12. 2018奉贤高三英语一模卷

2018.1 奉贤区高三英语第一学期期末质量抽查试卷

(满分：140分考试时间：120分钟)

第I卷(共100分)

I. Listening Comprehension

Section A (10分)

Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.

1. A. interviewer and interviewee. B. teacher and student.

C. doctor and nurse.

D. boss and secretary.

2. A. 9:00. B. 9:10. C. 9:30. D. 9:35.

3. A. pass the journal. B. listen to the woman.

C. repeat his request.

D. take the journal himself.

4. A. exciting. B. disappointing.

C. interesting.

D. satisfactory.

5. A. to make a budget for her. B. to buy a gift for Mary.

C. to give her mother information about Mary.

D. to give some suggestions.

6. A. he wants to finish his study. B. he wants to earn a lot of money.

C. he wants to finish his study.

D. he wants to have a good rest.

7. A. The woman should not get involved in the situation.

B. The woman should not be angry with the friends.

C. he will explain to the woman what happened.

D. he will talk to Sally and Mark soon.

8. A. good weather tomorrow. B. the vacation plan.

C. getting up early in the morning.

D. possible heavy traffic.

9. A. interested. B. fascinated. C. hostile. D. reluctant.

10. A. intelligence determines admission to college.

B. highly motivated students usually do well in college.

C. successful college students are usually intelligent.

D. a successful college motivates its students.

Section B (15分)

Directions:In Section B, you will hear two short passages and a longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard

Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following news.

11. A. two terms. B. three terms. C. four terms. D. five terms.

12. A. because he had been a policeman.

B. because he earned a law degree in a night school.

C. because they had formed a good opinion of him.

D. because there was a large population of black people in Los Angeles.

13. A. they want people in Los Angeles voted.

B. an introduction about Thomas Bradley, major of Los Angeles.

C. the reasons why white candidates failed in the vote.

D. something Thomas Bradley did for the vote.

Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.

14. A. he has more than fourteen pills a day. B. he has two pills a day.

C. he has four times a day.

D. he has nine pills a day.

15. A. all of them. B. three kinds of medicine.

C. two kinds of medicine.

D. almost none.

16. A. children over twelve years old. B. older people with a fever.

C. old people with heart attack.

D. adults with a cold.

Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.

17. A. she has made an attempt to become pregnant.

B. she has requested her supervisor to transfer her to another department.

C. she has bought the new equipment for the laboratory.

D. she has complained to the government about the issue.

18. A. because the new equipment is not available now.

B. because the patient has made too many complains.

C. because the hospital wants to tighten its budget.

D. because the new equipment carries a health risk.

19. A. a technician in the hospital lab. B. a doctor working in the hospital.

C. a teacher working in the school.

D. head of hospital administration.

20. A. she will be likely to quit her job. B. she still feels at a loss as what to do.

C. she will complain to the administration.

D. she will fight to get her income back.

II. Grammar and Vocabulary

Section A (10分)

Directions: After reading the passage below, /ill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Different background shouldn’t mean less education. Fifty years ago, in a primary school classroom, two boys aged 11 took an examination called the 11-plus, (21) __________ would make decisions about the rest of their lives. Paul passed and went to a “grammar school”. Baz failed the examination and went to a “secondary modern school”. They did not see each other again for years.

Many grammar schools (22) __________ (establish) hundreds of years ago to teach the Latin language to children who were not from rich families. They encouraged students to study (23) __________ they were 18 and then to go to university. Secondary modern school students left at 16, usually with fewer qualifications than grammar school students. Baz says the secondary modern school had (24) __________ (few) resources and the quality of teaching was not as good.

Things have changed. In the 1960s and the 1970s “comprehensive schools” were created. Today, 90 percent children aged 11 to 16 from the same area to the same school without (25) __________ (take) any entry examination.

The British often disagrees about the best way (26) __________ (educate) their children. Many people say that comprehensive schools help more children to succeed because they provide everybody (27) __________ similar opportunities in a fairer way. Another view, though, is that more intelligent children, especially (28) __________ from poor homes are better supported at grammar schools. Now, the

government plans to open new grammar schools (29) __________ __________ almost two million children will go to the same type of school that Paul attended.

And Paul and Baz? Aged 60, they met again and compared (30) __________ had happened to them. After university, Paul qualified as a teacher. Baz went to work in a factory at 16 and later became an engineer. In fact, Baz had a much higher salary than Paul – so perhaps life is fair after all.

Section B (10分)

Directions: Fill in each blank with. a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once.

buzzing around you.

The only thought most of us ever give to this noise is “I need to get rid of this insect, immediately”, but it turns out that the mosquito is actually quite a(n) 31 creature.

A term of scientists from Oxford University in the UK, in 32 with the Royal Veterinary College in London and Chiba University in Japan, recently published a study that found some interesting facts about the world’s most 33 insect.

By placing eight cameras inside a tiny film studio, the scientists could study several mosquitoes up close. The high-tech cameras filmed the insects at 1,000 frames per second, meaning the scientists were able to study the insects’34 in never-before-seen detail. However, it wasn’t always straightforward.

“Recording mosquitoes during free-flight represented a huge technical challenge due to their small size, 35 wing beat frequency, and the presence of large antennae and legs that can 36 the view of their wings,” Simon Walker of Oxford University, co-author of the study, wrote.

Published in the journal Nature, the study found that mosquitoes flap their wings around 800 times a second. As a 37 , house flies flap their wings about 200 times a second, and hummingbirds 50 times a second.

Richard Bomphrey of the Royal Veterinary College, the study’s leader, believes that mosquitoes have a unique flying method that sets them apart from other flying insects.

“We predicted that they must make use of clever tricks, as the wings38 their direction at the end of each half-stroke,” he wrote in the study.

Hopefully, the discovery of the mosquito’s special abilities will be of benefit to engineers in the future. The findings could lead to better aircraft, or even improvement to tools like lenses or pumps.

But the scientists hope their study can one day be 39 to new developments in more human-focused use.

“The more we know about mosquitoes, the better our chance of understanding their flight behavior, how they carry disease and 40 how to stop them from doing so,” Walker wrote.

III. Reading Comprehension

Section A (15分)

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the content.

Artists have long claimed alcohol and other drugs as inspiration for their creativity. But is there really a(n) 41 between intoxication（醉酒）and inspiration? A recent study published in Consciousness and Cognition explored the effects of moderate drunkenness on people’s creativity. The authors suggest that alcohol’s well-known effect in 42 executive function may be helpful for these types of creation

problems: “Sometimes a reduced ability to43 one’s attention can have positive implications for select cognitive tasks,” they write.

