外文翻译_附原文
本科毕业设计(论文)
外文翻译（附外文原文）
专业(方向)：国际经济与贸易
复苏模式：中国应该对美国的量化宽松政策感到担心吗？
美联储（Federal Reserve）主席本·伯南克（Ben Bernanke）今年2月在华盛顿特区发表的一次演讲中谈到，尽管付出了各种努力，不过，这个国家的就业率回升到危机之前5%左右这一让人更宽慰的水平可能还需要很长的时间。演讲结束后，当被问及，目前这一轮政策在6月结束后，美联储是否有必要推出另一轮所谓的“量化宽松”（quantitative easing，简称QE）政策时，伯南克回答说，“美联储将会按其以往的方式做出决策”——也就是通过观察各
种经济指标来做出决策，其中就包括失业率。几个月以来，美国的失业率一直徘徊在10%左右。如果美国的失业率持续高企，美联储出台第三轮量化宽松货币（QE）政策的可能性就将不断增加。但如果美国继续执行QE政策，将会在世界各地遭致抗议，其中的代表就是中国。
前两轮量化宽松政策分别于2009年3月和2010年11月开始实施，期间，美联储大量印钞用以购买银行的债券以及抵押贷款证券——购买的目的旨在刺激美国的经济发展，降低借贷成本。但是，全球各地都能听到这样的批评：第二轮量化宽松政策同样触发了全球商品价格的急剧飙升，北京的官员对此深表认同，并称，热钱因此流入了自己的国家。他们认为，如果出台第三轮量化宽松政策，也将会产生这样的结果。就这种担心的理由是否充分的问题，专家各执一词。
上海复旦大学国际经济学教授田素华指出，第二轮量化宽松政策对中国的影响比第一轮更大。“第一轮量化宽松政策只是通过贸易渠道影响到了中国，而在实施第二轮量化宽松政策期间，美国的银行和抵押贷款公司发放信贷的能力得到了加强，所以，货币乘数（money multiplier）（也称为‘货币扩张系数’或‘货币扩张乘数’）放大了中国受到的影响。”他谈到。
位于美国华盛顿特区的战略和国际研究中心（Center for Strategic and International Studies，简称CSIS）的查尔斯·弗雷曼（Charles Freeman）则反驳说，第二轮量化宽松政策的主要影响是政治性的。“它让北京对美联储的美元长期政策颇感紧张，中国政府担心，美国会长期奉行弱势美元政策（weak dollar policy）。” 曾任职美国对中国事务贸易代表助理的弗雷曼谈到，“最近，中国对美国财政部和美联储施压，要求它们再次保证，量化宽松只是短期政策。”
美国财政部负责经济政策的前助理部长、马里兰大学（University of Maryland）国际经济政策教授菲利普·斯瓦格（Philip Swagel）认为，第二轮量化宽松政策的总体影响，尤其是对中国的影响，并不像人们想象的那么显著。“中国的过度反应是毫无缘由的。”他谈到，“总体来说，这个政策是美联储发出的一个信号，它不能让美国发生通货紧缩，并且将有积极的表现如果美国经济未能反弹。最终，这一政策对于国内经济以及在国际社会造成的溢出效应也是相当有限的。”
通货膨胀恶化
然而，尽管该政策的影响相对较小，不过，对包括中国在内的很多经济体而言，溢出效应则是在一个敏感时期发生的。上海复旦大学的金融学教授郑辉认为，自前两轮量化宽松政
策实施以后，在全球市场流通的美元更多了，从而降低了美元对其他主要货币的比价。他还谈到，因为国际商品是以美元定价的，所以，从石油到白糖，所有大宗商品的价格都上涨了。
举例来说，3月，联合国粮农组织粮食价格指数（FAO Food Price Index）——记录一揽子食品国际价格每月变动情况的指标——平均为230点，比2月的峰值下降了2.9%，但比去年3月则上涨了37%。与此同时，石油价格则触及到了每桶120美元的高位，这是两年多来的最高价格水平，当然，中东和北非地区的动荡也是影响目前石油价格的重要因素。
然而，郑辉并不是唯一强调美联储这种宽松货币政策应该为商品价格的上涨承担某些负责的人。正如日本银行（Bank of Japan）的一份报告指出的：“从全球来看，宽松的货币政策在商品价格的迅速上涨中扮演着重要的角色，这种政策既刺激了人们对商品的实际需求，同时也促使更多的投资流向了商品市场。”
对中国来说，商品价格的变化非常重要。在担心公众对能源和食品的更高支出出现强烈反应的时候，高企的商品价格让这个依赖进口的经济体感到日子很不好过。“除了继续从全球进口这些商品以外，中国没有多少选择，”郑辉表示，“即使原油价格和食品价格不断攀升，中国也不太可能减少在进口这些商品上的开销。”
