高二英语非谓语动词详解
高中英语高一年级专属讲义课题：非谓语动词
要点：一.动词不定式
二.动名词
三. 现在分词
四.过去分词
本节课知识点
知识点一、动词不定式
一、动词不定式基本构成
肯定形式The teacher asked his students to finish their homework on time.
否定形式Aunt Li often tells her son not to eat too much sugar.
被动形式He would like to be treated as a child.
注意：动词不定式在一些感官动词（see, watch, hear等）或使役动词（make, let, have等）的后面，做宾补时，通常会省略to，如：
The boss made me work ten hours a day.=I was made to work ten hours a day by the boss.
二、动词不定式的语法功能
动词不定式在句子中可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分）。
1. 不定式作主语
1). 动词不定式短语作句子主语时，视为单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数，如：
To make work more efficient is our goal.
2). 不定式短语作主语时，为了考虑句子的平衡，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的不定式主语
放在句子后面，结构为：It+is/ was+adj. (+for sb.)+动词不定式，如上一句话也可写成：It’s our goal to make work efficient.
It’s very importa nt for us to learn English well.
2. 不定式作宾语
1). 动词不定式跟在及物动词后作宾语，这种形式非常常见，就是我们平时积累的一些动词后
面跟to do形式，如：
I have decided to study hard.
常见的这类动词有：begin, choose, continue, decide, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hope, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, try, want, wish, determine, afford, agree, start, like等。
2). 在find，think后跟不定式时，常用it代替，而将真正宾语，即不定式放在后面，如：
I find it not easy to achieve one’s goal.
3). 有些不定式结构中的to会省略，直接跟动词原形，这样的结构有：Why not do…, Why don’t
you do…, had better (not) do…, would rather do…等，如：
I would rather stay at home.
3. 不定式作宾语补足语
1). 不定式宾补很常见，结构为：动词+sb. to do sth, 这样的动词有：tell, ask, want, allow, get,
would like, encourage等，如：
The teacher advised us to have a rest first.
2). see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to，但变为被动语
态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to，如：
My mom made me clean the house.=I was made to clean the house by my mom.
注意：help（帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to，即help sb.(to)do sth.，如：
He often helps his parents (to) do their housework.
4. 不定式作定语
不定式有时起形容词作用，修饰名词，代词，在句中作定语。不定式作定语位于所修饰的名词，代词之后，如：
Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?
He is the man to depend on/to believe in.
5. 不定式作状语
不定式放在不及物动词后可表目的或原因状语，也可以放在一些形容词后。
1). 目的状语：
She reads China Daily every day to improve her English.
2). 原因状语：
I’m glad to see you.
注：这种“be＋形容词＋不定式”结构，其不定式有时也可视为宾语，如：
He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here.
3). 结果状语：
They lived to see the liberation of their hometown.
(1). 在“too…to…”结构中表“太……结果不能”，如：
He is too weak to do the work.
注：too之前如果有only, only too 表“非常”、“很”意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定意。如：They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit.
另外，too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，如：
She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.
(2). 在“形容词/副词＋enough＋不定式”结构中表“足以能”，如：
He is strong enough to do the work .
6. 疑问词＋不定式
不定式可以和疑问代词who，what，which及疑问副词when，how，where连用，构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：
How to finish the work in time is a problem.（主语）
We don’t know when and where to go.（宾语）
易错点：
1. 形式主语的使用
在It+is/ was+adj. for sb. to do的结构中，若形容词为表示人的内在品质，则介词不用for而用of，如：It’s very clever of you to do like that.（正确）
It’s very kind for you to help me.（错误）
2. 使役动词省略to的不定式的被动形式
一些使役动词的不定式中to可省略，被动需还原，如：
I was made to finish my homework on time by my teacher.（正确）
I was made finish my homework on time by my teacher.（错误）
练习
随练1.1 I want _________ (communicate) with you.
随练1.2 There is something important _________ (talk about).
随练1.3 Did you see him _________ (get on) the bus?