The findings raise the question of whether drugs that 44 attention and focus, in particular, stimulants（兴奋剂）, would have the opposite effect on creative thinking 45 , very little research has been done on the issue, and what results exist so far have been mixed. The outcomes may well vary according to individual 46 to the drugs. 47 , some research has found that while stimulants can 48 test performance for those who are less intelligent, for the smartest folks, the drugs can have the opposite effect.

If less executive function is linked to more creativity, this may also explain why artists, writers and musicians appear to be more 49 to have an addiction. Perhaps creative people are more likely than others to be 50 to drugs in the first place, as a possible source of inspiration. And then, if reduced executive function is 51 in part for their initial talent, this, too, could make them more easily influenced by 52 once they start using. Having less executive control before you even take drugs means you’ll have less ability to stop once you start.

Whatever the real relationship between drunkenness, addiction and art, the authors 53 that their study findings don’t give people 54 to get drunk to “inspire the muse（冥想）.” Co-author Jennifer Wiley, associate professor of psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, told the British Psychological Society’s Research Digest: “We tested what happens when people are slightly drunk-not when people drank to 55 . There could be no argument from these findings that drinking excessively would have the same effects.”

A glass of wine or two, however, may occasionally help.

41. A. attraction B. reservation C. connection D. decoration

42. A. strengthening B. damaging C. maintaining D. assessing

43. A. block B. reduce C. disturb D. control

44. A. remain B. drop C. shift D. increase

45. A. However B. Moreover C. Instead D. Therefore

46. A. additions B. responses C. oppositions D. contrasts

47. A. For example B. On the contrary C. As a result D. On the other hand

48. A. conceal B. executive C. improve D. delete

49. A. vital B. likely C. ideal D. difficult

50. A. attracted B. contributed C. responded D. withdrawn

51. A. responsible B. illegal C. natural D. impossible

52. A. confusion B. ambition C. addiction D. exhaustion

53. A. lower B. monitor C. function D. caution

54. A. sacrifice B. privacy C. appreciation D. license

55. A. priorities B. extremes C. bottom D. Affection

Section B (22分)

Directions:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

(A)

I was standing in the checkout line behind a woman who looked to be in her 60s. When it was her turn to pay, the cashier greeted her by name and asked her how she was doing.

The woman looked down, shook her head and said: “Not so good. My husband just lost his job and my son is up to his old tricks again. The truth is, I don’t know how I’m going to get through the holidays.”

Then she gave the cashier food stamps（食品券）.

My heart ached. I wanted to help but didn’t know how. Should I offer to pay for her groceries, ask for her husband’s resume?

As I walked into the parking lot, I spotted the women returning her shopping cart. I remembered something in my purse that I thought could help her. It wasn’t a handful of cash or an offer of a job for her husband, but maybe it would make her life better.

My heart pounded as I approached the woman.

“Excuse me,”I said, my voice trembling a bit. “I couldn’t help overhearing what you said to the cashier. It sounds like you’re going through a really hard time right now. I’m so sorry. I’d like to give you something.”

I handed her the small card from my purse.

When the woman read the card’s only two words, she began to cry. And through her tears, she said, “You have no idea how much this means to me.”

I was a little startled by her reply. Having never anything like this before, I didn’t know what kind of reaction I might receive. All I could think to say was, “Oh. Would it be OK to give you a hug?”

After we embraced, I walked back to my car -- and began to cry, too.

The words on the card?

“You Matter.”

A few weeks earlier, a colleague gave me a similar card as encouragement for a project I was working on. When I read the card, I felt a warm glow spread inside of me. Deeply touched, I came home and ordered my own box of You Matter card and started sharing them.

56. Which of the following is TRUE according to the first three paragraphs?

A. The woman’s family mainly depends on her son.

B. The cashier helped the woman by giving her some food for free.

C. The woman and her family were having a tough lime.

D. The author wondered why the cashier was familiar with the woman.

57. The woman cried when she got the card, probably because ______.

A. it greatly encouraged her

B. she could use it to buy food

C. it could solve her present problem

D. it could land her husband a job

58. The underlined word “startled” in Paragraph 10 probably means ______.

A. interested

B. grateful

C. ashamed

D. astonished

59. From the article, we can tell that the author is a ______ person.

A. smart

B. kind-hearted

C. knowledgeable

D. confident

(B)

Seek Out a Unique Beach

VISIT

Oregon. For sun and fun away from the crowed beaches of Florida, check out the Oregon coast and its 363 miles of gorgeous shoreline, stretching from the Columbia River south to the redwood forests of California. Every beach is public and free. “The coast i s a perfect place to watch sea lions sun themselves or simply see the mighty Pacific weaves crash in the sunset followed by a seafood feast in one of the busy fishing communities located between the coves（小海湾）,” says Bramblett. July and August aren’t peak gray whale migration season, but there’s still a good chance you could catch a glimpse of some of the 200 whales that spend the summers off the Oregon coast.

SLEEP

Next to a lighthouse. Imagine yourself an ancient mariner when you book a room overlooking the

Pacific Ocean at the Heceta Head Lighthouse Bed and Breakfast in Yachats, Oregon. The working lighthouse, which dated to 1894, cast a bright beam 21 miles out to sea, making it the brightest light on the Oregon coast. The cliff-top rooms at the Light K eeper’s home nearby aren’t cheap-you’ll sell out up to $ 385 for a weekend night during peak season (price includes a seven-course breakfast).

BEW ARE

Dangerous currents Unless you love cold water (or wear a wet suit), you may not wait to venture into the sea off the Oregon coast, even during the summer. But if you do, be prepared for the U.S. Lifesaving Association. Swim parallel to the beach until you’re no longer being pulled out to sea, then swim diagonally（成对角线地）toward the shore.

BRING

Baby powder. Use a generous amount of baby powder to remove sand rom your hands, feet or hair. The powder quickly absorbs moisture, allowing sand to fall off easily.

60. It can be inferred rom the section SLEEP that ______.

A. the price of one night stay remains the same all the year around

B. those who stay there can have a free access to the beach and the lighthouse

C. those who want to stay there have to pay more during a tourist season

D. the price includes the breakfast for seven people

61. What is suggested by the leaflet if you want to enjoy your stay at the beach?

A. Avoid wearing wet suits.

B. Never dive into the cold water off the coast.

C. Bring baby powder to protect your skin from sand scratches.

D. Don’t swim straight toward the shore when there’re d angerous currents.

62. Oregon coast will provide you with all the following experiences EXCEPT ______.

A. a perfect view of sea lions

B. a mariner like stay in the more than 100-year-old lighthouse

C. a seafood feast in the popular local community

D. sun and fun of the less crowed beach.

(C)

With the coming of big data age, data science is supposed to be starved for, of which the adaption can point a profound change in corporate competitiveness. Companies, both born in the digital era and traditional world are showing off their skills in data science. Therefore, it seems to have been creating a great demand for the experts of this type.