然而，马里兰大学的斯瓦格认为，“中国自己的货币政策本身就存在问题，中国通货膨胀的最大驱动因素是中国的货币政策。中国一直让人民币保持弱势，并与美元‘软挂钩’（soft peg），从而，导致过多的货币在这个经济体系中流通，并最终抬高了通货膨胀。”
这个国家的中央银行中国人民银行一直在与通货膨胀抗争。举例来说，4月初，它出台了提高商业银行存款准备金率的措施，以收紧信贷，同时，它还将一年期存贷款基准利率提高了25个基点，这是今年第二次提高基准利率，也是自去年年初以来的第四次提高基准利率。在此期间，中国人民银行还称，将允许人民币在更大范围内兑换，而不仅限于包括美元在内的七种货币。外汇交易员认为，这一举措有助于减少美元在决定中国货币价值上的权重。推卸责任
对美国而言，第二轮量化宽松政策是用以提振这个国家经济的几种政策杠杆之一。“因为美联储的职责就是调节经济运行，创造就业机会以达到充分就业，所以，核心问题是，在当时，2010年，用以加速经济复苏的可用手段都是什么呢？”马里兰大学公共政策学院的麦克?戴斯勒（I. M. (Mac) Destler）教授问道。他认为，美联储已经将利率保持在很低的水平了，
进一步降低利率的空间很有限。“当时的另一个选择是全新的经济刺激计划。然而，从政治上来看似乎并不可行。所以，另一轮量化宽松政策就是仅有的几种选择之一了。”
但是，第二轮量化宽松政策的出台时机并不“走运”，政策的推出恰好在11月于汉城举办的G20峰会（G20 Summit）的前几天，戴斯勒谈到。“但是，就美国政治而言，这一时机是合情合理的。美联储不想让自己看起来具有党派性，不想让自己看似在支持民主党政府。因此，在中期大选刚一结束，它就宣布将实施第二轮量化宽松政策，而这个时间刚好处在汉城峰会召开之前。”当全球领导人在汉城聚集一堂时，包括巴西、印度和韩国在内的几个国家，与中国一起对美国的政策提出了批评。“第二轮量化宽松政策让美国在与中国关于世界经济重现平衡的争论中只能采取守势。因为中国对量化宽松政策感到不满，同时，其他国家也加入了批评美联储举措的阵营，所以对美国来说，在汉城峰会上让其他国家和自己一道在货币升值等议题上说服中国就变得更加困难了。”
戴斯勒认为，伯南克本来是可以通过在国内外说明出台第二轮量化宽松政策的原由而避免遭到批评的。“他本可以解释清楚的是，对美联储来说，为刺激美国经济，推行第二轮量化宽松政策的举措是必要的；此外，该政策在国际社会产生的溢出效应也是可以掌控的，而美国经济更为强劲的复苏则会让全世界经济受益。”
第三次会走运吗？
复旦大学的田素华告诫说，美国出台第三轮量化宽松政策的巨大风险在于，美元的信用将会因此而受到挑战。“如果全球各个国家在进行国际贸易时避开美元，那么，美元就会回流到美国，这对美国来说会是个严重的问题。”
复旦大学的郑辉认为，如果美联储进一步推行宽松政策，那么，中国很可能不得不让人民币升值。“第三轮量化宽松政策等同于美元的另一轮竞争性贬值（competitive depreciation）。因为人民币与美元‘软挂钩’，所以，人民币对其他主要货币的汇率也会降低。从而，日本和欧盟等中国的主要贸易伙伴就会深受不公平的贸易劣势之苦。从这个角度来说，第三轮量化宽松政策将会对北京加快人民币升值的步伐形成压力。”
但是斯瓦格表示，让人民币进一步升值对中国的经济有好处。“中国应该允许人民币升值。强势的人民币可以有效降低信贷的增长，而且能有效抑制通货膨胀。同时，即使人民币升值对出口部门有负面影响，中国也有其他选择来保持其经济强劲增长。”
根据“中国金融在线”（Finance China）报道，最近，中国国务院发展研究中心的一位资深研究员预测，人民币升值对出口导向型企业的影响不会像很多人担心的那么显著。虽然出口产品的价格会提高，不过，人民币升值也降低了重要部件的进口成本。
至于说第三轮量化宽松政策是否会刺激热钱流入中国的问题，最近的数据表明，该政策的影响可能很小。《金融时报》的《中国投资参考》（FT China Confidential）2月份发布的一份报告称，中国外汇管理局估计，通过资本账户流入中国的热钱，从2009年的1万亿美元，减少到了目前的2，900亿美元，这表明，即便在实施量化宽松政策，中国也有能力有效控制资金的流入量。
或许，第一轮、第二轮以及或许会推出的第三轮量化宽松政策更会导致的结果，是世界上两个最大经济体之间的口水战。“两个国家都在为自己的问题而指责对方。”斯瓦格表示，“事实上，美国的问题并不是中国引起的，反过来，中国的问题也不是由美国造成的。”
附注：本文摘自“宾夕法尼亚大学网站期刊”，发布日期: 2011.04.13
附原文：
Recovery Mode: Should China Worry About the U.S.'s
Quantitative Easing?
