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【免费】高级口译资格证书第一阶段考试2007年9月真题

高级口译资格证书第一阶段考试

07.09

SECTION 1: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)

Part A: Spot Dictation

Directions:In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE.

Good afternoon, everybody. I'm pleased to be here with you, graduates of 2007. I'm a ________ (1), and students often approach me with ________ (2). You see, we are living in a society of great changes. With the presence of ________ (3), the process of getting a job in today's world has changed for ________ (4).

Well, how can you use new technologies to help you? First, let's look at how you ________ (5). The traditional method of hunting for a job in the past required first, doing research on jobs that were ________ (6), typically by looking in newspapers, periodicals and magazines, as well as TV ads, and ________ (7). Then you decided where and for what post you were going to apply, put your resume ________ (8) in a stamped envelope, and waited anxiously for someone to ________ (9).

Well, today, maybe the job search and ________ (10) are very much the same, but the tools used are much more advanced, and they ________ (11). In fact, technology has not so much changed the process as enhanced it. The benefit, both for ________ (12), is that this makes the search more open to people of ________ (13) from all over the world. But as more people are involved, it becomes ________ (14) for the applicant than it ever was before.

The ________ (15) for the working world today is learning these new and ________ (16) and combining them with the older methods people have been using for years. For example, ________ (17), you can research employment not just in your city, but also in your state, your country, and ________ (18). You can copy information from a web page and paste it into a Microsoft Word document that's easy to ________ (19). In many ways, it's easier now: Just type your job application, click, and ________ (20); it gets there in an instant.

Part B: Listening Comprehension

Directions:In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken ONLY ONCE. Now listen carefully and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following conversation.

1. (A) Entertainment on TV.

(B) The news in the US.

(D) Interpreting news.

2. (A) The news is just entertainment.

(B) The news is shallow.

(D) The news is boring.

3. (A) The news offers easy information that doesn't mean much to you.

(B) The news makes you feel like you're learning, but actually you're not.

(D) The news must be presented by physically attractive ladies.

4. (A) More entertaining.

(B)More in-depth.

(C)Less informative.

(D) Less interesting.

5. (A) Newspapers. (B) Radio.

Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following news.

6. (A) A trade show of the latest sporting goods is on display.

(B) An event for team sports is held with the country's best athletes.

(D) A business rendezvous is scheduled between VIPs and the best athletes.

7. (A) Microsoft Internet Explorer 7 and Mozilla Firefox 2.

(B) SnapBack, a private browser that does not store individual information.

(D) Safari 3, the world's fastest and easiest-to-use web browser.

8. (A) Heavy rain triggered floods which caused heavy casualties and damage.

(B) Harsh drought had been going on for several years and killed some people.

(D) Authorities were searching for the people who had crossed the border from other

countries.

9. (A) Two soldiers hijacked a jet plane full of passengers in flight.

(B) The hijackers were captured after killing one of the hostages.

(D) The hijacked plane landed safely at an airport in a neighboring country.

10. (A) $683.30. (B) $ 900, 000.

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following interview.

11. (A) TV programs.

(B) Media coverage on crime.

(D) Juvenile crime.

12. (A) The problem has been overdone by the media.

(B) The messages the kids get make them like that.

(D) Some kids are essentially violent.

13. (A) Giving the kids a more caring environment.

(B) Setting up a responsible school system.

(D) Keeping the kids under one-to-one surveillance.

14. (A) Do supervised activities.

(B) Take instructional programs.

(D) Go in for sports.

15. (A) Because they can help set good role models.

(B) Because they can stop white-collar crime.

(D) Because they can make criminals feel fair.

Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following talk.

16. (A) Workplace inequality.

(B) Sexism in language.

(D) The way the mass media treats women.

17. (A) Language and thought definitely influence each other.

(B) It is impossible to understand the relationship between the two.

(D) What we say very probably affects what we think.

18. (A) The professional world.

(B) The United Nations publications.

(D) The feminist movement.

19. (A) Nouns don't have a gender in English.

(B) Spanish nouns have two genders.

(D) The issues of gender vary across languages.

20. (A) How some publications avoid sexist language.

(B) Why we have to avoid sexism in English.

(D) The gender issues in different languages.