Mr. Carlos Guestrin, machine learning professor from University of Washington argues that all software applications will need inbuilt intelligence within five years, making data scientists-people trained to analyze large bodies of information-key workers in this emerging “cognitive” technology economy. There are already critical applications that depend on machine learning, a subfield of data science, led by recommendation programs, fraud detection systems, forecasting tools and applications for predicting customer behavior.

Many companies that are born digital-particularly internet companies that have a great number of real-time customer interactions to handle-are all-in when it comes to data science. Pinterest, for instance, maintains more than 100 machine learning models that could be applied to different classes of problems, and it constantly fields requests from managers eager to use this resource to deal with their business problem.

The factors weighing on many traditional companies will be the high cost of mounting a serious machine-learning operation. Netflix is estimated to spend $ 150m a year on a single application and the

total bill is probably four times that once all its uses of the technology are taken into account.

Another problem for many non-technology companies is talent. Of the computer science experts who use Kaggle, only about 1,000 have deep learning skills, compared to 100,000 who can apply other machine learning techniques, says Mr. Goldbloom. He adds that even some big companies of this type are often reluctant to expand their pay scales to hire the top talent in this field.

The biggest barrier to adapting to the coming era of “smart” applications, however, is likely to be cultural. Some companies, such as General Electric, have been building their own Silicon Valley presence to attract and develop the digital skills they will need.

Despite the obstacles, some may master this difficult transition. But companies that were built, from the beginning, with data science at their center, are likely to represent serious competition.

63. Which one is obstacle for many traditional companies to popularize learning operation?

A. Technological problem.

B. Expert crisis.

C. High cost.

D. Customer interactions.

64. What can not be inferred from the passage about the machine learning?

A. Machine learning operations are costly in Netflix.

B. Machine learning plays an important role in existent applications.

C. Machine learning experts are not highly paid in some non-technology companies.

D. Machine learning models are not sufficient to solve business problems in Pinterest.

65. What’s the author’s main purpose in writing this article?

A. To point out the problems facing machine learning experts.

B. To call on companies to cultivate more experts in data science.

C. To tell the readers the present situation of data science.

D. To advice non-technology companies to look beyond the advantages they face.

66. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

A. Data science: A forefront force in tech business

B. Corporate competition: An obstacle to the transition

C. Machine learning: A key to smart technology

D. Technique experts: A decisive factor of the coming era.

Section C (8分)

Directions:Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.

There are a lot of different people in the world, but despite our differences we all want to get along. Humans are social beings, and we enjoy being treated nicely. 67 It is about treating people with respect and care.

Be a good listener. To start a conversation, it is important to listen first, especially when you are in a group. Don’t indulge（放纵）yourself in instant chant when you have just arrived. Examine the situation

and the conversation, and then say whatever you think fit. It is better to say something valuable, rather than something meaningless. 68 Don’t try to change people. It is not your job to change anyone else. It is not in your power to change anyone else. Let other people live how they want to live. 69 If you do not like how someone acts, you can arrange things so that you interact with them as little as possible. You can always maintain a good attitude towards them so that your relationship with them might be change.

Keep a smile. A little laughter goes a long way, and a smile eases tensions, where a frown can create tensions. If someone teases you, try to laugh at it off. If someone is frowning, smile at them. Be mindful of your facial expression. If you are persistently and optimistic, people will cheer up when they are see you coming.

70 Some people do not take hints. Some people do not read body language. For these people, it really works to j ust say, “I really want us to work well together. I will help you and back you up, and you help me and back me up.”

IV. Summary Writing (10分)

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible:

A Father’s Influence Makes for Better Grades

Adolescents from low-income families in particular are more likely than their middle-class peers to underachieve and to drop out of school. Studies have shown that a positive attitude towards school work and the support and encouragement from their parents can help at-risk youngsters to overcome the economic barriers and lack of resources they face. Most of the evidence about the effects of parental involvement comes from research on mothers. Little is known, however, about how adolescents experience their fathers’ warmth and the beliefs and behaviors that are most affected by it.

This new study is part of a larger one focusing on low-income families conducted in four middle schools in the southwestern United States. Data were analyzed from questionnaires completed by 183 sixth-graders about how optimistic and motivated they were about their schoolwork, and how they experienced their fathers. The questionnaires were completed primarily by respondents of Mexican American, African American and European American descent. Their maths and language arts grades were also obtained.

Their findings show how fathers can support their teenagers in ways that result in greater optimism, self-efficacy, and, ultimately, higher achievement at school.

These positive effects extend to both sons and daughters, while in different ways. Experiencing their father’s warmth first influences daughters’ sense of optimism, and then sp ills over into their feeling more determined and certain about their academic abilities. This in turn leads to better math grades. There is a more direct link between their fathers’ involvement and teenage boys’ belief in their ability to succeed on the academic front. This heightened self-confidence increased their success in English language arts classes.

Suizzo suggests that counselors and educators should encourage fathers to communicate warmth and acceptance to their children, because of the positive influence these emotions have on their well-being.

第II卷(共40分)

V. Translation (15分)

Directions:Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.

72. 这个城市近几年来发生了翻天覆地的变化。(take place)

73. 毫无疑问，一旦被那可怕的疾病传染，随后肯定会死亡。(once)

74. 整个球队只有互相配合，才能取得成功，这是那次以足球赛上申花队赢球的原因之一。(only)

75. 对志愿者来说，重要的不是能为别人做多少，而是能从中获得宝贵的经验和帮助他们的快感。(not…but…)

VI. Guided Writing (25分)

Directions: Write an English composition 120-150 words according to the picture given below in Chinese. 请简要描述图片内容，并联系生活实际谈谈你的感想。

参考词汇：宝马(BMW)；奔驰(Benz)

参考答案

1-5 DDCBC 6-10 AABDB 11-13 BCB 14-16 ADC 17-20 DCBD

21. which 22. were established 23. until 24. fewer 25. taking

26. to educate 27. with 28. those 29. so that 30. what

31-40 AHGBD JEFKC

41-55 CBADA BACBA ACDDB

56-59 CADB 60-62 CDB 63-66 CDCA 67-70 DFEB

Summary:

Evidence shows that mothers can help children overcome difficulties, but a recently study finds that fathers also have positive influence. They can help children feel more optimistic and self-confident, which boosts the math score of teenage girls and the language abilities of boys. Therefore, fathers should be encouraged to convey care and recognition to their children.