In a speech in February in Washington, D.C., Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke said that despite various efforts, it could be a long time before employment levels in the country return to more comfortable pre-downturn levels of around 5%. And when asked after his speech whether another round of the Fed's so-called "quantitative easing" would be necessary after the current roun d (known as QE2) comes to an end in June, Bernanke replied, “The Fed will decide the same way it always does" -- by looking at various economic metrics, including the unemployment rate, which has been hovering around 10% for some months. As the number of people out of work in the country remains high, it looks increasingly likely that the Fed will proceed with QE3, a move
likely to be met with a chorus of disapproval around the world. Among the loudest critics: China.
As under the first two rounds of quantitative easing (beginning in March 2009 and November 2010) the Fed would print money and use the funds to buy bonds and mortgage-related securities -- purchases aimed at lowering borrowing costs in the U.S. and stimulating the nation's economy. But officials in Beijing have echoed criticism heard elsewhere around the world that QE2 has also
triggered a sharp increase in world commodity prices and an influx of hot money into their country. They expect more of the same if there is a QE3. Experts are divided whether such concerns are justified.
Tian Suhua, an international economics professor at Shanghai Fudan University, notes that the effect of QE2 has been greater than QE1. “The first round of QE only affected China through the trade channel, while in the second round, the ability of U.S. banks and mortgage companies to issue credit was strengthened, so the effect on China was amplified by the money multiplier,” he says.
The QE2's primary effect is political, counters Charles Freeman of the Center for Strategic and International Studies, a Washington, D.C.-based public policy research center. “It is causing a lot of nervousness in Beijing about the long-term policy of the Fed [concerning] the dollar, and the Chinese administration is worried that the U.S. will pursue a long-term weak dollar policy," says Freeman, a former assistant U.S. trade representative for China affairs. "Recently, China stepped up pressure on the Treasury and the Federal Reserve by asking for reassurance that QE is only a short-term exerci se.”
Philip Swagel, former assistant secretary for economic policy at the Treasury Department in the U.S. and professor of international economic policy at University of Maryland, agrees that the economic impact of QE2 in general, and on China in particular, has not been as dramatic as it is often made out to be. “Chinese rhetoric is off the mark,” he says. ““QE2 is mainly a signal that the Federal Reserve will not allow deflation and would act in greater strength had the economy not rebounded. In the end, it will have a modest effect on the domestic economy and the international spillover is also modest.”
Inflation and Aggravation
Yet even relatively small, the spillover comes at a sensitive time for many economies, including China's. Zheng Hui, finance professor at Shanghai Fudan University, says that since the first two rounds of quantitative easing, more U.S. dollars have been circulating in world markets, weakening the value of the dollar against other major currencies. Given that international commodities are priced in dollars, he says, everything from oil to sugar has become more expensive.
In March, for example, the FAO Food Price Index -- a measure of the monthly change in the international prices of a basket of food commodities -- averaged 230 points, down 2.9% from its peak in February, but 37% above March last year. Oil, meanwhile, hit $120 a barrel -- the highest level in more than two years -- though the turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa is the big factor influencing oil prices currently.
Nonetheless, Zheng isn't alone in underscoring the extent to which accommodative policies, such as the Fed's, should shoulder some of the blame for the rise commodity prices. As a report by the Bank of Japan notes, “Globally, accommodative monetary cond itions have played an important role in the surge in commodity prices, both by stimulating physical demand for commodities and by driving more investment flows into … commodity markets.”
