中西方酒文化差异及其原因探析

Analysis of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences and the

Reasons for Wine

Author：Lan Xiaoyong

Abstract：

The wine，which plays an important role in the daily life, is familiar to human beings. People’s life becomes colorful with it. Regarding to the w ine culture, there exists difference between China and the western countries. Duing to the living environment, historical background, values, thinking patterns and differences in education ,there are many different styles, a variety of national identity between eastern and western countries in wine cultures. Cultural differences are important factor which restrict to communication between Chinese and foreigners. Owning a little knowledge of Western culture, or lacking the necessary understanding of the eastern and western countries in wine cultures the People will encounter many problems during their communication process, even more it will cause misunderstandings or an awkward position among people. Therefore, understanding the differences between different cultures, in particular, understanding the differences between chinese and western wine culture will contribute to people to have the smooth conducttion about cross-cultural communication .It also has a certain practical significance to the foreign cultural exchanges. Also,it conforms to the historical trend of development,and the general requirements of building a harmonious society.

Key Words

chinese and western, wine culture, differences in performance, the reasons

中西方酒文化差异及其原因探析

作者：蓝小荣

摘要：

我们对于酒是非常熟悉的，酒在人们的日常生活中起着不可替代的作用，有了它人们的生活变的多姿多彩。关于酒文化，由于生活环境、历史背景、价值观念、思维模式和教育的差异等的不同 , 中西方甚至国与国之间的酒文化呈现出风格迥异、丰富多彩的民族特性。文化差异是制约中国人与外国人进行交流的重要因素。对于中西方文化知之甚少或是缺乏必要了解，在交际过程中就会遇到许多问题，甚至造成误解或使双方处于尴尬境地。因此，了解不同文化之间的差异，特别是了解中西方酒文化的差异有助于跨文化交际的顺利进行，对中外文化交流有一定的现实意义。同时，也顺应了历史的潮流，符合构建和谐社会的总体要求。

关键词: 中西方，酒文化，差异表现，原因

Contents

1. Introduction (1)

2 .The Review of Wine Cultrue of Chinese and Western Countries (1)

2.1 The Definition of Wine Culture

(2)

2.2R e s e a r c h R e s u l t s o f W i n e C u l t r u e a t H o m e a n d

B r o a d (2)

3. Specific Performance of Different Wine Culture Between China and Western (4)

3.1C h i n e s e a n d W e s t e r n D i f f e r e n c e s i n T e r m s R e l a t i n g t o W i n e (4)

3.2 Differences in Drinking Habits Between Chinese and Western Countries (6)

3.3Differences Drinking Etiquette Between Chinese and Western Countries

(7)

3.3.1 Chinese drinking etiquette

(7)

3.3.2 Western drinking etiquette

(8)

3.3.3 The Types of Wine in Western

(8)

3.4Differences Drinking Purposes Between Chinese and Western Countries

(9)

3.4.1 The West is to drink for wine.

(9)

3.4.2 Chinese wine is used as a tool of communication.

(9)

.

4. Reasons Caused the Differences of Wine Culture Between Chinese and Western Countries

(10)

4.1 Differences in People's Way of Thinking in Cinese and Wstern (10)

4.2 Perspective of Differences in Chinese Values and Western Value (11)

…………….

4.3 Differences in Cultural Patterns

(12)

5. Conclusion (13)

References (14)

Acknowledgements (1)

1.Introduction

The wine as an objective substance in the world is in the shape of water but it has the character of fire. It will brighten the bright and fool the fool. People, such as the emperors, the heroes, the liberators, the ordinary people, the beggars and the like, all like it since it appeared. People no matter in China or in western countries all have the habit of drinking wine. They regard drinking wine as an indispensable part of life. Chinese civilization run a long history, Western culture is full of fantastic . Especially the wine culture of chinese and western countries which is a theme that is worthy of investigating during the cultural exchange between chinese and western people. Today's world is an intertwined or communicate with each other world. As the development of economy , the communication between chinese and western countries continues to be more and more closer. However, facing to the problem that the cultural differences have brought many obstacles to people from different ethnic and also will affect our effective communication and cooperation. Especially today is the era of etiquette, different customs or different cultures will bring some people into Communication embarrassment. Therefore, as one part of chinese and western cultural differences , chinese and western cultural differences of wine is worthy of us to explore. Understanding the differences between chinese and western wine culture will help us to understand the underlying causes of these differences better.