Translation:

72. Great changes have taken place in the city in the past several years.

73. Without doubt, once you are infected with the terrible disease, you are sure to die slowly after.

74. Only by cooperating with each other can the whole team succeed and that is one of the reasons why

Shanghai Shenhua football won the math that time.

75. What matters to volunteers is not how much they can do for others but that they can gain valuable

experience and joy of helping other people.

2018年奉贤区高三二模语文试卷

2017 学年第二学期奉贤区调研测试高三语文试卷（2018.4） （完卷时间 150 分钟，满分 150 分） 一、积累运用（10 分） 1.按要求填空。（5 分） （1），铁马秋风大散关。（陆游《书愤》） （2）成语“任重道远”出自《·泰伯》：“，任重而道远”。 （3）古人诗词中常借用虚拟之景表达情感，如秦观《踏莎行》中的“雾失楼台，月迷津渡”。柳永的《雨霖铃》中与之手法相似的诗句是“，”。 2.学习中遇到困难止步不前时，下列名言用以自勉不恰当的一项是（）。（2 分） A.锲而不舍，金石可镂。——荀子《劝学》 B.不登高山,不知天之高也。——荀子《劝学》 C.譬如为山，未成一篑，止，吾止也。——《论语·子罕》 D.善学者假人之长，以补其短。——《吕氏春秋·孟夏纪》 3. 填入下面语段空白处的语句，最恰当的一项是（）。（3 分） 我们在以理性为武器批判一切之前，是否先应对理性本身进行批判？我们在用武器批判一切之前，是否先对武器本身进行批判？我们在使用工具之前是否应先研究工具？理性是什么？它的内容和界限是什么？这种，就是哲学思考的根本问题。 A.对理性的思想，对理性的批判 B.对理性的批判，对思想的批判 C.对理性的思想，对思想的思想 D.对理性的批判，对批判的思想 二、阅读（70 分） （一）阅读下文，完成第 4-9 题。（17 分） ①一般印象中，人类学家有点像是独行者，他在一个遥远的地方，去经历着不同文化给自己的磨难。所以，李亦园先生说了这么一段话：“人类学的研究工作有一大特色，那就是要到研究的地方去做深入的调查探索，无论是蛮荒异域还是穷乡僻壤都要住过一年半载，并美其名叫‘参与观察’。”因而，人类学家的生涯，与孤独寂寞分不开。人类学家要备尝田野的孤独寂寞，是因为田野工作引起的文化冲击或文化震撼“经常使你终身难忘，刻骨铭心”。人类学家不仅要承受孤独寂寞和文化震撼，还会时不时陷入一种难以自拔的困境。马林诺夫斯基在田野中写下的《严格意义上的日记》，有这么一段话对自己的“迷糊状”做了生动的自白：4月7日（1918年）。我的生日。我还是带着照相机工作，到夜幕降临，我简直已筋疲力尽。傍晚我与拉斐尔聊天，谈到特洛布里安德岛人的起源和图腾制度。……我困惑，我陷入到了那里的生活方式之中。所有一切都被阴影笼罩，我的思想不再有自己的特征了。 ②像马林诺夫斯基这样的人类学家，大凡都 ．．．要经历冷酷的田野生活，他的日记给人以“羌笛何须怨杨柳，春风不度玉门关”之感。从一个角度看，他们成为人类学家，与他们遭受的磨难有直接的关系。马林诺夫斯基之所以是马林诺夫斯基，是因为他离开了家园，离开了波兰和英国，到蛮荒的特里布恩德岛；费孝通之所以是费孝通，是因为他离开了家乡，离开了自己的学院，偕同妻子双双去了大瑶山……为什么这些人类学家非要这样实践他们的人生？要把他们的青春耗费在遥远的穷乡僻壤？马林诺夫斯基在自己的日记里，忠实地表达了作为一个平常人的困惑，他面对过的压抑、无聊、无所适从，也是其他人类学家面对过的。然而，从事实地研究的人类学家坚信，田野生涯里的种种忧郁，不是没有价值的，相反，它们正是特殊的人类学理解能力的发挥。

2018届上海市奉贤区高三二模语文试题(解析版)

2018届上海市奉贤区高三二模语文试题（解析版） 一、积累运用 1. 按要求填空。 （1）_____________，铁马秋风大散关。（陆游《书愤》） （2）成语“任重道远”出自《_________·泰伯》：“___________，任重而道远”。 （3）古人诗词中常借用虚拟之景表达情感，如秦观《踏莎行》中的“雾失楼台，月迷津渡”。柳永的《雨霖铃》中与之手法相似的诗句是“___________，___________”。 【答案】(1). 楼船夜雪瓜洲渡(2). 论语(3). 士不可以不弘毅(4). 杨柳岸(5). 晓风残月 【解析】试题分析：本题考查名句名篇默写能力，采用的是上下句填空式默写和情景式默写相结合的题型，解答时既要注意所给句子的出处及作者，还要注意题干中给出的上句或下句，仔细回忆自己背诵的相关内容，准确书写出答案。本题还要注意下列字的正确写法：楼、洲、渡、弘、毅、岸、晓、残。 2. 学习中遇到困难止步不前时，下列名言用以自勉不恰当的一项是 A. 锲而不舍，金石可镂。——荀子《劝学》 B. 不登高山,不知天之高也。——荀子《劝学》 C. 譬如为山，未成一篑，止，吾止也。——《论语·子罕》 D. 善学者假人之长，以补其短。——《吕氏春秋·孟夏纪》 【答案】D 【解析】试题分析：A项，“锲而不舍，金石可镂”强调的是做事情要坚持，可以用于学习遇到困难时的自勉；B项，“不登高山,不知天之高也”，喻指站得高才能看得远。可以用于学习遇到困难时的自勉。C项，“譬如为山，未成一篑，止，吾止也”，孔子在这里用堆土成山这一比喻，说明功亏一篑和持之以恒的深刻道理，他鼓励自己和学生们无论在学问和道德上，都应该是坚持不懈，自觉自愿。可以用于学习遇到困难时的自勉。D项，“善学者假人之长，以补其短”，意思是擅长学习的人,会吸收别人的长处来弥补自己的短处。强调的是学习要讲究方法。不适合用于学习遇到困难时的自勉，故答案应为D项。 3. 填入下面语段空白处的语句，最恰当的一项是 我们在以理性为武器批判一切之前，是否先应对理性本身进行批判？我们在用武器批判一切之前，是否先对武器本身进行批判？我们在使用工具之前是否应先研究工具？理性是什么？它的内容和界限是什么？这种，就是哲学思考的根本问题。 A. 对理性的思想，对理性的批判 B. 对理性的批判，对思想的批判