For China, that matters a lot. Its import-dependent economy is feeling the pinch of higher commodity prices amid concerns about major public backlashes about higher fuel and food bills. “China has few choices but to continue importing those global commodities,” says Zheng. “Even if crude oil prices and food prices keep soaring, China is unlikely to reduce its expenditures on these imports.”
Yet according to University of Maryland's Swagel, “China’s own monetary policy is problematic in the first place and the biggest driver of inflation in China is the Chinese monetary policy. The main fact is that China is maintaining a weak yuan and the soft peg to the dollar forces China to have excessive liquidity that boosts inflation.”
The country's central bank, the People's Bank of China (PBOC), has been trying to combat inflation. In early April, for example, it raised the required reserve ratios of commercial banks and tightened credit, and it raised the benchmark one-year borrowing and lending interest rates by 25 basis points -- the second time that it raised the benchmark interest rate this year and the fourth time since the start of last year. Around the same time, the PBOC also said it will allow the renminbi to be traded against a larger range of currencies than the current seven, including the U.S. dollar, which foreign exchange traders says will help reduce the greenback's weight in determining the Chinese currency's value.
Blame Game
As for the U.S., the QE2 was one of several policy levers pulled to improve the country's economy. “Since the responsibility of the Federal Reserve is to regulate the economy, create jobs and move to full employment, the central question is, what means were available to accelerate the recovery [in 2010]?” asks I. M. (Mac) Destler, a professor at the University of Maryland's School of Public Policy. He says the Fed was already keeping interest rates very low, leaving little room to lower rates further. “Another option at that time was a new stimulus bill. However, it seemed to be politically unlikely,” he notes. “Another round of QE was one of the few choices left.”
Destler reckons that Bernanke made a mistake in not giving a serious international justification of QE2 in time, hence putting himself under international criticism. "He should have explained that it was necessary for the Federal Reserve to implement QE2 to stimulate the U.S. economy, that the international spillover was manageable and the world would benefit from a stronger U.S. recovery,” he says.
Third Time Lucky?
Tian of Fudan University warns that the big danger of a QE3 is that it will challenge the credibility of the U.S. dollar. “If countries around the world bypass the U.S. dollar during international trade, dollars will flow back to the U.S and that would be a serious problem for the U.S.,” he says.
Zheng of Fudan University notes that in the event of further easing by the Fed, China will most likely have to allow the RMB to appreciate. “A third round of QE equals another round of competitive depreciation of the U.S. dollar,” he says. “Since the RMB maintains a sof t peg to the dollar, the RMB's exchange rate will also depreciate against other major currencies. China’s major trading partners, such as Japan and the European Union, will suffer from an unfair trade disadvantage. In this sense, a third round of QE would exert additional pressure on Beijing to allow a faster pace of the RMB appreciation.”
Enabling the RMB to appreciate further than it has in recent months might be good for China’s economy, adds Swagel. “China should allow the RMB to appreciate,” he says. “A stronger Yuan will effectively reduce credit growth and curb inflation. Even if allowing for faster currency appreciation will have a negative impact on the export sector, China can still take action to keep its economy strong. ”
According to online information provider Finance China, a senior researcher with the Development Research Center of China's State Council recently predicted that the impact of an RMB appreciation on export-oriented enterprises would not be as big as many fear. Though the price of exports would increase, an appreciation would also lower the cost of imports.
As for whether QE3 could trigger more hot money flowing into China, recent data suggests the impact might be muted. A report published in February by FT China Confidential said the Chinese State Administration of Foreign Exchange estimates that the amount of hot money currently reaching China through the capital account has decreased to around US$290 billion from US$1 trillion in 2009, indicating that even with the QEs, China has been able to handle the inflows effectively.
