古两河大事年表

古美索不达米亚大事年表（Ancient Mesopotamian Timeline）

00-前7000年在加尔莫开始种植谷物（大小麦）和饲养动物（绵羊、山羊、猪和牛）。在莫瑞比特出土了火烧的粘土女性雕像。

00 BC The first evidence of domesticated grains (wheat and barley) and animals (sheep, goat, pig, and cattle) are found

at Jarmo. Baked clay female figures occur at Mureybit

公元前5500‐前5000年哈孙那时期：最早的制陶文化

5500-5000 BC Hassunah period: earliest pottery making culture

公元前5500‐前4500年哈拉夫时期：陶器文化，懂得了金属知识

5500-4500 BC Halaf period: pottery culture with knowledge of metal

前3500年欧贝德时期：南部美索不达米亚第一个著名的文化；装饰陶器，刀耕火种；开始修建神庙和其他复杂建筑物。此后是青铜和文字的乌鲁克时代。

BC Ubaid period: first well-known culture from southern Mesopotamia; painted pottery and simple agriculture; the Ubaids give the first evidence of temple and other sophisticated architecture Al Ubaid period:

followed by the Uruk period of

前3100年乌鲁克时期：继欧贝德后南部美索不达米亚的第一个文明，使用青铜和文字，这个时代也是美索不达米亚原始文字时期的开端。

BC Uruk period: first civilization after the Ubaid in southern Mesopotamia; copper and writing；the Uruk period marks the beginning of the Protoliterate period in Mesopotamia

年苏美尔人控制了两河下游之间的城邦：埃瑞都、乌尔、乌鲁克、拉伽什和温马

merians control city-states between the lower Euphrates and Tigris rivers: Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Umma

年高拉和尼尼微时代：北部美索不达米亚

wra and Ninevite periods: Northern Mesopotamia

年乌鲁克的苏美尔人发明了写在泥板上的图画文字

merians of Uruk invent pictographic writing on clay tablets

公元前3250年苏美尔人发明了轮子

3250 BC Sumerians invent the wheel

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前2900年传说时代：埃利都、巴德提比腊、拉拉克、西帕尔、舒如帕克

C Legendary period: Eridu, Badtibira, Lalak, Sippar, Shurrupak

公元前3000-前2900年乌鲁克的苏美尔人发明了楔形文字

C Sumerians of Uruk invent cuneiform writing

前2371年早王朝时代：南部美索不达米亚由争霸的城邦组成。出现了诸如乌鲁克这样的较大的独立城市。建筑物增多，艺术品质量提高。文字用于行政管理，一些泥板上写了许多文学作品，包括赞美诗。BC Southern Mesopotamia was divided between competing city-states. The emergence of large independent cities such as Uruk. An increase in building and an improvement in the quality of artistic products. The

earliest writing is largely administrative, but inscribed clay tablets contain many literary texts,

including poetic hymns.

公元前2700年吉尔伽美什统治乌鲁克城

Sumerian king Gilgamesh rules the city of Uruk

公元前2600年舒巴德王后葬于乌尔皇陵中

2600 BC Queen Shudu-ad is buried in royal graves of Ur

拉伽什第1王朝历史上首批帝国之一就是恩安那吞姆统治时期的拉伽什，迫公元前2600-前

2371年使竞争对手温马纳贡。

of Lagsh (3080 - 2890) One of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagas

公元前2550年美斯安耐帕达建立了乌尔第一王朝

sanepada establishes the first dynasty of Ur

公元前2378-前2371年拉伽什的乌鲁卡基那建立“自由”

C Uru-inim-gina of Lagash established “freedom” (amargi)

年卢旮尔扎格西即位为温马统治者，征服了大多数苏美尔城市，摧毁了拉伽什城邦。采用乌鲁克之王和国土之王的王衔

gal-zagesi becomes king of Umma, conquers most Sumerian cities and destroys the city-state of Lagash, and takes the title King of Uruk and King of Lands

阿卡德帝国萨尔贡征服了彼此竞争的苏美尔城市，统一了大部分美索不公元前2371-前2191

年米亚和北叙利亚。在那拉穆辛统治时期，阿卡德帝国臻于极

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盛。阿卡德语成为了维持世界上第一个帝国的新行政机构的

通用语言。该时期的艺术具有自然主义风格，印章和浮雕有

神话和叙述性场景。

mpire (2371-2191) Sargon brought the rival Sumerian cities under his control by conquest and then united much of Mesopotamia and northern Syria through conquest. The Akkadian empire reached its apogee

under Naram-Sin. Akkadian becomes the lingua franca of the new administrative apparatus that

maintains the world's first empire. The arts of this period acquire a new naturalistic dynamism.