SECTION 2: READING TEST (30 minutes)

Directions:In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Questions 1-5

Advances in surveillance technology could seriously damage individual privacy unless drastic measures are taken to protect personal data, scientists have said. Richard Thomas, the Information Commissioner, gave warning last year that Britain was "sleepwalking" into a surveillance society. Yesterday the country's leading engineers developed the theme, fleshing out a dystopian vision that not even George Orwell could have predicted.

They said that travel passes, supermarket loyalty cards and mobile phones could be used to track individuals' every move. They also predicted that CCTV (close-circuit television) footage could become available for public consumption and that terrorists could hijack the biometric chips in passports and rig them up as a trigger for explosives.

The report by the Royal Academy of Engineering, Dilemmas of Privacy and Surveillance—Challenges of Technological Change, argues that the scientists developing surveillance technology should also think about measures to protect privacy. "Just as security features have been incorporated into car design, privacy-protecting features should be incorporated into the design of products and services that rely on divulging personal information," the report says.

"There is a choice between a Big Brother world where individual privacy is almost extinct and a world where the data are kept by individual organizations or services and kept secret and secure." The report says that shoppers should be allowed to buy goods and services without revealing their identities to the companies that provide them. It argues that travel and supermarket loyalty cards and mobile phones are mines of personal information that should be closely scrutinized to make sure that data is not abused.

Professor Nigel Gilbert, chairman of the report group, said: "In most cases, supermarket loyalty cards will have your name on. Why? What is needed in a loyalty card is for the supermarket to know what has been bought so you can get your discounts.

"Does it need to identify you? No, it just needs authentication that you've bought the goods. It is the same for Oyster cards on the Tube, some of which you have to register for. These are all apparently small things but people are being required to give away more identification information

than is required."

Ian Forbes, the report's coauthor, said that because footage from CCTV cameras could be digitized and potentially stored for ever, that necessitated greater scrutiny of the controlling networks. Britain has about five million CCTV cameras, one for every 12 people.

The report says: "Give this potential, it cannot be guaranteed that surveillance images will remain private, or will not be altered, misused or manipulated." The report also gives warning that biometric passports and identity cards would give fresh opportunities to fraudsters and terrorists to read remotely the data chips that they contain. It says that it could be possible to rig a bomb to go off in the presence of a certain person or someone of a particular nationality.

The report proposes that the Information Commissioner should be given extended powers, and that stiffer penalties, including prison sentences, should be introduced for those who misuse personal data. The Commons Home Affairs Select Committee is expected to announce an inquiry into the growing use of surveillance.

1. When Richard Thomas gave warning that Britain was "sleepwalking" into a surveillance

society, he was telling us that _______.

(A) Britain was not going to become a surveillance society

(B) Britain was fully aware of the possible future of a surveillance society

(D) Britain was not realizing the implication of the surveillance society

2. According to the report by the Royal Academy of Engineering, _______.

(A) privacy-protecting technology should be developed on the basis of surveillance

technology

(B) technological change can hardly challenge the protection of individual privacy

(D) the design of surveillance products should take into account the protection of privacy

3. According to the passage, the greatest threat to an individual in a surveillance society is

_______.

(A) your every move will be tracked

(B) your personal information will be publicized

(D) your life will be taken

4. George Orwell is mentioned in the passage because _______.

(A) he was the one who coined the expression "Big Brother"

(B) he was a famous British novelist in the 20th century

(D) he conducted the investigation of the damage done to individual privacy

5. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

(A) Supermarkets often get more personal information of customers than is required.

(B) It is suggested that the surveillance images should be kept top secret.

(D) Tough measures and penalties are proposed to stop the misuse of personal data.

Questions 6-10

Journalists who write about families as well as social and cultural issues can count on receiving an annual barrage of public relations pitches for Valentine's Day. The PR blitz begins right after Christmas and continues almost until the big day itself. Daily, sometimes hourly, e-mails pop up on my computer screen, as publicity agents propose stories on a variety of love-rated subjects.

Some suggest traditional topics: How about interviewing the author of a new book on how to find the perfect mate? Or what about a story offering ideas on the best gifts to give to your heartthrob? Other suggestions take a thoroughly modern approach to romance. Publicists would be happy to provide information about the newest matchmaking website or the hottest dating coach. There's even a "psychic medium" who promises to tell radio and television audiences about their "current and future relationships."