随练1.4 He was too excited _________ (say) it out.
随练1.5 I opened the door _________ (let) the fresh air in.
随练1.6 It was not good _________ (get up) late.
随练1.7 What worries me is what _________ (do) at the party.
随练1.8 We must do everything we can _________ waste water from running into rivers.
A．keep B．kept
C．to keep D．keeping
随练1.9 More and more young people are trying to do something _________ the old.
A．served B．to serve
C．serve D．serves
随练1.10 The woman made his son _________ finally after she told him some jokes.
A．laughed B．to laugh
C．laugh D．laughing
随练1.11 Don’t you think _________ important to protect our earth?
A．that B．how C．it D．this
随练1.12 ---Does your aunt only have a piece of bread for supper?
---Yes. She eats a little _________. She looks slimmer than before.
A．to save money B．to lose weight
C．saving money D．losing weight
随练1.13 ---Have you made up your mind _________ the sick kids?---By singing songs.
A．what to tell
B．how to cheer up
C．when to help
D．where to look after
随练1.14 The teacher asked us ______ something for our mothers on Mother’s Day.
A．do B．to do C．doing D．did
随练1.15
——Would you like ______for a walk with me after school?——Sure, I’d love to.
A．go B．gone C．going D．to go
知识点二、分词
一、分词的基本用法
分词在句中通常可以用作表语、定语、补语和状语。下面按照现在分词和过去分词的用法分别作介绍。
1. 现在分词的基本用法：
现在分词表示主动的意义，表示一般性的或正在进行的动作
a.作定语
They acted just like a conquering army.
Do you know the man standing over there by the door?
现在分词作定语，被修饰词就是它的逻辑主语，也就是两者是主动关系。注意一般情况，单个分词修饰放在名词前，分词短语置于后。
b. 作状语
She sat at a window, reading a book.（伴随）
Having won the championship, he was awarded a million dollars.（原因）
现在分词作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意现在分词与其逻辑主语在时态和意义上的统一。
c.作表语
The situation is encouraging.
现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的特征。
d.作补足语
I saw him slipping away before the end of the meeting.
Don't keep the machine running while you are away.
表示感觉和心理状态的动词，如hear，feel，find，listen to，look at，watch，notice，observe，smell，see等以及表示“致使”等意义的动词，如catch，get，have，keep，leave，set等词的宾语可以用现在分词作宾语补足语
2. 过去分词的基本用法：
与现在分词不同，过去分词表示被动的意义，表示已经完成和被动的动作。
a.作定语
We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter.
Things seen are better than things heard.= Things which are seen are better than things which are heard.
前置定语的过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义；用作后置定语的过去分词通常也来自及物动词，表示被动意义和完成意义，相当于一个定语从句。
b. 作状语
United, we stand; divided, we fall.（条件）
Mary was reading a love story, completely lost to the romantic life.（伴随）
过去分词用作状语时，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。一般情况，与逻辑主语一致。
c. 作表语
The man looked quite disappointed.
过去分词作表语表示主浯所处的状态，而这类表语大多已经形容词化。
d.作补足语
Tom found himself involved in an awkward situation.
I have my clothes washed every day.
see, hear, feel，find，think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词，以及make, get, have, keep等表示“致使”意义的动词可以用过去分词作宾语补足语，表被动或状态。
高频考点
1. 在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义，如：
a moving film
the moved people
2. 在时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示已经完成的动作，如：
the developing country
the developed country
3. have sb. do sth.，have sb. doing sth.和have sth. done的区别
1). have sb. do sth意为“让某人做”，have可用let，make代替，如：
The soldier had the boy stand against the wall.
2). have sb. doing sth.表示“使某人做出某种反应”或“保持某种状态”，如：
Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping.
3). have sth. done意为“让某事被做”，如：
The driver had his car washed once a week.
4. 现在分词作表语与进行时态的区别
现在分词作表语与现在进行时非常类似，但前者表现主语的状态或特征，而进行时强调动作正在进行，试比较：
1). This task is really challenging.