Seals and relief carvings include novel mythological and narrative scenes.

-前2316 萨尔贡原是基什王乌尔扎巴巴的持杯官。萨尔贡突袭了卢旮尔扎格西的首都乌鲁克，摧毁了乌鲁的的城墙。萨尔贡一直征伐到波斯湾。一旦征服了城邦，萨尔贡就拆除城墙，免除日后反抗的隐患。

恩西若主动臣服，则保留他们，否则就会派遣他的人接替。这样，他废除了旧的城邦体制，

将之转化为中央集权政府。他在要害地带建立要塞，控制全国和征收赋税。他是建立常备军

的第一个国王。他建立了都城阿卡德

BC Sargon began his career a cupbearer (similar to treasurer) to a Sumerian king of Kish called Ur-Zababa. Sargon launched a surprise attack against Lugalzagesi′s capital Uruk and destroyed its walls. Sargon

continued his conquests on the way to the Persian Gulf. When Sargon conquered city-states, he

destroyed their walls so that potential rebels were deprived of strongholds. If the Ensi was willing

to shift his allegiance to Sargon, Sargon kept the old administration in office; otherwise, he filled

governorships with his own citizens. In this way, he encouraged the collapse of the old city-state

system and moved toward centralized government. Sargon installed military garrisons at key

positions to manage his vast empire and ensure the uninterrupted flow of tribute. He was the first

king to have a standing army. Sargon built the capital city of Akkad.

-前2255年那拉穆辛武功卓著。为了宣扬他的胜利，他增加了“天下四方之王”的王衔，神化自身为“阿卡德的神”。BC Naram-Sin’s military victories were numerous. To proclaim his conquests, Naram-Sim added “king of the four quarters” to his list of titles and even deified himself as the “god of Akkad”

来自东方扎格罗斯山的库提人入侵摧毁了阿卡德帝国

kdian Empire’s collapse was prompted by the invasion of a people, Gutians, from the Zagros mountains

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后阿卡德时代阿卡德帝国解体，南部美索不达米亚的地方王公再度独立。公元前2191-前2112

年在拉伽什城邦，古地亚重建了许多神庙，为了彰显他对神的

虔诚，他为自己树立起了闪长岩雕像。

an Age 2191－2112 BC The Akkadian empire disintegrates and local kings in southern Mesopotamia reassert their independence. In the city-state of Lagash, Gudea rebuilds many temples and installs finely carved

diorite statues of himself (59.2) to demonstrate his piety before the gods.

-前2113 乌图赫加尔将库提人逐出南部两河流域，建立了乌鲁克第五王朝。

C Utu-khegal drives out the Gutians from southern Mesopotamia, and establishes the fifth dynasty of Uurk.

苏尔第三王朝最后一个重要的苏美尔人王朝，乌尔那穆所建。此时，一个公元前2112‐前2004

年有效的中央集团官僚制度建立起来了。在全国推广苏美尔

语。乌尔第三王朝一个显著的成就是编写了世界上最早的法

典《乌尔那穆法典》。

ty of Ur The last important Sumerian Dynasty establishes by Ur-Namu. During this period, an effective centralized administrative system appears. The Sumerian is encouraged by government throughout all the

country. One salient feature of Ur III is its establishment of one of the earliest known law-codes,

the Code of Ur-Nammu.

年乌尔那穆起兵反抗乌图赫加尔，篡夺了王位，依靠武力控制了国家，创建了乌尔第三王朝。

Nammu led a revolt against Utu-hengal, deposed him, and gained control of the region through force. He initiates Third Dynasty of Ur.