ASP外文翻译原文
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型，它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。当您编写 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 应用程序的代码时，可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码，这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言，可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 应用程序。 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 包括： ?页和控件框架 ?https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 编译器 ?安全基础结构 ?状态管理功能 ?应用程序配置 ?运行状况监视和性能功能 ?调试支持 ?XML Web services 框架 ?可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理 ?可扩展的设计器环境 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 页和控件框架是一种编程框架，它在 Web 服务器上运行，可以动态地生成和呈现 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 网页，https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 会向请求浏览器呈现标记（例如 HTML）。通常，您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页，因为 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是，您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 网页，并利用该浏览器的功能。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html, 支持基于 Web 的设备（如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA)）的移动控件。
毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译〔含原文〕
南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点：南京信息职业技术学院 专业：电子信息工程 姓名：陈洁 学号： 014910253034 外文出处：《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误，用词准确，没 有重要误译，忠实原文；译文通顺，条理清楚，数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名： 年月日 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 64位PCI扩展 1.64位数据传送和64位寻址：独立的能力 PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。在传送的开始，如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备，64位总线设备会自动识别。如果它是64位设备，达到8个字节（一个4字）可以在每个数据段中传送。假定是一串0等待状态数据段。在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取（8字节／传送＊33百万传送字／秒），在66MHz总线上可以528M字节／秒获取。如果回应目标是32位设备，总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上（AD[31::00]）引导，所以数据指向或来自目标。 规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。此外，对64位寻址反映的存储器目标（驻留在4GB地址边界上）可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。 注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性，各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。 2.64位扩展信号 为了支持64位数据传送功能，PCI总线另有39个引脚。 ●REQ64#被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作。REQ64#与FRAME#信号具有相同的时序和间隔。REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位总线主设备进行传送时，REQ64#不能又漂移。 ●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64#（如果目标支持64位数据传送），ACK64#与DEVSEL#具有相同的时序和间隔（但是直到REQ64#被主设备有效，ACK64#才可被有效）。像REQ64#一样，ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位设备是传送目标时，ACK64#不能漂移。 ●AD[64::32]包含上部4位地址／数据通道。 ●C/BE#[7::4]包含高4位命令/字节使能信号。 ●PAR64是为上部4个AD通道和上部4位C/BE信号线提供偶校验的奇偶校验位。 以下是几小结详细讨论64位数据传送和寻址功能。 3.在32位插入式连接器上的64位卡
英文翻译与英文原文.陈--
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
外文翻译原文
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.wendangku.net/doc/707879237.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-
污水处理外文翻译(带原文)
提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要： 努力保护水源，尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源，是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用，目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的，处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景，人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率，一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地（thcw）应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构，第二部分分三层，呈圆形，呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层，形成瀑布溢流，因此水中溶解氧浓度增加，从而提高了硝化反应效率，反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善，增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏（Taxodium ascendens），经济作物蔺草（Schoenoplectus trigueter），野茭白（Zizania aquatica），有装饰性的多花植物睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona），香蒲（Typha angustifolia）被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷（16 cm/d 和32 cm/d）对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定，发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词： 人工湿地；硝化作用；反硝化作用；生活污水；脱氮；硝化细菌；反硝化细菌 １. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求，尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区，生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因，废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺，经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效，并且要便于施用，能量输入及维护费用较低，而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂，对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性，主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering，Fen xia ，Ying Li。