Individually, these story promotions could be taken for what they are: just another day, another client, another dollar in the life of publicity agents. But collectively, they signal more than simply a desire to capitalize on a holiday that has mushroomed into a $17 billion industry. In their varied forms, these promotions reflect the urgency of the quest for love and companionship in a society where one-quarter of all households now consist of single people.

These pitches also serve as a measure of how much Valentine's Day itself has changed. They can impel long-married observers to look back with a certain nostalgia to a time several decades ago when Feb. 14 didn't carry such intensity—and when courtship didn't cost quite so much. That was a time before men were expected to spend two months' worth of their salary for an engagement ring, before men and women decided they would settle for nothing less than a "soul mate," and before it was necessary to seek advice from an army of self-help gurus bearing titles such as "relationship and interpersonal communication expert." That was also an era when many hopeful Prince Charmings could show their love with a card or a heart-shaped box of drugstore chocolates, and when even a single rose could melt a young woman's heart.

What a contrast to today, when anything less than a dozen long-stemmed roses can risk making a sender appear frugal, and when an ardent suitor who wants to make an impression will buy chocolates from Belgium, whatever the cost. This year the average man will spend $120 and the average woman $85, according to the National Retail Federation (NRF).

Is this love, or obligation? For some men, it might even include a bit of guilt. As Tracy Mullin, CEO of the NRF, notes, presumably with tongue planted firmly in cheek, some men "may be looking at Valentine's Day as a way to make up for that HDTV they splurged on for the Super Bowl." As one public radio station announcer put it during a Valentine's Day fundraiser offering long-stemmed roses. "This is a perfect way to fulfill your Valentine's obligations." Another host making a similar appeal urged listeners to "take care of your Valentine's Day duties."

And if you don't? One relationship expert quoted in a Valentine's Day press release offers the stern warning that "if a guy doesn't come through on Valentine's Day, it means he doesn't care about you," so just say goodbye and move on. But assuming he does care, another PR firm suggests a high-tech approach to the day. "This year, think outside the box and send a Video Valentine!" the e-mail pitch begins. "Too shy to say those three little words in person? Profess your love on video! Or use your cellphone to record yourself shopping for the perfect gift." Diamonds, anyone?

Whatever the approach, couples might do well to follow the advice of a group of husbands in

Japan who say they know the answer to wedded bliss. In an effort to communicate better with their wives, they offer Three Principles of Love: Say "sorry" without fear, say "thank you" without hesitation, and say "I love you" without shame. It's a trio of sentiments that women could adopt as well.

Tomorrow all the unsold Valentines with their declarations of love and affection will disappear from card racks, to be replaced by Easter messages featuring eggs and bunnies. Long stemmed roses will begin to open, boxes of chocolate will be nibbled away, and cards with sentimental messages will be propped on desks and dressers. Whatever hopes and expectations are fulfilled—or not—today, the celebration offers a touching reminder that when it comes to matters of the heart, the approaches might change, but the yearning for love and companionship doesn't. Above all, it offers this comforting reassurance: Cupid lives.

6. The author introduces the "story promotions" before Valentine's Day _______.

(A) to show the continuation of this long tradition

(B) to display the busy life of journalists in the western world

(D) to reveal the rapidly changing patterns of holiday celebrations

7. The word "pitches" used in the passage can best be paraphrased as _______.

(A) phrases of promotion (B) commending remarks

8. In describing how people celebrated Valentine's Day a few decades ago, the author _______.

(A) tells us that dating is a nice experience

(B) reminds people how much the practice has changed

(D) argues that social progress is inevitable

9. When the author is asking "Is this love, or obligation?"(para. 6), he is implying that _______.

(A) obligation could be taken as equal to love

(B) the changing pattern will not be popular

(D) the changing attitude is not healthy

10. The last sentence of the passage "Cupid lives." _______.

(A) serves as a concluding remark summarizing the main idea of the passage

(B) is used as a contrast to the prevailing practice of Valentine's Day celebration

(D) is used as a fierce attack against the changing human relationship

Questions 11-15

Right now, Prince Charles is probably wishing he had hit the slopes after all. Britain's Prince of Wales decided last year to begin reducing his carbon footprint—the amount of carbon dioxide created by his activities—by cutting down on his flights abroad, including an annual skiing vacation in Switzerland. Though we should all be in the position to make such sacrifices, Charles didn't win plaudits for his holiday martyrdom. Instead British green groups, seconded by Environment Secretary David Miliband, spanked the Prince for deciding to fly to the U.S. on Jan.