年苏美尔王表写就，记载太古以来统治苏美尔的国王和王朝。

e Sumerian King List is written, recording all the kings and dynasties ruling Sumer from the earliest times

前2037年舒尔吉统治时期，帝国变化多多。他继续推行帝国的中央集权和制度化。规范了行政程序、文档管理、赋税系统和历法。建立了乌尔王朝的常备军。神化自己。

BC Many significant changes occurred in the empire under Shulgi's reign. He took steps to centralize and standardize the procedures of the empire. He is credited with standardizing administrative processes, archival

documentation, the tax system, and the national calendar. He established a standing army of Ur.

Shulgi was deified during his lifetime, an honor

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usually reserved for dead kings.

公元前2017年伊什比埃腊以伊新为首都建立了自己的王朝

2017 BC Ishbi-Erra, establishes his own dynasty with capital at Isin

公元前2004年公元前2004年埃兰人入侵结束了乌尔第三王朝

Elamite invasion in 2004 BC makes the end of Ur III Dynasty

年衮古奴成为了以拉尔萨为首都的阿摩利人的国王，他修建了埃巴巴神庙，征服了乌尔与埃兰。

ngunum becomes king of the Amorites with capital at Larsa, builds the E-Babbar temple and conquers Ur and Elam

前1595年巴比伦在第六代国王汉谟拉比统治时期取得了美索不达米亚霸权。汉谟拉比法典为混乱时代之后的地区带来了稳定，随之将全部地区转化为美索不达米亚的中央权力之下。巴比伦人信仰国王为

马尔杜克的代理人，巴比伦城市美索不达米亚合法统治者加冕的圣城。随着赋税和中央政府

的建立，国王可以控制全国。巴比伦人与西边的城邦进行贸易往来，巴比伦的官员或军队有

时候会进入叙利亚和迦南，阿摩利人的商人的活动遍及整个美索不达米亚。巴比伦军队操练

良好，他们征服了伊新、拉尔萨、埃什嫩那、乌鲁克和马瑞王国。由于美索不达米亚没有天

然的、可以放手的屏障，因此易受攻击。

C The city of Babylon obtains hegemony over Mesopotamia under their sixth ruler, Hammurabi. Hammurabi's Code

gives the region stability after turbulent times, thereby transforms it into the central power of

Mesopotamia. Babylonian beliefs held the king as an agent of Marduk, and the city of Babylon as

a "holy city" where any legitimate ruler of Mesopotamia had to be crowned. A natural

development was the establishment of a bureaucracy, with taxation and centralized government, to

allow the king to exert his control. The Babylonians engaged in regular trade with city-states to

the west; with Babylonian officials or troops sometimes passing to Syria and Canaan, and Amorite

merchants operating throughout Mesopotamia. The armies of Babylonia were well-disciplined,

and they conquered the city-states of Isin, Eshnunna, Uruk, and the kingdom of Mari. But

Mesopotamia had no natural, defensible boundaries, making it vulnerabl

公元前1894年一支阿摩利人建立了巴比伦城邦

city-state of Babylon is established by an Amorites.

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公元前1792年汉谟拉比即位为巴比伦国王

mmurabi, sixth king of the Amorite dynasty, is crowned king of Babylon

年汉谟拉比制定了第一部用巴比伦方言写成的法典

mmurabi creates the first code of laws using the Baylonian language

-前1712年叁苏伊鲁那统治时期，巴比伦帝国的领土极度萎缩。公元前1741年，他提及了加喜特人，公元前1726年为了反击加喜特人，在底格里斯河支流迪亚拉河建筑了“叁苏伊鲁那堡”

C Under Samsuiluna the Babylonian empire greatly shrank in size. About 1741 Samsuiluna mentions the Kassites for

the first time; about 1726 he constructed a stronghold, “Fort Samsuiluna,” as a bulwark against

them on the Diyala near its confluence with the Tigris.

年赫梯王穆尔什里什带领赫梯人攻克了巴比伦，加喜特人进入巴比伦建立了加喜特王朝

ites, under King Mursilis I, sack Babylon. The Kassite enter Babylon and begin the Kassite Dynasty.