Yet an obvious point in this essay is that I either put my effort on the chinese and western cultural differences of wine or make a the analysis of causes of this differences. The principal method used in this essay is contrastive analysis, because contrast is one important and effective approach to get the essence of two similar matters. The whole thesis is made up of five parts. Besides introduction and conclusion, the other three parts are the body and soul of the thesis. The introduction mainly introduces the purpose of the thesis, its focus and angle, its writing method, etc. The second part is the review of wine cultrue of chinese and western countries. The third part, the core of the essay concentrates on the analysis of differences between chinese and western countries. After it, the fourth part mainly discusses the underlying causes of these differences . At last, a conclusion is drawn naturally in the fifth part.

2. The Review of Wine Cultrue of Chinese and Western Countries

2.1 The Definition of Wine Culture

The so-called wine culture, generally refers to the wine as the content and yet goes beyond the concrete description of the wine rise to the cultural dimensionand spiritual dimensions of a particular cultural patterns. To sum up, wine culturerefers to wine production and consumption in the process of the material and spiritual and cultural achievements of the general. As China's people's materialand cultural standard of living and the implementation of sustainable developmentstrategies, the traditional wine culture in the consumption of non-sustainabilityof the performance was even more prominent.Wine is a carrier of culture, wine

culture is mainly two things: First, their own unique wine style and mood, filled with a unique aesthetic and cultural load of things and spread, which is wine's own body culture;Second, duing to the wonderful taste and enjoyment of wine ,there will be a number of professional evaluation and industry mantra, and gradually spread to gradually left some in history have a "favorable climatic.

2.2 Research Results of Wine Cultrue at Home and Broad

Wine pervades the whole history of China five thousand years of civilization, wine and cultural development is essentially carried out concurrently. Confucian culture is the core of China's wine culture. Chinese people tend to spiritual dimensions of alcohol and give it a lot of emotion. In China, the concept of wine culture is a well-known economist, Professor Yu Xianyuan first put forward. Wine Culture narrow sense refers to the minds of ordinary consumers of wine culture, multi-fingered drinking etiquette, customs, anecdote, anecdotes, etc. Since long time ago China had have the stories about Du Kang who invented the method of brewing wine. A legend in western countries about the origin of wine is also spread. The wine culture was gradually formed after the appearement of wine. The phrase "the wine culture" is put forward by the renowned economist professor Li in China. In 1994, Xiao jiacheng said that the wine culture referred to the integration of material, technical, spiritual, custom, psychological, and behavior phenomenon which generated around the center. While we pride ourselves on the long history of wine

culture we only to find that we depend excessively on the traditional wine culture . Chinese people's spiritual dimension of alcohol tend to a lot of emotional. In Western eyes, the wine is a special kind of art, has a charm and life. The face of life's busy and helplessness, lamented the short and the impermanence of life, only the latter is drink, the

Heavy soul was able to comfort a moment, fragile humanity was able to temporary relief. .But there is no development and progress without innovation about Analysis of chinese and western cultural differences and the reasons for wine. And I think that from some other perspective Analysis of cultural differences between chinese and western wines more realistic .

Chinese "wine" these words almost involve all aspects of human social life. The formation and development of these words reflect the interaction and mutual penetration both the language and cultural They also transmiss and express the customs and psychological of the Chinese people using alcohol. At this point, the Western people using wine words seems a bit monotonous, so there are differences between chinese and western wine words. Apart from wine words embody the characteristics of China's wine culture, the cultural differences between Chinese and Western wines is also reflected in the differences between Chinese and Western drinking etiquette,and the custom of drinking as well as differences in drinking purpose.

This series difference reflects that people's way of thinking, values, cognitive styles, behavior patterns, and other cultural mindset the period of time in chinese and western.These also insinuate the deep meaning of chinese culture. Precisely because this deep meaning of wine culture which has led to a huge difference to chinese and western countries, and these differences will be a serious obstacle to the exchange of chinese and the western countries. Therefore, from above three aspects to understand cultural differences of western wine will help us more clearly aware of the real reasons of cultural differences of western wine. Only if we recognize the differences of western wine and the reasons , will the exchange of people from China and Western become increasingly smoother, more friendly and frequent contacts

Therefore, basing on several aspects, this paper will analysis culture differences and the reasons of wine, so thatchinese and estern culture can be better understood and communicated, the friendly exchanges between Chinese and Western will have a

realistic and positive significance.