2). What he did is challenging the authority.
方法点播
1. 分词有现在分词和过去分词之分，区分二者的区别也是考试的重要考点。我们在选择过去分词和现在分词过程中，只看两点：首先是主被动关系，主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词，这也是大多数判断分词所遇到的情况；其次就是看动作完成的状态，现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。
2. 区分分词作表语和进行时要牢记：现在分词作表语表示主语的状态或特征，而进行时强调动作正在进行。
例题：
用动词恰当形式填空
1.She caught the student _________ (cheat) in exams.
2.When I got there, I found the farm tools _______.（repair）
3.“Can you read?”Mary said _________ to the notice. (point)
4.The graduating students are busy _________ material for their reports. (collect)
5.The missing boys were last seen _________ (play) near the river.
6.I had to shout to make myself _________ above the noise. (hear)
7.Properly _________ with numbers, the books can be easily found. (mark)
知识点三、动名词
一、动名词的构成
动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词+ing构成，否定形式为not doing，具有名词的性质，在句中起名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语；同时也保留动词的性质，可以有自己的宾语和状语。
二、动名词的基本用法
1. 动名词作主语
动名词是由动词变化而来，所以，动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。例如：
Walking is good exercise.
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.
动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用“It is…”和“There is…”两种句式来表示。例如：
It’s nice talking with you.
It’s no use arguing with him.
It was very difficult getting everything ready.
It is no good learning without practice.
There is no littering about.
2. 动名词作定语
动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍，一般只限于单个的动名词作定语，表示“用于……的”或表示“处于某件事情中的……”含义。例如：
ming pool 游泳池ng material 阅读材料
ng stick 手杖ng needle 浮针
ng speech 开幕词ing aid 助听器
ng room 候车室ng water 自来水
oping countries 发展中国家ing people 劳动人民
ing child 熟睡孩子
当分词短语做后置定语时，可以转换成定语从句，如：
She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.
= She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai.
There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park.
= There are two roads before us, one which leads to the beach, the other to the park.
3. 动名词作表语
动名词作表语的时候，特别要注意：不要与现在进行时混淆。动名词作表语，表达的是“某件事”等，而进行时则强调动作正在进行，试比较：
His part-time job is promoting new products for the company.（动名词）
He is promoting new products for the company.（进行时）
4. 动名词作宾语。
与不定式类似，动名词也经常会跟在动词之后，做动词的宾语。我们经常记的一些短语或固定搭配其实就是动名词作宾语的语法现象，如：
He is fond of playing football.
I like swimming.
动名词作宾语，根据用法不同，可以把动词分为以下几类：
1). admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，face，feel，like，
finish，forgive，give up，imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，practice，put off，resist，risk，suggest，can’t help（情不自禁），can’t stand（无法忍受）等动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语，即只跟doing。
2). forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾
语，但意义上有区别，如：
I remember doing the exercise.
I must remember to do it.
Stop speaking.
He stopped to talk.
3). 在allow，advise，forbid，permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代
词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
4). 动词need，require，want作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形
式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。如：
The window needs/requires/wants cleaning= The window needs/requires/wants to be cleaned.
Her method is worth trying.
5). 在短语devote to（致力于），look forward to，stick to，be used to（习惯于），object to（反对……），
thank you for，excuse me for，be(kept) busy，have difficulty/ trouble/ problem(in)，have a good/
wonderful/hard time(in)，there’s no use/ good/need，feel/ seem like/ get down to等后的动词也必须用动名词形式，例如：
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
6). 在love，hate，prefer，like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语
时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。如：
I like swimming very much. （习惯）
I like to go swimming today.（偶尔一次）
高频考点：
1. 一些动词或短语后经常跟动名词作宾语，总结如下：
完成练习值得忙（finish, practice, be worth, be busy）
继续习惯别放弃（keep on, be used to, give up）
考虑建议不禁想（conside r, suggest, can’t help, feel like）
喜欢思念还介意（enjoy, miss, mind）
2. 注意下列短语中的to为介词，而不是不定式，后接动名词。
make contributions to… 为……做贡献
devote oneself to… 致力于……
look forward to…期盼……
prefer…to…比起……更喜欢……
be used to…习惯于……
3. need, require, want后加动名词，主动表被动，如：
The washing machine needs repairing.=The washing machine needs to be repaired.