-前1157年加喜特王朝由干达斯所建。加喜特人将巴比伦改名为“卡尔杜尼阿什”，他们统治了576年。随着加喜特统治，巴比伦失去了西亚的帝国地位。公元前1125年，埃兰人征服了巴比伦，一些年后尼布

甲你撒一世再次征服了巴比伦。加喜特人的上层已经巴比伦化了。社会结构的封建化特征表

明了加喜特人的影响。加喜特人的贵族在乡村占主导地位，他们占有大量田产。

BC The Kassite dynasty was founded by Kandis or Gandash. The Kassites renamed Babylon "Kar-Duniash", and their rule lasted for 576 years. With this foreign dominion, Babylonia lost its empire over western. 1125

BC, Babylon was conquered by Shutruk-Nahhunte of Elam, and re-conquered a few years later by

Nebuchadrezzar I. The Kassite upper class, always a small minority, had been largely

“Babylonianized.” The new feudal character of the social structure showed the influence of the

Kassites. The Kassitic nobility, however, maintained the upper hand in the rural areas, their

wealthiest representatives holding very large landed e

公元前1460年加喜特人征服了海国王朝

1460 BC Conquest of Sea Land by KassiteEgypt

公元1200年吉尔伽美什史诗写就成书

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1200 BC Gigamesh Epic is written

前912年阿淑尔丹二世继续镇压阿拉美亚人和山区人的反抗，这样，稳定了亚述的边界。他在官方文书使用亚述发言。

Ashur-dan II succeeded in suppressing the Aramaeans and the mountain people, in this way stabilizing the Assyrian boundaries. He reintroduced the use of the Assyrian dialect in his written records.

前859年阿淑尔那西尔帕二世的主要在阿拉美亚南部和美索不达米亚作战。经过一些列大战之后，他吞并了美索不达米亚，远至幼发拉底河。对叙利亚的征战遇到的很小的抵抗。与巴比伦战事较少。除了

使用步兵和战车兵外，他首次大范围使用了骑兵，以及攻城梯和破城器械。尽管他作战凶狠，

但是鼓励建筑师、艺术家与雕刻师专研技艺。在建筑和扩建了一些城市的神庙。最引人注目

的建筑是卡拉赫的他的宫殿，占地269000平方英尺。

C The campaigns of Ashurnasirpal II led him mainly to southern Armenia and Mesopotamia. After a series of heavy wars,

he incorporated Mesopotamia as far as the Euphrates River. A campaign to Syria encountered

little resistance. There was no great war against Babylonia. Ashurnasirpal II was the first to use

cavalry units to any large extent in addition to infantry and war-chariot troops. He also was the

first to employ heavy, mobile battering rams and wall breakers in his sieges. Ashurnasirpal, so

brutal in his wars, was able to inspire architects, structural engineers, and artists and sculptors to

heights never before achieved. He built and enlarged temples and palaces in several cities. His

most impressive monument was his own palace in Kalakh, covering a space of 269,000 square

feet

年公元前780年之后，亚述开始明显衰落。叙利亚和北部大片领土丧失。

decline of Assyrian power after 780 was notable; Syria and considerable lands in the north were lost.

前727年提格拉特帕拉沙尔三世将帝国扩张到最大。他降低了行省数目，以削弱总督的独立权限。他废除如阿舒尔和哈兰等特权城市的免税权，全国范围从新分配纳税比例。提高了军事装备。

Tiglath-pileser III brought the empire to its greatest expanse. He reduced the size of the provinces in order to break the partial independence of the governors. He also invalidated the

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tax privileges of cities such as Ashur and Harran in order to

distribute the tax load more evenly over the entire realm.

Military equipment was improved substantially.

前705年萨尔贡二世恢复了祭司和商人失去的特权，免除了大神庙的赋税。公元前720年，萨尔贡粉碎了埃及支持的叙利亚人的反叛。

Sargon assured himself of the support of the priesthood and the merchant class by restoring privileges they had lost, particularly the tax exemptions of the great temples. In 720 Sargon squelched a rebellion in Syria

that had been supported by Egypt.