27 to pick up a prestigious environmental award, arguing that the carbon emissions created by his

travel canceled out his green cred.

It's too easy to mock His Royal Highness; in England it's practically the national sport. But his critics may be onto something. Jets are uniquely polluting, and the carbon they emit at high altitudes appears to have a greater warming effect than the same amount of carbon released on the ground by cars or factories. On an individual level, a single long-haul flight can emit more carbon per passenger than months of SUV driving. Though air travel is responsible for only 1.6% of total greenhouse gas emissions, in many countries it's the fastest-growing single source—and with annual airline passengers worldwide predicted to double to 9 billion by 2025, that growth is unlikely to abate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) put it bluntly last year: "The growth in aviation and the need to address climate change cannot be reconciled."

One of the biggest problems, as the IPCC points out, is that the carbon emitted by air travel currently has "no technofix." As messy a source of pollution as electricity generation and ground transportation are, technologies do exist that could drastically cut carbon from power plants and cars. Not so for planes: the same aircraft models will almost certainly be flying on the same kerosene fuel for decades.

Admittedly, the airline industry has improved efficiency over the past 40 years, with technological upgrades more than doubling efficiency. There are tweaks in aircraft operations that could nip carbon emissions even further. Virgin Atlantic airlines tycoon Richard Branson, who pledged $3 billion in the fight against climate change, advocates having planes towed on the ground rather than taxiing, which he has said could cut a yet unspecified portion of fuel on long flights. Emissions trading for the air industry could help as well, with airlines given carbon caps and then being required to purchase credits from other industries if they exceed their limits. But there's nothing on the horizon for aircraft with the carbon-cutting potential of hydrogen engines or solar energy. "It's not like having leaky home windows you can fix with double glazing," says Leo Murray, a spokesman for the green group Plane Stupid, which led the criticism of Prince Charles.

Nor is there any replacement for long-haul air travel itself. I can take a train from Boston to Washington, but until we can figure out how to travel via fireplace, Harry Potter-style, the only way I'm getting from Tokyo to New York City is in aircraft that may emit more than 5,200 lbs. (about 2,400 kg) of carbon per passenger, round-trip, according to one estimate. On an individual level, you can try to make your flight carbon neutral by donating to, say, a forestry project that will soak up the greenhouse gases you have created. An increasing number of airlines and travel agents do offer such options. The London-based CarbonNeutral Company reports that requests for carbon offsetting from individual travelers have jumped over the past six months. But the still tiny number of neutralized flights can hardly compensate for the rapid increases in global air travel.

So is grounding ourselves the only answer? That seems to be the conclusion of environmentalists in Britain, who also went after Prime Minister Tony Blair for a recent holiday trip to Miami. Though Blair belatedly promised to begin offsetting his leisure travel, he insisted that telling people to fly less was simply impractical—and he's probably right. Some environmentalists suggest that we could learn to live more locally, but good luck keeping them in Brighton after they've seen Beijing—and vice versa. Our best bet for now may be to limit any business and leisure flights that we can and offset the rest. So when you're pondering that luxury Swiss vacation, ask yourself: What would Prince Charles do?

11. The sentence "But his critics may be onto something." (para. 2) implies that _______.

(A) the critics feel it am easy task to criticize Britain's Prince Charles

(B) the critics belong to British green groups

(D) the critics know that long-haul flights emit more carbon dioxide than car driving

12. Which of the following would be the author's major concern?

(A) Air travel is responsible for only 1.6% of total greenhouse gas emissions.

(B) The carbon emission by air travel is growing faster than by other industries.

(D) The carbon released by jets, cars and factories all produces a warming effect.

13. What does the author mean by saying that "the carbon emitted by air travel currently has 'no

technofix'"(para. 3)?

(A) Technologies for carbon reduction in all industries, including aviation, do not exist yet.

(B) Technologies are not available for carbon reduction with the current aircraft models.

not the same.

(D) Technologies to cut carbon from power plants cannot be used to cut carbon from planes.

14. The word "tweaks" in the sentence "There are tweaks in aircraft operations that could nip

carbon emissions even further."(para. 4) can be paraphrased as _______.

(A) theoretical possibilities (B) great inventions

15. What does the expression "neutralized flights" (para. 5) mean in the passage?

(A) You compensate for emission of your flight by joining environmental activities.