3. 动名词与现在分词的区别
试比较一下几句中doing的区别：
The most important thing for you now is finding a job.（动名词）
The situation is very much encouraging.（现在分词）
Their plan is to build another dormitory for their staff this year.（不定式）
方法点播：
1. 动词之后接to do的不定式，还是doing的现在分词作宾语时考试钟爱的考法。攻克这类题目最直接的方法是积累这些固定用法，把它们当做固定表达的方式记下来，并在写作中经常应用，久而久之，形成习惯，就不会出错了。
2. 动名词作表语，容易与现在分词作表语相混淆。我们需要记住它们的区别，即动名词表语表达的是“某件事或动作”(与不定式短语的意义相近)，而现在分词表语表示“具有某个作用”。
翻译句子
1.今天去没有用, 他不会在家.
_______________________________________________
2.你写完作文了吗？
_______________________________________________
3.请原谅我来晚了.
_______________________________________________
4.他不声不响地走了进来.（without）
_______________________________________________
5.他走进来了, 没有被看见.（without, see）
_______________________________________________
6.游泳是我最喜欢的运动。
_______________________________________________.
当堂检测
例1（2019高考英语全国卷Ⅰ）In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements
例2（2019?全国Ⅱ）A 90-year-old has been awarded “ Woman Of The Year” for ________（be）Britain's oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.
例3（2019?全国Ⅲ）Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ________（recommend）wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
例4（2019?全国Ⅲ）On the last day of our week-long stay，we ________（invite）to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，________ （listen）to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
例5（2019?全国Ⅱ）When we got a call ________ （say）she was short-listed，we thought it was a joke.
例6（2019全国卷Ⅰ）You don’t have to run fast or for long(see) the benefit.
例7（2019全国卷Ⅰ）You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of (die) early by running.
例8（2019全国卷Ⅱ）Since 2011, the country (grow) more corn than rice.
例9（2018全国卷Ⅱ）The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government ________ (start) a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers.
例10（2018全国卷Ⅱ）China’s approach to protecting its environment while (feed) its citizens "offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide," says the bank’s Juergen V oegele.
课堂总结
家庭作业
基础题：
作业1 I hope _________ (meet) you again.
作业2 ---You forgot _________ (close) the window again.---Really? I won’t next time.
作业3 Tom stopped _________ (play) with Bob when Bob came to visit him.
作业4 It is our duty _________ (protect) the environment.
作业5 Do you find it easy _________ (get along with)?
作业6 Both coats look nice on me. I really don’t know which _________ (choose).
作业7 用所给词的恰当形式填空
1. _________ more books can make one live longer. (read)
2. She didn’t mind _________ overtime. (work)
3. We are looking forward to Mary’s _________. (come)
4. She ought to be praised instead of _________. (criticize).
5. He came to the party without _________. (invite)
拔高题
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．(2017·天津卷)I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train __________ (catch)．2．(2017·北京卷)The national park has a large collection of wildlife, __________ (range) from butterflies to elephants.
3．(2017·北京卷)Many airlines allow passengers to print their boarding passes online __________ (save) their valuable time.
4．(2017·天津卷)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, __________ (allow) more patients to be treated.
5．(2017·江苏卷)Many Chinese brands, __________ (develop) their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.
6．(20 17·江苏卷)A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help __________ (shape) your year ahead.
7．I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do __________ (work) with students.
8．__________ (make) it easier to get in touch with us, you'd better keep this card at hand.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(2017·河南豫南九校质量考评)In addition, attracting by interesting topics, you are free to get involved in the weekly discussion.