With the development of society, countries around the world contact closely. Chinese and western scholars have increasingly focused on the cultural differences between chinese and western studies ,it also includes Chinese and Western wine culture studies. is more comprehensive and systematic study and interpretation on culture of wine should be started from the contemporary. "Chinese people and alcohol" (China Business Press, 1988)which edited by Xia Jiajun in a book, the main power is to the Chinese wine, wine Germany, Jordan method of drinking, and explain the relationship between drinking and longelife. "Chinese wine culture" (Xinhua Press, 1993) written by Du jinghua shows the relationship between wine social from the cultural dimension in all aspects of social ties. Such as the wine and religion and ritual, alcohol and political and diplomatic, wine and emotion, emotional, wine and Chinese literature, wine and cultural practices, wine and cultural entertainment, wine and ethnic minorities, etc. "Chinese wine culture Grand View" (Guangxi University for Nationalities Press, 2001) edited by Luoqi Rong, Ho Man-Dan the same name , elaborating the history of wine, wine name the source, wine, restaurants, Jiu Qi, wine curtains, wine, Jiuling, alcohol wine vulgar, poets recited wine, wine drinkers and wine things, wine theory, wine, etc., showing all aspects of wine and cultural characteristics. Journals and papers on the liquor culture, a lot of research have been made at different levels and in different angles, there are many articles relate to the author’s paper. For example, in 2008 Ner Mongolia University graduate student Zhang Li issued an article "Wine and cultural characteristics of the type of words," .This article is a research and analysis from a linguistic point to view the source of the word wine, as well as our cultural characteristitics of Chinese wine. Wan Xiao-Yan "From the cross-cultural communication perspective with the West wine culture," understanding primarily of wine culture of chinese and Western from cross-cultural communication . Yang naiji, "Comparison of wine culture in the West," this article starts with a different way of drinking from chinese and Western to reveal several aspects of wine culture. between chinese and Western.

The above research shows the cultural differences between chinese and western in the rich wine culture, and lays a foundation for further research of wine culture between and western . Relative terms,there are not many results from the linguistic and cultural point of view of combining. Moreover, in many research results there

are few scholars who Analysis these differences from the underlying causes of these differences caused . Therefore, this article analysis the reasons caused by in-depth for these differences basing on chinese and western cultural differences of wine.I believe that this will have some positive meaning for the analysis of chinese and western cultural of wine.

3.Specific Performance of Different Wine Culture Between China and Western

3.1 Chinese and Western Differences in Terms Relating to Wine

Any kind of cultural phenomenonwill must affect people's language and vocabulary. Throughout the horizontal and the entire society's wine culture,there are a large numb er of accumulation in Chinese vocabulary.

As a food culture alcohol in ancient times has formed a kind of etiquette which everyone must observe, and it also penetrate intopolitical system, ethics, weddings and funerals, customs and other aspects, forming a lot of practice. Wine-related termswhich reflect the customs of wine, including custom wine words, wine drinking customs of words and phrases such as acts of courtesy.

In the history of human society formed by a number of practices, such as religious practices, marriage customs, hospitality customs, at the age of festival customs and ceremonies customs, almost all can not be done without alcohol, but they also tend to form some of specialized custom wine. such as to reflect significantholiday drinking customs of the words are:

At the beginning of the New Year, the whole family of the ancients have to drink "Toso wine", alcohol consumption, the small Tai turn to drink. It is said that people drink this wine can avoid evil . Mid-Autumn Festival people will drink

"sweet-scented osmanthus wine." Chong Yang Festival to drink, "chrysanthemum wine." New Year's Eve to drink the "annual wine", that is, New Year's Eve

Night eating dinner when you drink the wine. Dragon Boat Festival to drink, "Gong Pu wine", that is the wine impregnated with Ge Po, with fierce trouble pulling or curing and accepting

geely function. Hani people have to drink "New Valley wine"before the autumn

harvest. Before annual harvest, people live in the vicinity of Yuanjiang Hani, according to tradition practices, must hold an abundance of "drinking the new Valley wine" ceremony in order to celebrate bumper grain harvest and human and animal safe. Reflecting the drinking customs of marriage, the words are:

"Wedding banquet", a synonym for the wedding, the wedding banquet that means concern and prepare the wedding Going to drink the wedding banquet, which is mean to attend the wedding.

Customs of everyday life in other words are: the child was born, to drink, "Full Moon Wine", "Hundred Days wine",

"Send wine"; to the elderly birthday to drink, "Shou wine"; in the process of rural China to build a house to drink, "on the beam Wine" and "entered the house

Wine "; store opening to be concern and preparation," open wine "," dividends wine "; have a friend who travels, you want to hold" show their wine ",also known as "off wine" and so on. In the Aba-off drinking customs, people also create a wide range of expression in the name of the wine customs, such as "the welcoming wine", '. Thank you wine ", "a farewell wine", "Parting wine", and so on.

By contrast, the west on terms of wine not so enriched. In western countries, even if they also have a number of festivals or customs of many peoples activities, they do not regard these activities and alcohol together. Even if a particular holiday

alcohol-related, it does not use alcohol as a synonym for the holiday. In China, people go to someone's wedding, they do not say they go tothe wedding. On the contrary, they say, "drink the wedding banquet."But the Westerners did not say "drink the wedding banquet," they just say "wedding."