(B) You replace long-haul air travel by sea or by train to reduce carbon emission.

(D) You neutralize your flight carbon by being an environmentalist and by taking as few

business and leisure flights as possible.

Questions 16-20

It is hard to escape the fact that in developed societies, despite progress, innovation and prosperity, there is something not quite right. In some cases, it is hard for people to put a finger on it: a feeling of emptiness and not belonging, a lack of defined relationships and solid social structures. In other respects, it is readily quantifiable: rates of drug abuse, violent crime and depression and suicide are rocketing. Why are we so unhappy? It seems that the Enlightenment brought forth unparalleled liberty in economic, social and political life, but we are now undergoing a midlife crisis. The politics of happiness is nothing new. Aristotle once said that happiness is the goal of life. But for me, the person who brings the great conundrum of personal happiness alive is Robert Kennedy. In a beautifully crafted speech, he said what "makes life worthwhile" is "the health of our children, the quality of their education, they joy of their play," "the strength of our marriages... our devotion to our country" and our "wit...wisdom and courage." And he pointed out that none of these could be measured by gross national product.

Nor should we be surprised by the politics of happiness. Ask people how they are, and they will answer in terms of their family life, community life and work life, rather than just what they are paid. Despite this, it is a notoriously difficult subject for politicians to grasp. One reason is that happiness and well-being are generally not well served by statistical analysis. Politicians, obsessed

with inputs and outputs, targets and controls, are flummoxed by immeasurable concepts such as the value people place on spending time with their families. Another reason is that electoral cycles lend themselves to a culture of short-termism, with a need for immediate and quantifiable measurements.

One such measurement is GDP. In many ways, increasing this has been the raison d'etre for many center-right political parties since the 1980s. Back then, many developed economies were in a state of economic malaise, with persistently high inflation and unemployment. We needed something to reverse this stagnation and put us back onto the path of prosperity. Thankfully, we got that. Today we need to be just as revolutionary to put us back on track to social prosperity: to respond to that yearning for happiness. That is why I have been arguing in Britain that we need to refocus our energies on general well-being(GWB). It means recognizing the social, cultural and moral factors that give true meaning to our lives. In particular, it means focusing on a sustainable environment and building stronger societies. And yes, it also means recognizing that there is more to life than money: indeed, that quality of life means more than the quantity of money.

I think the center-right can be the champions of this cause. The center-left never really get the well-being agenda because they treat individuals as units of account. And they find it difficult to understand how it cannot be delivered simply by the push of a legislator's pen. Instead, the politics of well-being is a politics that needs to be founded on sharing responsibility. Of course, government must take its own responsibilities. But that needs to be part of a wider cultural change: a cultural change that will occur as a consequence of legislation, leadership and social change. What's the government's role? It is to show leadership and set the framework. Showing leadership means leading the change in the many areas that impact on well-being. For example, everyone would agree that spending more time with family is crucial to happiness. Here governments should be pioneers of flexible working with public-sector employees.

Setting the right framework means creating incentives and removing barriers to remodel the context within which the whole of society makes choices. Take the environment. Everyone would agree that a cleaner local environment would enhance our well-being. By setting a framework that creates a price for carbon in our economy and encourages green innovation, the government can help people make the better choice.

Ultimately, society's happiness requires us all to play our part. Indeed, playing our part is part of being happy. That is why we need a revolution in responsibility. Corporate responsibility means businesses taking a proactive role, and taking account of their employees' lives. Civic responsibility means giving power back to local government, community organizations and social enterprises so they can formulate local solutions to local problems. And personal responsibility means we all do out bit, be it in cleaning up our local environment or participating in local politics.

Professor Neil Browne at Bowling Green State University recently wrote an article: "If Markets Are So Wonderful, Why Can't I Find Friends at the Store?" It is not that markets are bad or that we are doomed to a life of perpetual unhappiness. Rather, given our advances in terms of political freedom, economic enterprise and cultural ingenuity, life could, and should, be more satisfying. That is why focusing on general well-being could be the big, defining political concept of the 21st century. And by recognizing the responsibility every section of society has, we also have the means to enhance it.

16. It can be concluded from the passage that the author's major concern is _______.

(A) the continuing social progress and prosperity

(B) the development of western philosophy

(D) general well-being of the society

17. The expression "flummoxed by" in the sentence "Politicians, obsessed with inputs and outputs,

targets and controls, are flummoxed by immeasurable concepts such as the value people place on spending time with their families." (para. 2) can best be replaced by _______.