上海市奉贤区2018届高三英语二模试卷及答案

2017-2018第二学期奉贤区调研测试三高英语

II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Time to End Loneliness US author Henry Rollins once wrote: "Loneliness adds beauty to lift. It puts a special burn on sunsets and makes night air smell better."Indeed, in the eyes of artists, loneliness never seems togo out of style. There are paintings that portray loneliness, songs that(21) . (inspire) byloneliness, and many works of literature that center around this theme. In the eyes of UK economist Rachel Reeves, however, loneliness is far from romantic. Insteadit's a "giant evil" that's become a serious problem in the country. On Jan 17, UK Prime Minister Theresa May appointed politician Tracey Crouch as thecountry's very first "Minister for Loneliness". Her job is (22)(deal) with the lonelinessthat the country's been feeling--a problem which, according to UK government research, is affecting more than 9 million people in the country, and (23)be more harmful to one'sphysical and mental health than smoking l5 cigarettes a day. Back in 2014, the UK was given the title of the "loneliness capital of Europe" by TheTelegraph. A survey carried out by the newspaper found that British people were (24)(likely) to get to know their neighbours or build strong relationships with people than those from other European countries. But this doesn't mean it is the problem (25)(affect) Britons only. In fact, we're all suffering from loneliness now more than ever, in spite of most of theworld now being linked tothe internet, (26)_____has enabled us to be more connected than ever. (27). we need, accordingto Kim Leadbetter, sister of the lateUK politician Jo Cox,is to have“proper human connections". "Our lives nowadays are so busy.We spend the vast majority of our time on our phones, onour laptops. (28)busy we are,we need to press pause on that andactually sit down and speak to human beings," Leadbettersaid at an event last year. But the first steps toward (29)(fight) this problem are to accept its existence and notbe ashamed or frightened by it. After all, .(30) loneliness, many beautiful paintings,songs, and literary works wouldn't even exist. Whether it is "evil" or not, being lonely is simplypart of the experience of being human. Section B Direction: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be usedonly Robots Writing Newspapers Whether it's robots working as hotel receptionists or artificial intelligence creating poetry, it'sbecoming more and more common to read about technology doing the jobs of humans. And now,it seems that software is even 31 of writing news stories-such as the very one you'rereading. BBC News 32 reported that the Press Association (PA), a UK news service, hascreated a computer program that's competent to create articles that are almost impossible to tellapart from those written by human journalists. Called "robo-journalism” by BBC News, such

2018届奉贤区高考英语二模试卷和参考答案及听力原文

奉贤区2017 学年度第二学期期终教学质量监控测试 高三英语试卷2018.04 1. Listening Comprehension Section A Short Conversations Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. At an airport B. In a hotel C. At a police station. D. At a restaurant 2. A. At4:20 B. At4:40 C. At4:50. D. At4:30 3. A. Its price B. Its location C. Its comfort D. Its facilities 4. A Employer and employ B. Husband and wife C. Teacher and student D. Patient and doctor 5. A. To cancel his trip. B. To go to bed early C. To catch the later flight D. To ask for a morning call. 6. A. Cathy already knows about the exhibit. B. Cathy has to act in a play. C. He did show her one of the signs. D. There will be an exhibit in the theatre. 7. A. The critic has a very funny comment on the musical B The woman agrees with the mans opinion of the musical. C. The woman has a very positive comment on the musical. D. The man and the woman differ in their opinion of the musical. 8. A. David never likes to play tennis. B. David's unable to play tennis with them. C. David isn't a very good tennis player. D. David is in town for a game of tennis. 9. A. Satisfied. B. Impatient. C. Exhausted. D. Amused. 10. A. He wants to get a new job. B. He is asking the woman for help. C. He has left the woman a good impression. D He enjoys letter writing. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked questions on each of them. The passages and conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. She wanted to have a garden similar to their neighbour's. B. Her husband would like to have a beautiful backyard. C. She was going to make the rented house her own home. D. The community required them to keep the backyard lovely. 12. A. By getting involved in doing voluntary work. B. By picking up mails for their neighbours.

2018高三奉贤生物二模答案

2017学年第二学期奉贤区高中等级考调研测试 生命科学试卷答案2018.3 分，只有一个正确选项） 二、综合题（共60分）（未标注的每空均1分） （一）回答有关细胞结构和细胞分裂的问题（13分） 21、磷脂蛋白质和DNA（写全才给分） 22、BCE （2分）23、AD（2分） 24、甲乙和丁（2分） 25、丙在减数分裂过程中细胞质不均等分裂，产生的卵细胞体积大（1分）。为受精卵（胚胎）发育提供充足的营养物质（1分）。丁在减数分裂过程中细胞质均等分裂，并能经过变形形成精子（1分）。尾部很长能够游动，有利于与卵细胞结合。（1分） （二）回答有关生命活动调节的问题（11分） 26、神经递质信息交流 27、抑制神经元凋亡；抑制炎症因子释放导致的神经细胞变性、坏死 28、BD（2分） 29、BD（2分） 30、主动运输 31、ＡＢＣＤ（２分） （三）回答有关人类遗传病的问题（13分） 32、隐（2分） 33、Ｘ（2分）０（２分） 34、２４１３（２分） 35、基因突变４６（2分） 36、ＡＣＤ（２分） （四）回答下列有关转基因技术问题（12分） 37、绿色荧光蛋白基因／G基因 38、Ｓma IＳma I限制酶会破坏目的基因和质粒中的抗性基因／标记基因（２分）③ 39、氨苄青霉素 40、受精卵ＡＢＣＤ（２分）动物受精卵具有全能性（１分），植物细胞一般都具有全能性（１分），使目的基因有效表达（１分） （五）回答有关植物生理的问题（11分） 41、氧气／Ｏ２五碳化合物／Ｃ５暗反应／卡尔文循环 42、Ａ过程产生的ATP为暗反应（C3还原）提供能量（1分）。C、D过程产生的ATP为各项生命过程提供能量。（1分） 43、强光照、40℃温度过高，降低了酶的活性 44、未体现适宜的二氧化碳浓度、未体现平行重复原则（合理即可）、缺少弱光照强度系列实验设计、缺少低温系列实验设计（4分，每项1分）