工程造价外文翻译(有出处)
预测高速公路建设项目最终的预算和时间 摘要 目的——本文的目的是开发模型来预测公路建设项目施工阶段最后的预算和持续的时间。 设计——测算收集告诉公路建设项目，在发展预测模型之前找出影响项目最终的预算和时间，研究内容是基于人工神经网络(ANN)的原理。与预测结果提出的方法进行比较,其精度从当前方法基于挣值。 结果——根据影响因素最后提出了预算和时间，基于人工神经网络的应用原理方法获得的预测结果比当前基于挣值法得到的结果更准确和稳定。 研究局限性/意义——因素影响最终的预算和时间可能不同,如果应用于其他国家,由于该项目数据收集的都是泰国的预测模型,因此,必须重新考虑更好的结果。 实际意义——这项研究为用于高速公路建设项目经理来预测项目最终的预算和时间提供了一个有用的工具，可为结果提供早期预算和进度延误的警告。 创意/价值——用ANN模型来预测最后的预算和时间的高速公路建设项目,开发利用项目数据反映出持续的和季节性周期数据, 在施工阶段可以提供更好的预测结果。 关键词：神经网、建筑业、预测、道路、泰国 文章类型：案例研究 前言 一个建设工程项普遍的目的是为了在时间和在预算内满足既定的质量要求和其他规格。为了实现这个目标,大量的工作在施工过程的管理必须提供且不能没有计划地做成本控制系统。一个控制系统定期收集实际成本和进度数据,然后对比与计划的时间表来衡量工作进展是否提前或落后时间表和强调潜在的问题(泰克兹,1993)。成本和时间是两个关键参数，在建设项目管理和相关参数的研究中扮演着重要的角色，不断提供适当的方法和
工具，使施工经理有效处理一个项目，以实现其在前期建设和在施工阶段的目标。在施工阶段,一个常见的问题要求各方参与一个项目，尤其是一个所有者,最终项目的预算到底是多少?或什么时候该项目能被完成？ 在跟踪和控制一个建设项目时，预测项目的性能是非常必要的。目前已经提出了几种方法,如基于挣值技术、模糊逻辑、社会判断理论和神经网络。将挣值法视为一个确定的方法，其一般假设，无论是性能效率可达至报告日期保持不变，或整个项目其余部分将计划超出申报日期（克里斯坦森，1992；弗莱明和坎普曼，2000 ；阿萨班尼，1999；维卡尔等人，2000）。然而，挣值法的基本概念在研究确定潜在的进度延误、成本和进度的差异成本超支的地区。吉布利（1985）利用平均每个成本帐户执行工作的实际成本，也称作单位收入的成本，其标准差来预测项目完工成本。各成本帐户每月的进度是一个平均平稳过程标准偏差，显示预测模型的可靠性，然而，接受的单位成本收益在每个报告期在变化。埃尔丁和休斯（1992）和阿萨班尼（1999）利用分解组成成本的结构来提高预测精度。迪克曼和Al-Tabtabai（1992）基于社会判断理论提出了一个方法，该方法在预测未来的基础上的一组线索，源于人的判断而不是从纯粹的数学算法。有经验的项目经理要求基于社会判断理论方法的使用得到满意的结果。Moselhi等人（2006）应用“模糊逻辑”来预测潜在的成本超支和对建设工程项目的进度延迟。该方法的结果在评估特定时间状态的项目和评价该项目的利润效率有作用。这有助于工程人员所完成的项目时间限制和监控项目预算。Kaastra和博伊德（1996）开发的“人工神经网络”,此网络作为一种有效的预测工具，可以利用过去“模式识别”工作和显示各种影响因素的关系，然后预测未来的发展趋势。罗威等人（2006）开发的成本回归模型能在项目的早期阶段估计建筑成本。总共有41个潜在的独立变量被确定，但只有四个变量：总建筑面积，持续时间，机械设备，和打桩，是线性成本的关键驱动因素，因为它们出现在所有的模型中。模型提出了进一步的洞察了施工成本和预测变量的各种关系。从模型得到的估计结果可以提供早期阶段的造价咨询（威廉姆斯（2003））——最终竞标利用回归模型预测的建设项目成本。 人工神经网络已被广泛用在不同的施工功能中，如估价、计划和产能预测。神经网络建设是Moselhi等人（1991）指出，由Hegazy（1998）开发了一个模型，该模型考虑了项目的外在特征，估计加拿大的公路建设成本： ·项目类型 ·项目范围
外文原文及译文
外文原文及译文 一、外文原文 Subject：Financial Analysis with the DuPont Ratio: A UsefulCompass Derivation：Steven C. Isberg, Ph.D. Financial Analysis and the Changing Role of Credit Professionals In today's dynamic business environment, it is important for credit professionals to be prepared to apply their skills both within and outside the specific credit management function. Credit executives may be called upon to provide insights regarding issues such as strategic financial planning, measuring the success of a business strategy or determining the viability of an acquisition candidate. Even so, the normal duties involved in credit assessment and management call for the credit manager to be equipped to conduct financial analysis in a rapid and meaningful way. Financial statement analysis is employed for a variety of reasons. Outside investors are seeking information as to the long run viability of a business and its prospects for providing an adequate return in consideration of the risks being taken. Creditors desire to know whether a potential borrower or customer can service loans being made. Internal analysts and management utilize financial statement analysis as a means to monitor the outcome of policy decisions, predict future performance targets, develop investment strategies, and assess capital needs. As the role of the credit manager is expanded cross-functionally, he or she may be required to answer the call to conduct financial statement analysis under any of these circumstances. The DuPont ratio is a useful tool in providing both an overview and a focus for such analysis. A comprehensive financial statement analysis will provide insights as to a firm's performance and/or standing in the areas of liquidity, leverage, operating efficiency and profitability. A complete analysis will involve both time series and cross-sectional perspectives. Time series analysis will examine trends using the firm's own performance as a benchmark. Cross sectional analysis will augment the process by using external performance benchmarks for comparison purposes. Every meaningful analysis will begin with a qualitative inquiry as to the strategy and policies of the subject company, creating a context for the investigation. Next, goals and objectives of the analysis will be established, providing a basis for interpreting the results. The DuPont ratio can be used as a compass in this process by directing the analyst toward significant areas of strength and weakness evident in the financial statements.