(A) confronted with (B) fascinated with

18. According to the passage, why is the happiness of the general public a difficult subject for the

government?

(A) It can not be adequately explained by statistical data.

(B) It is not related to a culture of short-termism.

(D) People place too much value on happiness and well-being.

19. It can be inferred from the passage that the author is most probably _______.

(A) an American congressman (B) a British politician

20. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

(A) Politicians are obsessed with inputs and outputs, targets and controls.

(B) short-termism leads to the pursuit of immediate and quantifiable measurements.

(D) The cause of building GWB can be led by the center-left political parties.

SECTION 3: TRANSLATION TEST (30 minutes)

Directions:Translate of the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

The task of writing a history of our nation from Rome's earliest days fills me, I confess, with some misgivings, and even were I confident in the value of my work, I should hesitate to say so. I am aware that for historians to make extravagant claims is, and always has been, all too common: every writer on history tends to look down his nose at his less cultivated predecessors, happily persuaded that he will better them in point of style, or bring new facts to light. Countless others have written on this theme and it may be that I shall pass unnoticed amongst them; if so, I must comfort myself with the greatness and splendor of my rivals, whose work will rob my own of recognition.

My task, moreover, is an immensely laborious one. I shall have to go back more than 700 years, and trace my story from its small beginnings up to these recent times when its ramifications are so vast that any adequate treatment is hardly possible. I shall find antiquity a rewarding study, if only because, while I am absorbed in it, 1 shall be able to turn my eyes from the troubles which for so long have tormented the modern world, and to write without any of that over-anxious consideration which may well plague a writer on contemporary life, even if it does not lead him to conceal the truth.

SECTION 4: LISTENING TEST (30 minutes)

Part A: Note-taking And Gap-filling

Directions:In this part of the test you will hear a short talk You will hear the talk ONLY ONCE. While listening to the talk, you may take notes on the important points so that you can have enough information to complete a gap, filling task on a separate ANSWER BOOKLET. You will not get your ANSWER BOOKLET until after you have listened to the talk

Today's lecture is about the mass ________ (1) of the world's population. There are two major ________ (2) why people are moving to cities. The first reason is ________ (3). People are moving to the cities because that's where they can find ________ (4) and earn money. The second reason for the move to cities has to do with ________ (5) of life issues: comfort and ________ (6). Cities often offer better ________ (7). And then for many, city life is just more ________ (8). An interesting consequence of urbanization is that the average ________ (9) of people in the countryside is increasing, while that of the cities is ________ (10).

Three key ________ (11) can be identified in our cities. First of all, they're getting bigger. Most cities are bigger now than ever before. Cities are also changing shape. They're getting ________ (12), because land is getting more and more expensive. ________ (13) have become a symbol of modern cities.

Cities are also changing shape in other ways. The ________ (14) Model and the ________ (15) Nuclei Model are probably more typical of the cities we know today. They show the urban ________ (16) that's occurring in contemporary cities.

The third change is that our cities are breaking up into ________ (17) communities, often by ________ (18) group or ________ (19) level. This often means that people stay within their community and do not come into contact with others from different ________ (20).

Part B: Listening and Translation

I. Sentence Translation

Directions:In this part of the test, you will hear 5 English sentences. You will hear the sentences ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each sentence, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

II. Passage Translation

Directions:In this part of the test, you will hear 2 English passages. You will hear the passages ONLY ONCE. After you have heard each passage, translate it into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.You may take notes while you are listening.

(1)

(2)

SECTION 5: READING TEST (30 minutes)

Directions:Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Questions 1-3

On Apr. 27, the Dean of Duke's business school had the unfortunate task of announcing that nearly 10% of the Class of 2008 had been caught cheating on a take-home final exam. The scandal, which has cast yet another pall over the leafy, Gothic campus, is already going down as the biggest episode of alleged student deception in the business school's history.

Almost immediately, the questions started swirling. The accused MBAs were, on average, 29 years old. They were the cut-and-paste generation, the champions of Linux. Before going to the business school, they worked in corporations for an average of six years. They did so at a time when their bosses were trumpeting the brave new world of open source, where one's ability to aggregate (or rip off) other people's intellectual property was touted as a crucial competitive advantage.