2018届奉贤高三英语二模试卷

2017学年奉贤区调研测试 高三英语试卷（2018,04） I. Listening Comprehension Section A Short Conversations Directions:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. At an airport. B. In a hotel. C. At a police station. D. At a restaurant. 2. A. At 4:20. B. At 4:40. C. At 4:50. D. At 4:30. 3. A. Its price. B. Its location. C. Its comfort. D. Its facilities. 4. A. Employer and employee. B. Husband and wife. C. Teacher and student. D. Patient and doctor. 5. A. To cancel his trip. B. To go to bed early. C. To catch the later flight. D. To ask for a morning call. 6. A. Cathy already knows about the exhibit. B. Cathy has to act in a play. C. He did show her one of the signs. D. There will be an exhibit in the theatre. 7. A. The critic has a very funny comment on the musical. B. The woman agrees with the man’s opinion of the musical. C. The woman has a very positive comment on the musical. D. The man and the woman differ in their opinion of the musical. 8. A. David never likes to play tennis. B. David’s unable to play tennis with them. C. David isn’t a very good tennis player. D. David is in town for a game of tennis. 9. A. Satisfied. B. Impatient. C. Exhausted. D. Amused. 10. A. He wants to get a new job. B. He is asking the woman for help. C. He has left the woman a good impression. D. He enjoys letter writing. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked questions on each of them. The passages and conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.

上海市奉贤区2018届高三二模语文试题

上海市奉贤区2018届高三二模语文试题 学校_________ 班级__________ 姓名__________ 学号__________ 一、句子默写 1. 按要求填空。 （1）_____________，铁马秋风大散关。（陆游《书愤》） （2）成语“任重道远”出自《_________·泰伯》：“___________，任重而道远”。 （3）古人诗词中常借用虚拟之景表达情感，如秦观《踏莎行》中的“雾失楼台，月迷津渡”。柳永的《雨霖铃》中与之手法相似的诗句是 “___________，___________”。 二、选择题 2. 学习中遇到困难止步不前时，下列名言用以自勉不恰当的一项是 A．锲而不舍，金石可镂。——荀子《劝学》 B．不登高山,不知天之高也。——荀子《劝学》 C．譬如为山，未成一篑，止，吾止也。——《论语·子罕》 D．善学者假人之长，以补其短。——《吕氏春秋·孟夏纪》 3. 填入下面语段空白处的语句，最恰当的一项是 我们在以理性为武器批判一切之前，是否先应对理性本身进行批判？我们在用武器批判一切之前，是否先对武器本身进行批判？我们在使用工具之前是否应先研究工具？理性是什么？它的内容和界限是什么？这种，就是哲学思考的根本问题。 A．对理性的思想，对理性的批判B．对理性的批判，对思想的批判 C．对理性的思想，对思想的思想D．对理性的批判，对批判的思想 三、现代文阅读 4. 阅读下文，完成下面小题。 ①一般印象中，人类学家有点像是独行者，他在一个遥远的地方，去经历着不同文化给自己的磨难。所以，李亦园先生说了这么一段话：“人类学的研究工作有一大特色，那就是要到研究的地方去做深入的调查探索，无论是蛮荒异域还是穷乡僻壤都要住过一年半载，并美其名叫‘参与观察’。”因而，人

上海市奉贤区2018届高三下学期调研测试(二模)化学试卷

2018学年第二学期奉贤区调研测试 高三化学试卷 (201803) 注意事项： 1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息 2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上 3．.考试结束后保留试卷方便讲解，只交答卷 相对原子质量：H-1，O-16，Mg-24， S-32 ，Fe-56 一、选择题：（本题共20小题，每小题2分，每小题只有一项 ．．．．正确）1．奉贤在新一轮规划中提出要打造东方美谷。下列相关说法错误的是A．垃圾分类可有效提高垃圾的资源价值和经济价值 B．绿色化学要求从源头上消除或减少对环境的污染 C．推广可降解的一次性餐具，减少白色污染 D．直接在田间焚烧秸秆，补充土壤中的钾元素 2．下列化学用语表示不正确的是 A．碳原子的结构示意图： B．CO2分子的电子式： C．碳原子核外电子排布的轨道表达式： D．CO2分子的比例模型： 3.下列物质属于强电解质的是 A. 硫酸钡 B.盐酸 C. 乙醇 D.三氧化硫 4.下列说法中正确的是 A.晶体中分子间作用力越大分子越稳定 B.原子晶体中共价键越强熔点越高 C.冰融化时水分子中共价键发生断裂 D.氢氧化钠熔化时离子键、共价键均被破坏

5.下列关于化石燃料的加工说法正确的是 A.石油裂化主要得到乙烯 B.石油分馏是化学变化,可得到汽油、煤油 C.煤干馏主要得到焦炭、煤焦油、粗氨水和焦炉气 D.煤制煤气是物理变化,是高效、清洁地利用煤的重要途径 6. 下列各项实验基本操作中,正确的是 A. 为了加快锌和稀硫酸反应的速率,可以向稀硫酸中加入少量硫酸铜 B.在做中和滴定实验时清洗滴定管后，直接装液滴定 C. 为了加快过滤速度,用玻璃棒搅拌过滤器中的液体 D.为了使配制的氯化铁溶液保持澄清,加入盐酸和铁片 7.有些物质既能与强酸溶液反应又能与强碱溶液反应，下列物质不具有此类性质的是 A. NaHCO3 B.(NH4)2CO3 C. Al D. AlCl3 8. 下列涉及化学学科观点的有关说法正确的是 A．微粒观：二氧化硫是由硫原子和氧原子构成的 B．转化观：升高温度可以将不饱和硝酸钾溶液转变为饱和 C．守恒观：1g镁与1g稀硫酸充分反应后所得的溶液质量为2g D．结构观：金刚石和石墨由于结构中碳原子的排列方式不同，性质存在着较大的差异 9. 下列各组离子在碱性条件下能大量共存，而在强酸性条件下能发生氧化还原反应的是 A.Mg2+、Na+、SO42-、Cl- B.K+、CO32-、Cl-、NO3- C.Na+、K+、NO3-、SO32- D.NH4+、Na+、SO42-、NO3- 10.下列溶液中通入足量SO2，根据其实验现象，所得结论不正确的是

2018年上海市奉贤区高三二模语文试卷(附答案)