3.2 Differences in Drinking Habits Between Chinese and Western Countries

Several major Chinese festival of the year have a corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival drink "calamus wine". Suspended drink "chrysanthemum wine". In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time. Chinese New Year also

is known as New Year's Eve. It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year. Dinner and wine are essential to the even poorest family. In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month. From the second day, people begin to drop around. The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the wine with the guests. " liquor of daughter in the south" According to the earliest record by the "Southern Grasses" that the southern people began to make wine when their daughter was several years old. Then they bury the brewed wine when their daughter got married. This kind of wine was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as "Huadiao jiu".Anothe difference exists in the custom of drinking wine. As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory. Most of the nations have its own distinctive wine and custom of drinking wine. However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink. While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink. It is up to you to drink or not. No one would associate toasting people with the face. It there exists buying wine culture, that is, today I buy the wine for you in a bar; tomorrow you will buy for me.

Wine culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows. Wine culture that caused great effection on the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.

In the west, fete is an important means of worship of wine. The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night. Women could communicate with any people. Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints. This tradition was handed down. As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west. The worship of wine came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.

It was not the case in China. Although at the beginning, the wine was brewed for the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking wine by man. The girls in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine. The liquor, repetitive of wine, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng. The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five. Women have the same right of drinking wine in modern times.

3.3 Differences Drinking Etiquette Between Chinese and Western Countries

Careful study can be found that there is a big difference on drinking etiquette of the wine culture between chinese and western countries. Western people emphasis on the drinking of wine . Westerners emphasis on seeing what wine to drink,or on the enjoyment of delicious wine.

Chinese focus on people who are drinking。They emphasis on the atmospher of drinking .However, western drinking wine etiquette reflects that they respect for wine.

3.3.1 Chinese drinking etiquette

Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect for the drinker. There is fixed seating and a fixed toast times about Who is the master, who is the guest. Toast normally choose after eating the main course, and before the sugar beet is not on. The cup must be held on the eyes levelwhen the toast happen. . The toast must begin from the master and watch each other, and at least drink a little wine to show respect. Others are not qualified to respect until the master finished .If the toast order is upset the person who upset the toast order will be fined. Toast must be started from the most distinguished guests,at this time the wine should be full of so that the most distinguished guests can be respected.Not only younger people toast to the elders, and subordinates take the initiative to propose a toast to the higher levels, but also should drink first in order to show respect. The Jiuling, Finger Guessing Game etiquette of wine, but also to make drinkers thoroughly enjoyed themselves. Obviously, chinese wine culture deeply influenced by chinese culture and traditional ethics of hierarchy of seniority, during drinking alcohol the respect for those who drinking was placed in the most important position.

3.3.2 Western drinking etiquette

Western drinking wine etiquette demonstrates respect for wine. Drinking wine must watch their color, smell their fragrance, taste its quality, mobilize all kind of sensory to enjoy nice wine . In the sequence of drinking, pay attention to the first drink after drink red wine, white wine, the first lighter wine

In the sequence of drinking,It is necessary to pay attention to the order of

drinking . white wine should be first and after red wine, the first lighter wine following Re-bodied wine to drink a short year wine and then drink a long year wine, changes gradually in-depth change in the enjoyment of wine flavor. The selection of wine device, also revolve around how to get the full enjoyment of drinking on the drinkers. Let aroma convergence on mouth of the tulip-type goblet cup, and even for wine temperature degree specially designed thermometer, without exception, demonstrate respect for Westerners wine, and their

Drinking etiquette are for a better appreciation of wine. In the West people rarely Toast each other, they usually drink separately. Only in certain occasions, they will join in a toast. If a time like this is usually the person after the speech,they are blessing a person,or to celebrate. something for someone.

3.3.3 The Types of Wine in Western

Western in the types of wine are: pre-dinner wine, dinner in the wine, liqueurs .

Pre-dinner wine: About 30 minutes before a meal, when drinking. pre-dinner wine mostly drink in the living room, the main purpose is to appetizer, but also to wait the guests in case something happens to him and in order to avoid embarrassment. Drink aperitifs are more casual, you can sit or walk around. Gentlemen drink aperitifs are generally Martini (Martini) while women generally drink sherry (Sherry), which is a very light white wine. Even if you are a person who you do not drink, a glass of mineral water spots, like cola drinks you should have.If you do not take it, not only will it become embarrassing , but also make your own ungracious .

