专门的解决方法，而不是不同类型的情况不同处理，这个专门的方法当然涉及禁止法律规避的案件中。在一些案件中，特定的反法律规避的条款已渐渐被接受了，而令一些案件中，则采用的是准据法规则的立法技术
处理法律规避问题，这么做的结果是，让人感到现行法律处理法律规避问题过于复杂，以及不确定、不统一。一个更原则性的方法需要被提出，但在此之前要先解决被英国法律忽视许久的一个基本问题：法律规避的问题所在？
二、法律规避的问题所在？
（一）道德的谴责
规避这一词充满了狡猾的含义，是一种欺诈行为，这使得人们很容易自动地掉进先入为主的陷阱，即逃避法律行为本身就是不道德的，这种行为应受到谴责。以合同关系为例，在合同领域中当事人选择法律就被认为是逃避法律的行为，遭到道德上的谴责。为了免受道德上的制约，这就要求合同双方当事人合意选择适用的法律必须是出于善意的考虑，动机不纯的选择将被视为恶意的而且选择的法律无效。赋予当事人选择法律来处理各自事务的权利在原则上并没有错，事实上，这样做还是非常可取的，当事人应该做出这样的选择，当事人意思自治使法律更加确定，维护了当事人的预期和积极性，在一些情况下，当事人的这种选择会使法律适用更加方便，而且还让双方都愿意采用的更好的、更完善的法律得到适用。比如，国际保险或运输合同的当事人可能会选择适用英国的法律，因为他们认为英国这方面的法律发展得很好、很完善，尽管事实上合同与这个国家没有任何关联，没有人会责难这种类型的行为。如果当事人选择适用的法律是因为他们更喜好某一完善的法律具体规定，这对其他一些国家来说会很糟吗？各方当事人在这种情况下之所以这么做是确保完善的法律可以被适用，进而为交易提供有力保障，增加了交易的安全性，因此，不论是商业合同行为还是结婚行为都是有效的，这不应该令人担心，也不应继续在这种当事人动机都是不良的错误认识的基础上继续谴责。而且，在司法部门有一些略伪善的人也在做这种道德判断，他们自己也通过利用公共秩序和反致等手段规避法律的适用，这些被规避的法律内容都不是他们喜欢的。
虽然在这种情况下规避法律，当事人的动机没有什么问题，但这不意味着这种做法无可非议。有时候，规避法律会给其他人带来不公平，甚至会对一国的国家利益造成损害。
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
ASP外文翻译原文
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。当您编写 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 应用程序的代码时，可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码，这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言，可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 应用程序。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 包括： ?页和控件框架 ?https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 编译器 ?安全基础结构 ?状态管理功能 ?应用程序配置 ?运行状况监视和性能功能 ?调试支持 ?XML Web services 框架 ?可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理 ?可扩展的设计器环境 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 页和控件框架是一种编程框架，它在 Web 服务器上运行，可以动态地生成和呈现 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 网页，https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 会向请求浏览器呈现标记（例如 HTML）。通常，您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页，因为 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是，您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 网页，并利用该浏览器的功能。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html, 支持基于 Web 的设备（如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA)）的移动控件。
毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
土木外文翻译原文和译文
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and
中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文
文献出处：Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译〔含原文〕
南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点：南京信息职业技术学院 专业：电子信息工程 姓名：陈洁 学号： 014910253034 外文出处：《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误，用词准确，没 有重要误译，忠实原文；译文通顺，条理清楚，数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名： 年月日 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 64位PCI扩展 1.64位数据传送和64位寻址：独立的能力 PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。在传送的开始，如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备，64位总线设备会自动识别。如果它是64位设备，达到8个字节（一个4字）可以在每个数据段中传送。假定是一串0等待状态数据段。在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取（8字节／传送＊33百万传送字／秒），在66MHz总线上可以528M字节／秒获取。如果回应目标是32位设备，总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上（AD[31::00]）引导，所以数据指向或来自目标。 规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。此外，对64位寻址反映的存储器目标（驻留在4GB地址边界上）可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。 注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性，各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。 2.64位扩展信号 为了支持64位数据传送功能，PCI总线另有39个引脚。 ●REQ64#被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作。REQ64#与FRAME#信号具有相同的时序和间隔。REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位总线主设备进行传送时，REQ64#不能又漂移。 ●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64#（如果目标支持64位数据传送），ACK64#与DEVSEL#具有相同的时序和间隔（但是直到REQ64#被主设备有效，ACK64#才可被有效）。像REQ64#一样，ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位设备是传送目标时，ACK64#不能漂移。 ●AD[64::32]包含上部4位地址／数据通道。 ●C/BE#[7::4]包含高4位命令/字节使能信号。 ●PAR64是为上部4个AD通道和上部4位C/BE信号线提供偶校验的奇偶校验位。 以下是几小结详细讨论64位数据传送和寻址功能。 3.在32位插入式连接器上的64位卡
英文翻译与英文原文.陈--
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
外文翻译原文
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.wendangku.net/doc/9e1305395.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-
污水处理外文翻译(带原文)
提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要： 努力保护水源，尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源，是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用，目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的，处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景，人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率，一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地（thcw）应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构，第二部分分三层，呈圆形，呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层，形成瀑布溢流，因此水中溶解氧浓度增加，从而提高了硝化反应效率，反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善，增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏（Taxodium ascendens），经济作物蔺草（Schoenoplectus trigueter），野茭白（Zizania aquatica），有装饰性的多花植物睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona），香蒲（Typha angustifolia）被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷（16 cm/d 和32 cm/d）对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定，发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词： 人工湿地；硝化作用；反硝化作用；生活污水；脱氮；硝化细菌；反硝化细菌 １. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求，尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区，生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因，废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺，经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效，并且要便于施用，能量输入及维护费用较低，而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂，对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性，主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering，Fen xia ，Ying Li。