2018年奉贤区第二学期调研测试（二模） 高三语文试卷（2018.4） （完卷时间150分钟，满分150分） 一、积累运用（10分） 1.按要求填空。（5分） （1）___________，铁马秋风大散关。（陆游《书愤》） （2）成语“任重道远”出自《·泰伯》：“__________，任重而道远”。 （3）古人诗词中常借用虚拟之景表达情感，如秦观《踏莎行》中的“雾失楼台，月迷津渡”。柳永的《雨霖铃》下阕中与之手法相似的诗句是“__________，__________”。 2.学习中遇到困难止步不前时，下列名言用以自勉不恰当的一项是（）。（2分） A.锲而不舍，金石可镂。——荀子《劝学》 B.不登高山,不知天之高也。——荀子《劝学》 C.譬如为山，未成一篑，止，吾止也。——《论语·子罕》 D.善学者假人之长，以补其短。——《吕氏春秋·孟夏纪》 3.填入下面语段空白处的语句，最恰当的一项是（）。（3 分） 我们在以理性为武器批判一切之前，是否先应对理性本身进行批判？我们在用武器批判 一切之前，是否先对武器本身进行批判？我们在使用工具之前是否应先研究工具？理性是什 么？它的内容和界限是什么？这种______________，就是哲学思考的根本问题。 A.对理性的思想，对理性的批判 B.对理性的批判，对思想的批判 C.对理性的思想，对思想的思想 D.对理性的批判，对批判的思想 二、阅读（70分） （一）阅读下文，完成第4-9题。（17分） ①一般印象中，人类学家有点像是独行者，他在一个遥远的地方，去经历着不同文化给 自己的磨难。所以，李亦园先生说了这么一段话：?人类学的研究工作有一大特色，那就是 要到研究的地方去做深入的调查探索，无论是蛮荒异域还是穷乡僻壤都要住过一年半载，并

2018届上海市奉贤区高三英语二模试题

1. Listening Comprehension Section A Short Conversations Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. At an airport B. In a hotel C. At a police station. D. At a restaurant 2. A. At4:20 B. At4:40 C. At4:50. D. At4:30 3. A. Its price B. Its location C. Its comfort D. Its facilities 4. A Employer and employ B. Husband and wife C. Teacher and student D. Patient and doctor 5. A. To cancel his trip. B. To go to bed early C. To catch the later flight D. To ask for a morning call. 6. A. Cathy already knows about the exhibit. B. Cathy has to act in a play. C. He did show her one of the signs. D. There will be an exhibit in the theatre. 7. A. The critic has a very funny comment on the musical B The woman agrees with the mans opinion of the musical. C. The woman has a very positive comment on the musical. D. The man and the woman differ in their opinion of the musical. 8. A. David never likes to play tennis. B. David's unable to play tennis with them. C. David isn't a very good tennis player. D. David is in town for a game of tennis. 9. A. Satisfied. B. Impatient. C. Exhausted. D. Amused. 10. A. He wants to get a new job. B. He is asking the woman for help. C. He has left the woman a good impression. D He enjoys letter writing. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked questions on each of them. The passages and conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage. 11. A. She wanted to have a garden similar to their neighbour's. B. Her husband would like to have a beautiful backyard. C. She was going to make the rented house her own home. D. The community required them to keep the backyard lovely. 12. A. By getting involved in doing voluntary work. B. By picking up mails for their neighbours.

2018届上海市奉贤区高三下学期调研测试(二模)历史试题(解析版)

2018届上海市奉贤区高三下学期调研测试（二模）历史试题（解析版） 考生注意： 1．本卷分选择题和综合分析题两大部分，满分为100分，考试时间为60分钟。 2．所有答案必须涂（选择题）或写（综合分析题）在答题纸的相应位置上。 一、选择题（每小题2分，共40分。每题只有一个答案） 1.公元前221年，秦结束分裂局面，实现统一。该时间可表述为 A. 公元前2世纪早期 B. 公元前3世纪早期 C. 公元前2世纪末期 D. 公元前3世纪末期 【答案】D 【解析】 依据所学知识可知，公元前221年可换算为公元前3世纪末期，故D项正确；公元前2世纪早期指的是公元前199年——公元前170年，故A项错误；公元前3世纪早期指的是公元前299年——公元前270年，故B项错误；公元前2世纪末期指的是公元前130年——公元前100年，故C项错误。 2.下图是根据福建泉州出土的宋代海船复原的模型。以下说法不正确的是 A. 是研究宋代对外贸易的直接证据 B. 是研究宋代海上丝绸之路的资料 C. 能反映宋朝时期高超的造船技术 D. 能反映宋代的对外贸易途径泉州 【答案】D 【解析】 由图中信息可知，宋代海船复原的模型是研究宋代对外贸易的直接证据，是研究宋代海上丝绸之路的资料，能反映宋朝时期高超的造船技术，故ABC正确，但是不符合题意；宋代的泉州是对外贸易的起点，故D 项错误，但是符合题意。所以本题答案为D项。

点睛：本题解题的技巧是，首先判定正确的选项，然后排除即可。 3.“天子受命于天，天下受命于天子，一国则受命于君。……受命之君，天意之所予也。”董仲舒的这一主张可概括为 A. “天理一体” B. “君权神授” C. “三纲五常” D. “大一统” 【答案】B 【解析】 “受命之君，天意之所予也”说明董仲舒主张“君权神授”，故B项正确；“天理一体”属于宋明理学的思想，故A项错误；“三纲五常”是封建伦理纲常制度，故C项错误；“大一统”是统一的思想，故D项错误。 4.日本中央政府的机构中至今仍保留着“……省”的名称。“省”的提法与中国古代哪一时期创设的中央官制有直接关联？ A. 秦汉时期 B. 隋唐时期 C. 宋元时期 D. 明清时期 【答案】C 【解析】 依据所学知识可知，隋唐时期的三省六部制属于中央官制了，这与日本的官制直接关联，故B项正确；秦汉时期的中央官制是三公九卿，故A项错误；宋元时期的中央官制是二府三司，故C项错误；明清时期的“省”指的是地方官制，故D项错误。 5.以下为中国古代历代中央机构演变示意图。按出现时间先后排序正确的是 A. ②③①④ B. ②①③④ C. ②④①③

上海市奉贤区2018届高三二模英语试题含答案

上海市奉贤区2018届高三二模 英语试题 1. Listening Comprehension Section A Short Conversations Directions:In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. A. At an airport B. In a hotel C. At a police station. D. At a restaurant 2. A. At4:20 B. At4:40 C. At4:50. D. At4:30 3. A. Its price B. Its location C. Its comfort D. Its facilities 4. A Employer and employ B. Husband and wife C. Teacher and student D. Patient and doctor 5. A. To cancel his trip. B. To go to bed early C. To catch the later flight D. To ask for a morning call. 6. A. Cathy already knows about the exhibit. - 1 -