Dinner in the wine: It is in the eating process for drinking, specifically forthe main dish, with red wine and white wine. Preceded with dinner in the wine was

wine-tasting ceremony. It was said that this terrible habit of ceremony come from

a edieval legend. At that time if a person wants to assassinate someone, the most common method is to put the poison into wine. Therefore, before the royal nobility drinking slaves should be invited to try to drink.It is more than 10 minutes later only to see that nothing happen to slaves the royal nobility dare to drink. So far ,the evolution of wine-tasting ceremony, is not to prevent the assassination, while the western-style dish is characterized by the same time encourage people to dine and enjoy a kind of elegant, romantic and warm. Wine is a way of creating a romantic atmosphere for a special drink, so wine in the Western has a special status, not only variety, but each have their own dishes, and have their own manner of drinking . After opening bottles ,red wine or white wine can not be saved.So all of them discussed to

find a same brand sip to finish as possible. Guests generally advisable to drink three glasses of wine

Liqueurs: General postprandial wine is brandy, a cup with squat body while the cup of feet is short will be uesed to drink.The postprandial can warm cup of wine by hand heart, so that the cup of wine emitt a crisp taste. Ms. Mr. also like to add a dash of sugar in brandy or coffee, but not milk.

3.4 Differences Drinking Purposes Between Chinese and Western Countries

Wine exist with the form of water and with the content of fire. They are incompatible since ancient times, only an exception on wine .It is water also

fire.Not only was extinguished by the minds of unhappy, but also can bright the inner.

Both chinese and westerners love wine, but the diversity of cultures, so caused the difference on drinking purposes between the chinese people

And westerners.

3.4.1 The West is to drink for wine

The purpose of drinking in western is simple.They have a drink in order to enjoy drinking.Of course, wine also has the function of communication, but it is more important for people to enjoy the taste of wine.What kind of drink should be used to enjoy on a occasion ,and whattemperature

Degree should be , what shape of the glass should be, there is a very fine clear requirement.

There is not hing Finger Guessing Game was provided on the banquet. The aesthetic of western is a direct form

Style-oriented and do not require to use distiller's yeast to achieve communicative effects, showing that the West is drinking for wine .

3.4.2 Chinese wine is used as a tool of communication.

In China, wine is often used as a communicative tool. Therefore,there are not scientific systematic theoretical analysis on chinese wine culture. More attention was

paied on other function s brought by drinking. The so-called ulterior motives are not on wine ,but care between landscape and landscape of the music.People who drink often want to discuss official business, or talk to a private matter. In short, drinking is justan expression of a mood-assisted behavior. People have a drink just want to borrowthe role of alcohol to complete a number of other things, so chinese people will never be less wine on the table. Whether it is Chinese New Year, or a business in the future, wine is the middle of the hub of everything. It also links to the subtle emotions between people,but people rely more on drinking is the pursuit of wine. Qingmeizhujiu is to prove who is the hero.The paradis Jiang Jinjiu purpose to eliminate the same melancholy; Bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages was to take sanctuary. Qianlong 1000 gentleman feast want to share happy with the public. Chinese people drinking is not for alcohol but for feelings.Therefore, so long as having appropriate reasons, everyone can advise each other to drink, in order to show goodwill and sincerity . Toast is a typical performance of Chinese hospitality, but often is not understood by Westerners on the chinese people.

China is the ceremonies. The communication is usually advocated implicitly. They are not bounded, not only can speak,also can criticize after drinking alhtough there is nothing to speak usually. Wine can help chinese people to achieve communicative purposes.

4. Reasons Caused the Differences of Wine Culture Between Chinese and Western Countries

4.1 Differences in People's Way of Thinking in Cinese and Wstern

Cultures have an effect on people's views of understanding the world. different countries have different cultures, so the mode of thinking must be different from each other. This is particularly evidented in the cultures of chinese and western . The way of thinking of chinese seems to be spiral which is also the characteristics of traditional Chinese culture. Western culture, way of thinking have shown an holistic.

duing to the impact of this traditional culture, Westerners particular pay attention to

intuition and pay attention to recognize the process of experience and feeling, in exchanges of experience and feeling often use this to " relieve people”. Chinese philosophy believes that awareness of subject and object all belongs to the universe. If the subject separate from the object,the object is not a complete object ,and the universe is no longer the whole one .Chinese philosophy, of course, can not recognize objects through placing them in front of the main body of the opposite or beyond the flesh to observe, analyze, only co-exist in the blend with the object to understand its existence, feel it's life, and understand its spirit. This "Heaven and Man" way of thinking, embodied in the understanding of social relations, that is, people can not be understood from the group of human values, people are part of groups of people .Only as a "class" existence,can people have values.This thinking is the emphasis on the existence of groups, which is the whole way of thinking of chinese people . In western society, it is gradually entering the advanced stages of the development of civilization. As the process of understanding nature continuously improve , the relationship between man and nature will adapt from simply relying on the use to an active and transform relationship of attack . From which we can see, the Western culture is not only concerned about the very existence of social groups and social operation in the process of social and personal confrontation, but also recognized that each individual exists conflict of interest . So protecting society, an independent right of each individual, and this is the West person's individuality mode of thinking.The wine words between chinese and western have reflected the differences on this point. Many activities in western, even if can not hold without liquor, but they never use alcohol as a synonym for the holiday. The festival is named after their meaning is directly linked with the festival or have a direct purpose. For example, Christmas, Easter, etc.Westerners will not use the word on the wine to replace them. And we chinese used to refer to a lot of festival with a wine .Because our way of thinking is a spiral, through the festival content or implication we can think of some of the terminology which has linked to it, as such holiday will make us rich lenovo, which also fully reflects the way of thinking in traditional chinese .