It's easy to imagine the explanations these MBAs, who are mulling an appeal, might come up with. Teaming up on a take-home exam: That's not academic fraud, it's postmodern learning, wiki style. Text-messaging exam answers or downloading essays onto iPods: That's simply a wise use of technology.

One can understand the confusion. This is a generation that came of age nabbing music off Napster and watching bootlegged Hollywood blockbusters in their dorm rooms. "What do you mean?" you can almost hear them saying. "We're not supposed to share?"

That's not to say that university administrators should ignore unethical behavior, if it in fact occurred. But in this wired world, maybe the very notion of what constitutes cheating has to be reevaluated. The scandal at Duke points to how much the world has changed, and how academia and corporations are confused about it all, sending split messages.

We're told it's all about teamwork and shared information. But then we're graded and ranked as individuals. We assess everybody as single entities. But then we plop them into an

interdependent world and tell them their success hinges on creative collaboration.

The new culture of shared information is vastly different from the old, where hoarding information was power. But professors—and bosses, for that matter—need to be able to test individual ability. For all the talk about workforce teamwork, there are plenty of times when a person is on his or her own, arguing a case, preparing a profit and loss statement, or writing a research report.

Still, many believe that a rethinking of the assessment process is in store. The Stanford University Design School, for example, is so collaborative that "it would be impossible to cheat," says D-school professor Robert I. Sutton. "If you found somebody to help you write an exam, in our view that's a sign of an inventive person who gets stuff done. If you found someone to do work for free who was committed to open source, we'd say, 'Wow, that was smart.' One group of students got the police to help them with a school project to build a roundabout where there were a lot of bike accidents. Is that cheating?"

That's food for thought at a time when learning is becoming more and more of a social process embedded in a larger network. This is in no way a pass on those who consciously break the rules. With countries aping American business practices, a backlash against an ethically rudderless culture can't happen soon enough. But the saga at Duke raises an interesting question: In the age of Twitter, a social network that keeps users in constant streaming contact with one another, what is cheating?

1. What is the author's attitude towards the student deception in Duke's business school?

2. According to the author, what are the "split messages" sent by the academia and corporations

(para. 5)?

3. Why does the author cite the example of Stanford University Design School?

Questions 4-6

Many animals and plants threatened with extinction could be saved if scientists spent more time talking with the native people whose knowledge of local species is dying out as fast as their languages are being lost.

Potentially vital information about many endangered species is locked in the vocabulary and expressions of local people, yet biologists are failing to tap into this huge source of knowledge before it is lost for good, scientists said. "It seems logical that the biologists should go and talk to the indigenous people who know more about the local environment than anyone else," said David Harrison, an assistant professor of linguistics at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania.

"Most of what humans know about ecosystems and species is not found in databases or libraries or written down anywhere. It's in people's heads. It's in purely oral traditions," Dr Harrison told the American Association for the Advancement of Science in San Francisco. "About 80 per cent of the animals and plants visible to the naked eye have not yet been classified by science. It doesn't mean they are unknown; it just means we have a knowledge gap."

An estimated 7,000 languages are spoken in the world but more than half of them are dying out so fast that they will be lost completely by the end of the century as children learn more

common languages, such as English or Spanish. He cited the example of a South American skipper butterfly, Astraptes fulgerator, which scientists thought was just one species until a DNA study three years ago revealed that it was in fact 10 different species whose camouflaged colouration made the adult forms appear identical to one another.

Yet if the scientists had spoken to the Tzeltal-speaking people of Mexico—descendants of the Maya—they might have learnt this information much sooner because Tzeltal has several descriptions of the butterflies based on the different kinds of caterpillar. "These people live on the territory of that butterfly habitat and in fact care very little about the adult butterfly but they have a very-fine grained classification for the larvae because the caterpillars affect their crops and their agriculture," Dr Harrison said.

"It's crucial for them to know which larva is eating which crop and at what time of year. Their survival literally depends on knowing that, whereas the adult butterfly has no impact on their crops," he said. "There was a knowledge gap on both sides and if they had been talking to each other they might have figured out sooner that they were dealing with a species complex," he said.

"Indigenous people often have classification systems that are often more fine-grained and more precise than what Western science knows about species and their territories." Another example of local knowledge was shown by the Musqueam people of British Columbia in Canada, who have fished the local rivers for generations and describe the trout and the salmon as belonging to the same group.