2．(2017·湖北荆门调研考试)When I was in Grade 5, I met a teacher who made me remembered her forever. 3．(2017·江西九江十校二联)After school, I went back home on time to help my parents do some housework while enjoy some light music.
4．(2017·河南天一大联考)Dressing in black, he was playing with a smartphone while eating.
5．(201 7·福建龙岩3月质检)Nowadays there are some students use cellphones to copy teachers' lecture notes.____________
6．(2017·江西九校3月联考)Well－preparing Chinese food is all tasty and good－looking.____________ 7．(2017·山东临沂一模)You can make more friends from different parts of the country by serve them when working there.____________
8．Because we had not eaten ice cream for a long time, we got very exciting.____________
9．Seeing from the top of the hill, the city is extremely beautiful.____________
10．On our way home, we couldn't help to talking about what we had experienced.____________
Ⅲ.单句写作
1．当谈到学英语，每个人都有自己的方法。(when it comes to, method)
______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2．有许多人认为学生在学校不应带手机。(there be, take... with them at school)
________________________ _______________________________
_______________________________________________________
3．我们的校园非常美丽，花儿香，鸟儿唱。(schoolyard, smell sweet, sing happily)
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4．面对这样一个问题，我不知道该怎么办。(facing/faced with, at a loss)
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5．我向我们的老师求助，他建议我每天练习说英语。(turn to somebody for help, suggest, practice, speak
English)
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非謂语动词（一） 一、Done 被动性：过去分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者（receiver）, 而不是发出者，两者构成被动语态或被动意义。 完成性：与句中另一个动作、另一个时间或句子产生的时间相比，分词的动作已经发生、完成。 句法功能 表语：许多动词通过+ed 变成形容词，其本质是过去分词用作形容词The boys were astonished. The door remained locked. They seemed worried. 定语：划出下列句子的定语部分 The broken glass is still lying on the table. The frightened girl was trembling when the police arrived. A grown boy is a boy who has physically and mentally grown up. He sent them his newly-invented devices. She was reading a novel written by Dickens. The people trapped in the big fire were rescued by the firefighters with a helicopter. The radio bought in your shop doesn't work well. 翻译： 他是被经理测试的人员当中最优秀的员工之一。 宾补 1、在感官/ 感知动词后：see, look at, observe, hear, listen to, think, find, imagine, feel, watch等。 We found him greatly changed. 2、在使役动词后：make, have, get, keep, leave等。 He made himself understood in spoken English. 3、在意愿动词后：like, need, want, wish等。 She came into the shop with a package saying: I needn’t it changed but re-wrapped. 翻译：我回到家，发现家里被偷了
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Would you like to see a film this evening ②当不定式作宾语时，通常还可以用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式。 在find，think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。 I find it easy to read English every day. (3)作表语 句型：主语+ be + to do sth . 如：My group’s task is to find out the cost to go by train. （4）作目的状语 > 如：He opened the door for her to come in. 他打开门让她进来。 I get up early to catch the first bus.我早起为了赶上首班车。 (5)作宾语补足语 ①不能省略to： ask. tell . order . force. want. invite. expect . encourage . advise. teach . promise. warn. allow . remind . help. 如：Tina told her sister to turn down the TV.蒂娜让她姐姐把电视机的音量调小点。 My mother asks me not to read in the bed.我妈妈不让我在床上看书。
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. He is said to have written a novel about the Long March. He is said to have been taught French when he was a child. 4. 不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式. eg: We’re happy to have been working with the experts all the month. 二、不定式的用法： 1. 不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。而动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。 1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数 To do such things is foolish. 2）主系表结构 To see is to believe. 3)it形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，将不定式放到谓语的后面。 常用于下列结构中： (1)It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do…（如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish…） (2)It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do…（如easy / difficult / hard / / unwise / possible/ necessary…） (3)It is +a/an +名词+ to do...（如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /one’s duty / an honor …）
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非谓语动词讲解
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