4.2 Perspective of Differences in Chinese V alues and Western Values

A number of different values were formed duing to factors differences between

chinese and western cultural traditions. . For example, individualism is a western core values, while collectivism is the main values of the Chinese people.The main content of individualism is the belief that every person has his value and attach great importance to personal freedom and emphasis on individual self-control, self-control, self-development. In a word,the valueof westerners are based on individual philosophy of life.

Therefore, in the West's drinking rituals and drinking habits, the westerner make an effort to reflect the individual or himself .They like the unconventional, unique, and tends to go his own way.As a result, the west also produces wine drinking is to enjoy the delicious, and chinese people's drinking etiquette is reflected on the drinking that respect to the people . Collectivism is the chinese people's social value, which is the core of chinese culture.Since ancient times, chinese people have put great emphasis on group value. Confucius's "Love others, for benevolence" and Mencius "the world's present in the country, this country at home" are strongly admired the orderly and harmonious society, promote group loyalty and individual responsibility".Sun Yat-sen's "Things for the People" and Deng Xiaoping's "common prosperity" invariably reflects the values of chinese culture groups.Therefore, chinese stressed the need to place the interests of society and the collective above the individual. When the personal interests and collective interests become conflict to each other, individual interests must unconditionally submit to the collective interest. Those selfless, exercise restraint and abide by the spirit of the general public will be respected and commended.Chinese people's "home-based", "peace is precious" and "dignity concept", which are a concrete manifestation of the social value. Basically, individualism refers to a cultural value orientation . This approach emphasizes that the personal identity emphasis on the collective identity. Individual rights take precedence over collective responsibilities and obligations. Personal needs superior to collective needs.In contrast, collectivist values are contrary. That emphasis on collective identity is more important than personal identity.The collective responsibilities and obligations take precedence over individual rights, and collective demand is higher than the needs of individuals.On the table wine in China, people's ulterior motives, but rather to create a harmonious atmosphere, in order that we can feel the enthusiasm of owners, as well as respect to superiors or elders. The habit of drinking from the western analysis, we can see that a lot of festivals in China are

related to alcohol-related.Almost all festivals ,wine is inseparable. This is a perfect reflection to the chinese people's great unified psychology. Having the same sense is our purpose, so that everyone owns a kind of collective sense .Western drinking habits and drinking etiquettes are showing a personal feeling of fine wine to the public , or thire focus on self-performances. This is exactly opposite to chinese people and our values.

4.3 Differences in Cultural Patterns

According to the specific form of Western culture are different, we can conclude that the two types were reduced to a harmonious culture and resistance-type culture.

On dealing with interpersonal relations, the chinese culture has valued re-groups, harmony,and emphasiz patriarchal nature of discipline,but it underestimated individual and resistance since ancient times .It persuades people and constrains them, and constrains the freedom of thire wills and creativity and ignores individual worth and dignity of life.Chinese culture has always sought between man and nature, social harmony and unification as the main theme of life's ideals and opposed the independence of human will and forge ahead ,even developed the concept of groups of people to go along with fidelity, consciousness in order to look for a moderate, conciliatory processing channels. The kind of harmony concepts of chinese culture embody and nurture the national obedience, submission, conservative and inert, complacent spiritat the same time.However,there are little protest consciousness and rebel courage."Chinese people have generally saying 'days remain unchanged, the Dow has not changed,' the history of ideas," "All the old things are extremely valuable, and all the new things are meaningless."Which also resulted in modest, reserved, introverted culture of weak character. Therefore, on the purposes of chinese people's drinking , chinese people prefer to or used to regard wine as our communication tools . Using wine on the table,people can take advantage of this atmosphere and ritual to demonstrate their respect for others, and can form a good interpersonal skills.