前669年阿萨尔哈东重建了巴比伦城。公元前679年，在埃及边界上建立要塞，公元前671年攻陷埃及首都孟菲斯。Esarhaddon soon ordered the reconstruction of the city. In 679 he stationed a garrison at the Egyptian border, and in 671 BC, however, his forces took Memphis, the Egyptian capital.

前627年阿淑尔巴尼帕二世是亚述唯一的具有学者背景的国王。公元前668年，他镇压了埃及的反叛，驱逐了埃及王塔哈尔卡，公元前664年，镇压了塔哈尔卡的侄子塔奴塔蒙的反叛。公元前653年，派遣军

队给予埃兰人致命一击。杀死埃兰国王。埃兰从此推出了国际历史舞台。他的重要成就之一，

就是在尼尼微创立王家图书馆，图书馆中资料室现在研究美索不达米亚最终重要的资料之

一。

C Ashurbanipal may have been the only king in Assyria with a scholarly background. In 668 he put down a rebellion in

Egypt and drove out King Taharqa, but in 664 the nephew of Taharqa, Tanutamon, gathered

forces for a new rebellion. In 653, Ashurbanipal sent a large army that decisively defeated the

Elamites. Their king was killed. Elam was no longer strong enough to assume an active part on the

international scene. One of his most remarkable accomplishments was the founding of the great

palace library in Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik), which is today one of the most important sources

for the study of ancient Mesopotamia.

年迦勒底人那波帕拉萨尔在乌鲁克早饭，攻占了巴比伦。

Chaldean Nabopolassar (Nabu-apal-usur) revolted from Uruk and occupied Babylon.

年米底人夸克萨瑞统一米底各部，征服了亚述的伊朗行省

Medes became united under Cyaxares and began to

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conquer the Iranian provinces of Assyria.

年夸克萨瑞与那波帕拉萨尔结盟反抗亚述

xares and Nabopolassar made an alliance for the purpose of dividing Assyria

年卡拉赫和尼尼微陷落，亚述帝国灭亡。

kh and Nineveh succumbed to the superior strength of the allies. Assyrian Empire collapsed.

05年公元前626年，那波帕拉萨尔驱逐了乌鲁克的亚述人，在巴比伦自立为王。他积极参加对亚述的毁灭性战争。

同时，他开始修建巴比伦尼亚地区城市的年久失修的运河网络，尤其是巴比伦的运河网用心

最多。

D In 626 Nabopolassar forced the Assyrians out of Uruk and crowned himself king of Babylonia. He took part in the

wars aimed at the destruction of Assyria. At the same time, he began to restore the dilapidated

network of canals in the cities of Babylonia, particularly those in Babylon itself.

62年公元前601年，尼布甲尼撒二世向埃及推进，一次血腥的战斗后，被迫退却，在巴比伦尼亚重整军队。几次小规模的入侵叙利亚之后，公元前598年围攻巴勒斯坦。公元前589年，犹太王国反叛，包围

耶路撒冷，公元前587/586年攻破耶路撒冷，摧毁城市，将成千上万的犹太人掳掠到巴比伦。

公元前568/567年，攻击埃及未果。尼布甲尼撒的建筑活动超越了亚述国王。他为巴比伦建

造了双重城墙，在古城墙外边建筑了三倍于古城墙的外墙。

In 601Nebuchadrezzar tried to push forward into Egypt but was forced to pull back after a bloody, undecided battle and to regroup his army in Babylonia. After smaller incursions against the Arabs of Syria, he attacked

Palestine at the end of 598. Judah rebelled again in 589, and Jerusalem was placed under siege.

The city fell in 587/586 and was completely destroyed. Many thousands of Jews were forced into

“Babylonian exile,” In 568/567 he attacked Egypt, again without much success Nebuchadrezzar's

building activities surpassed those of most of the Assyrian kings. He fortified the old double walls

of Babylon, adding another triple wall outside the old wall

公元前539年居鲁士征服新巴比伦王国

539 BC Conquest of Neo-Babylon Kingdom by Cyrus.