2018年上海奉贤区高三二模试卷(附答案)

莅2017学年第二学期奉贤区调研测试高三语文试卷（2018.4） 蚃（完卷时间150分钟，满分150分） 蚈一、积累运用（10分） 蒄1?按要求填空。（5分） 肄（1） ，铁马秋风大散关。（陆游《书愤》） 蒁（2） 成语"任重道远”出自《 _____________________ ?泰伯》：“ _____________________ ，任重而道远”。 蒇（3）古人诗词中常借用虚拟之景表达情感， 如秦观《踏莎行》中的“雾失楼台，月迷津渡”。柳永的《雨 霖铃》中与之手法相似的诗句是“ _____________________________ , _______________________ ”。 薄2?学习中遇到困难止步不前时，下列名言用以自勉不恰当的一项是（ ）。（2分） 賺A.锲而不舍，金石可镂。——荀子《劝学》 罿B.不登高山，不知天之高也。一一荀子《劝学》 芆C.譬如为山，未成一篑，止，吾止也。 --------- 《论语?子罕》 蚄D.善学者假人之长，以补其短。一一《吕氏春秋?孟夏纪》 薂3.填入下面语段空白处的语句，最恰当的一项是（ ）。（3分） 蚁我们在以理性为武器批判一切之前，是否先应对理性本身进行批判？我们在用武器批判一切之前，是 否先对武器本身进行批判？我们在使用工具之前是否应先研究工具？理性是什么？它的内容和界限是什 么？这种 ，就是哲学思考的根本问题。 腿二、阅读（70分） 艿A.对理性的思想，对理性的批判 螄C.对理性的思想，对思想的思想 羃 B.对理性的批判，对思想的批判 D.对理性的批判，对批判的思想

肈（一）阅读下文，完成第4-9 题。（17 分） 袄①一般印象中，人类学家有点像是独行者，他在一个遥远的地方，去经历着不同文化给自己的磨难。所以，李亦园先生说了这么一段话：“人类学的研究工作有一大特色，那就是要到研究的地方去做深入的调查探索，无论是蛮荒异域还是穷乡僻壤都要住过一年半载，并美其名叫‘参与观察' 。”因而，人类学家 的生涯，与孤独寂寞分不开。人类学家要备尝田野的孤独寂寞，是因为田野工作引起的文化冲击或文化震撼“经常使你终身难忘，刻骨铭心” 。人类学家不仅要承受孤独寂寞和文化震撼，还会时不时陷入一种难以自拔的困境。马林诺夫斯基在田野中写下的《严格意义上的日记》，有这么一段话对自己的“迷糊状” 做了生动的自白：4月7日（1918年）。我的生日。我还是带着照相机工作，到夜幕降临，我简直已筋疲力尽。傍晚我与拉斐尔聊天，谈到特洛布里安德岛人的起源和图腾制度。……我困惑，我陷入到了那里的生活方式之中。所有一切都被阴影笼罩，我的思想不再有自己的特征了。 莄②像马林诺夫斯基这样的人类学家，大凡都..要经历冷酷的田野生活，他的日记给人以“羌笛何须怨杨柳，春风不度玉门关”之感。从一个角度看，他们成为人类学家，与他们遭受的磨难有直接的关系。马林诺夫斯基之所以是马林诺夫斯基，是因为他离开了家园，离开了波兰和英国，到蛮荒的特里布恩德岛；费孝通之所以是费孝通，是因为他离开了家乡，离开了自己的学院，偕同妻子双双去了大瑶山……为什么这些人类学家非要这样实践他们的人生？要把他们的青春耗费在遥远的穷乡僻壤？马林诺夫斯基在自己的日记里，忠实地表达了作为一个平常人的困惑，他面对过的压抑、无聊、无所适从，也是其他人类学家面对过的。然而，从事实地研究的人类学家坚信，田野生涯里的种种忧郁，不是没有价值的，相反，它们正是特殊的人类学理解能力的发挥。 袀③做一个人类学家，要培养一种“离我远去” 的能力，到一个自己不习惯的地方，体会人的生活面貌。所以，这里的“我”是“自己” ，但不单指个人，而指人生活在其中的“自己的文化” 。做一个人类学家，首先要学习离开自己的技艺，让自己的习惯和思想暂时退让给他对一个遥远的世界的期望。像李白说的， “五岳寻仙不辞远，一生好入名山游” 。在别的世界里体验世界的意义，获得“我”的经验，是现代人类学的一般特征。 螆④ “离我远去”的技艺有多种。一些人类学家要求自己身心都要离开自己的文化一段时间，另一些人类学家则通过他人的间接描述来“神游”于另外一个世界。作为集体的人类学家共同体，区别于其他思 考者的特征，正是一种文化精神意义上——而不单是个体肉身意义上——的“离我远去”。不是说人类学 家要抛弃自我，成为疯子，而只是说人类学家的“自我”表达的是一种“非我..”的艺术，这种艺术使人 类学家获得了与其他学者不同的经验，使人类学家能够比较“移情”地觉悟到自己的文化的局限性。 袄⑤人类学家离开自我的途径，有的是时间的隧道，有的是空间的距离。他们去的时间，是已经流逝的过去；他们去的空间，是一个“非我”的世界。因而，人类学家不以肉身的离去为目的，他们带着自己的心灵，超越自己的文化，领略人如何可以是人同时又那么不一样。人类学家不一定要追求对遥远的文化的求索，不少人类学家也从事本土文化的研究。在本土研究中，“离我远去”的意思，转化为与自己社会中 司空见惯的生活方式形成的暂时陌生感，转化为一种第三者的眼光，它让我们能站在“客人”的角度来对待“主人”——我们本身。在这样的情形下，人类学家的肉身没有被自己搬运到别的世界中去，但他们的心灵却必须在一个远方寻找自我反观的目光，在一个想象或实在异域中寻找他者相对于“我”的意义。 螄⑥近代以来，人类学家要培养的那种“离我远去”的习惯，针对的是我们今天生活在其中的现代性。 他们希望从被观察的边缘人群的“当地观点”出发，来展示众多与近代的世界不同的小小世界，体会这些 “小传统”的力量，从而反观逐步渗透到整个世界的“大传统”一一现代观念体系，我们将这里追求的东西叫做“文化的互为主体