In Western society, on dealing with interpersonal relations, the Westerners will be more respect to individual freedom and personal independence than others.They also emphasiz the individual value of life and dignity, and the attention to the acquisition and protection of private property. The overall concept of and the collective

consciousness are rather weak.Westerners have the quality and psychological state of facing the challenges , bolding the pursuit, even owing the way of thinking and unscrupulous behavior to achieve our goal to strive for victory in the spirit and creating a straightforward, open-minded, and a rigid the cultural character.It is precisely because of this resistance type of cultural forms, the western countries people drinking purposes is also straightforward, and they are for the wine and drinking. but during the enjoyment of fine wine, they reached thire communicative purposes.

4.Conclusion

Wine culture is a part of social culture. As the fast development of Society,cultural exchanges of chinese and western countries has become closer and closer. Wine culture has become a hot topics in the cultural exchanges of chinese and western.The differences of wine culture between

chinese and western is actually a miniature in many differences between chinese and western society . Many scholars who worked on this hot topic has made great achievements .However, many scholars who has made the results have their own points which are different from mine.This article is based on the mastery of the differences in wine culture between chinese and western countries.And then analysis the underlying causes from these differences.These differences include: First, thedifferences of wine word; second, differences in drinking habits; and third, differences in drinking etiquette; Fourth, differences in drinking purpose.These aspects refer to the language as well as combine witha research methods of culture.However, there is an innovative point to this article that is the analysis about underlying causes of these differences .Analysising the reasons respective angles of social .Such as: differences between Chinese and Western ways of thinking; the difference between chinese and western values and differences ofcultural patterns between chinese and western countries.through analysising the

reasons of cultural differences of chinese and western wine ,I have much knowledge and understanding.about social and cultural of chinese and western. It is significant to understand the differences of wine culture between chinese and western in nowadays because all of us are advocting the harmonious society . Moreover,it will

contribute to building the harmonious society .Therefore, not only should we understand the differences of wine culture between chinese and western , but also understand the underlying causes of the differences.

浅谈中西方酒文化的不同点

浅谈中西方酒文化的不同点 1. 引言 文化是一个国家的灵魂，是一个民族凝聚力形成的关键，是落叶归根的根源。文化的差异导致中外风俗习惯的不同，引起中外人们思维方式的差异。无论是东方还是西方，酒在人们的日常生活中占有重要的地位。酒的历史漫长，随之形成的酒文化也就源远流长。酒就象血液一样，在每个民族文化里流淌。然而源于中西方不同的文化背景，中西方酒文化亦显现出不同的特征。在中国文化中，酒都是作为一种文化消费，亲朋聚会，浅尝小酌可以营造气氛、增进感情。《圣经》记载道，耶稣基督在最后的晚餐下把葡萄酒分给门徒，并告诉他们，葡萄酒是自己的血，让人们记住他是为了替人们赎罪而死的。在西方人眼中，酒是特殊的艺术品，拥有魅力和生命。面对这个充满魅力和生命的神圣艺术品，西方人自然会热爱它、饮用它，并且用心去欣赏和玩味。可以说，古今中外，酒已经渗透到了包括政治、经济、文学、艺术、饮食、养生等各方面在内的社会生活中。由此可见，在人类文化的历史长河中，酒不仅仅是作为一种物质而存在，更是一种文化象征。它伴随着人类文明的发展，不断形成了自身独特的文化——酒文化。酒作为文化的一种载体，与文化一样，由于历史背景、生活环境、宗教信仰、风俗习惯和思维模式等的不同，在中西方呈现出其风格迥异的民族特性。 摘要：“酒文化”一词由我国著名经济学家于光远教授提出。最初的酒是人们的一种饮品，随着时代的发展和变迁，饮酒的内涵不断的丰富，最终演变为一种文化。不同的人文历史背景和社会环境下，不同的种族，国家之间的酒文化也有所差异。本文将通过几方面的论述来探讨中西方酒文化的差异 关键词：酒文化差异 一、酒的诞生 在东方亚洲的中国与西方欧洲的希腊几乎同时产生了酒这种饮品。在中国历史中，人们更倾向于认为酒是由杜康率先开始酿造的，所以才有了”何以解忧，唯有杜康”的诗句传世。在希腊，则非常浪漫的认为是酒神狄俄尼索斯发现了酒的制作方法，教会了人们如何酿造葡萄酒。现存的历史记载中，出土于伊朗西部的扎格洛斯山脉的戈丁山丘一带，公元前3100-3500年的苏美尔人的作品就有提及啤酒。 二、酒的种类 中国幅员辽阔，丰富的地理气候环境有利于粮食作物的种植与生长。因此，勤劳的中国人民多用粮食酿酒。中国本土的酒主要分为两种：白酒和黄酒。从酿造工艺角度看白酒：