In 2003 they were vindicated when a genetic study revealed that the "trout" did in fact belong to the same group as Pacific salmon, Dr Harrison said. "It seems obvious that knowing more about species and ecosystems would put us in a better position to sustain those species and ecosystems," he said. "That's my argument, that the knowledge gap is vastly to the detriment of Western science. We know much less than we think we do."

4. Why does the author say that indigenous languages hold the key to saving endangered

species?

5. What does Dr Harrison's example of a South American skipper butterfly tell us?

6. Explain in your own words the author's conclusion "that the knowledge gap is vastly to the

detriment of Western science. We know much less than we think we do."

Questions 7-10

Graduates from under-privileged backgrounds are to challenge the elitism of the barristers' profession, under plans outlined today. Reforms aimed at challenging the dominance of the rich and privileged classes which are disproportionately represented among the membership of the Bar will tackle the decline in students from poorer backgrounds joining the profession. They include financial assistance as well as measures to end the "intimidating environment" of the barristers' chambers which young lawyers must join if they want to train as advocates.

The increasing cost of the Bar and a perception that it is run by a social elite has halted progress in the greater inclusion of barristers from different backgrounds. A number of high-profile barristers, including the prime minister's wife, Cherie Booth QC, have warned that

without changes, the Bar will continue to be dominated by white, middle-class male lawyers.

In a speech to the Social Mobility Foundation think tank in London this afternoon, Geoffrey V os QC, Bar Council chairman, will say: "The Bar is a professional elite, by which I mean that the Bar's membership includes the best-quality lawyers practicing advocacy and offering specialist legal advice in many specialist areas. That kind of elitism is meritocratic, and hence desirable.

"Unfortunately, however, the elitism which fosters the high-quality services that the Bar stands for has also encouraged another form of elitism. That is elitism in the sense of exclusivity, exclusion, and in the creation of a profession which is barely accessible to equally talented people from less privileged backgrounds."

Last month, Mr V os warned that the future of the barristers' profession was threatened by an overemphasis on posh accents and public school education. Mr Vos said then that people from ordinary backgrounds were often overlooked in favour of those who were from a "snobby" background. People from a privileged background were sometimes recruited even though they were not up to the job intellectually, he added. In his speech today, Mr V os will outline the "barriers to entry," to a career at the Bar and some of the ways in which these may be overcome.

The Bar Council has asked the law lord, Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, to examine how these barriers can be overcome, and he will publish his interim report and consultation paper before Easter. He is expected to propose a placement programme to enable gifted children from state schools to learn about the Bar, the courts and barristers at first hand.

The Bar Council is also working towards putting together a new package of bank loans on favourable terms to allow young, aspiring barristers from poorer backgrounds to finance the Bar vocational course year and then have the financial ability to establish themselves in practice before they need to repay.

These loans would be available alongside the Inns of Court's scholarship and awards programmes. Mr V os will say today: "I passionately believe that the professions in general, and the Bar in particular, must be accessible to the most able candidates from any background, whatever their race, gender, or socioeconomic group. "The Bar has done well in attracting good proportions of women and racial minorities and we must be as positive in attracting people from all socioeconomic backgrounds."

7. What is the "elitism of the barristers' profession" in the United Kingdom?

8. What are the barriers for graduates from under-privileged families to become barristers?

9. Give a brief summary of Bar Council chairman Geoffrey V os's view on elitism of the

barrister's profession.

10. What are the measures of reform to help poorer graduates become barristers?

SECTION 6: TRANSLATION TEST (30 minutes)

Directions:Translate the following passage into English and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

据说，上海男人是最好的丈夫。他们总是知道该如何讨妻子的欢心，从而避免了矛盾，一家人其乐融融。所以从某种程度上讲，上海男人是社会安定和和谐的象征。当妻子快乐时，他也快乐，因而整个城市也充满了快乐气氛。

虽然上海男人被戏谑为“妻管严”，但他并不屈从于妻子。在与妻子有争议时，他要么保持沉默，要么一笑置之。有时候他会发火，但事后不久，他也会毫不迟疑地道歉。最终他妻子发现，她还是按照他的想法行事。

上海男人聪明、务实，有时也相当圆滑。最令人印象深刻的是，上海男人在事业上有进取心，对家庭有很强的责任感，而且尊重女性。