中西方文化差异原因

1、思维模式的异同 中国人喜欢站在生命的更高处思考问题,跳出现实,重视对生命的思考,在对人和人之间,人和自然界之间,人的精神和肉体之间的关系都有深刻的思考. 西方人偏重于逻辑思维或者理性思维；中国人属于抽象思维或者感性思维.而西方人更注重于从物质世界入手,去探索和求证问题的本源. 2、对待个人利益与集体利益、国家利益的异同 中国人更看重集体利益,包括家族利益、国家利益,主张控制自己的欲望,反对极端个人主义和英雄主义,往往把个人利益和集体利益,国家利益联系在一起,富于爱国和献身精神.而西方人更重视个体利益,追求人权,崇尚自由,认为如果连个体利益都无法保障,更谈何集体利益,正是这样的思想认识,最终推动了西方民主政治的发展; 3、民主观念的异同 中国人注重精神的自由,把自由、民主看成是君主权贵的赏赐.所以我们的人民总在渴望青天,希望能有好官的出现为民谋利.而西方的民主政治认为,政出于民,一切的政权只是人民授予,让政府来行使的一种公权力. 4、科学观的异同 中国人更相信先人的经验和权威,相信古人甚至超过相信今人,迷信权威,缺乏创新和探索精神.而西方人重视实践和理论,富于探险精神,倡导理性思维.通过正规的学院式教育对科学成果进行普及和推广,极大的促进了科学的发展,也最终建立了完整的科学体系; 5、中西方的道德观是迥然不同的 西方强调个体本位,而中国人提倡群体本位.中西方道德观的不同,使中西方的伦理体系和道德规范具有了不同的特点：西方重契约,中国重人伦；西方重理智,中国重人情；西方伦理重于竞争,中国则偏重于中庸、和谐；西方的伦理道德是以人性恶为出发点,强调个体的道德教育,中国儒家是从人性善的观点出发,强调个体的道德修养. 6、法制观念的异同 中国人主张用礼、道德来约束,通过先贤的教诲和学习提高自己的修养,讲究克己复礼,导致了人格的缺陷,丧失了独立的人格；而西方人认为人的原欲是不应该被压制的,对于社会和个人的规范,主张用“法制”,通过制度,如三权分立的组织、政治机构来约束制约,道德则处于从属的地位. 7、在为人处世方面的异同 中国人内敛、自省,喜欢“每日三省吾身”,为的是合于先王之道,把修养身心看的很重,推崇中庸思想,导致思想的保守、缺乏创新和开拓进取精神.西方人更热心于公益事业,把服务社会当成自己的职责. 8 、经济制度不同 中国的传统经济是典型的自给自足的自然经济.人们比较安分保守.因为他们依靠一块土地可以活一辈子,文化比较内向.而且中国的古代文明,发源于大河流域,属于农业文明,“农业文明性格”造就了东方人注重伦理道德,求同求稳,以“和为贵,忍为高”为处世原则. 西方的古希腊文明,发源于爱琴海沿岸,属于海洋文明,况且欧洲的农耕远不像中国的农耕在古代社会那样重要,所以欧洲人喜欢向外探索,文化比较外向.而且西方国家经过工业革命很早就进入了工业经济时代,“工业文明性格”造就了西方人有较强的斗争精神和维护自身利益的法律意识,以独立、自由、平等为处世原则. 9、地理环境的不同 封闭的大陆型地理环境使中国人的思维局限在本土之内,善于总结前人的经验教训,喜欢“以史为镜”,而空间意识较弱.这种内向型思维导致了中国人求稳好静的性格,对新鲜事物缺乏好奇,对未知事物缺乏兴趣.

浅析中西文化差异在酒文化中的折射_肖艳

安徽文学 2010年第 期 10 245 浅析中西文化差异在酒文化中的折射 ◎肖艳 （四川外语学院研究生部 重庆 ４０００３１） 摘要酒在人类生活和文化中有着其独特的地位,且在中国和西方国家也形成了风格迥异的酒文化，而表现于酒文化中的异同正是与中西方在历史进程、价值观念、思维模式、生活背景和传统习俗等方面的异同息息相关。在当今全球化信息化的时代，酒融会贯通了人们生活和人际交往的各个方面，了解中西方酒文化的不同及其折射出的文化异同有着其特殊的研究意义，也有助于中西方人民的跨文化交流。关键词酒文化差异中西文化折射文章编号1671-0703(2010)10-245-02 酒，作为一种饮品，它深入千家万户，无论是为了爱情友谊、宴客婚嫁，还是为了交际谈判、消愁解闷，酒几乎渗透到了一切的人类活动之中。酒伴随着人类，走过了悠久的岁月，它不仅仅是一种客观的物质存在，而是代表了一种文化。每一种酒的发展，都来源于一代又一代劳动人民的探索和研究，是劳动人民生产经验的总结和智慧的结晶，人们可以通过酒文化了解其中折射出的中西方文化历史。而由于生活环境、历史背景传统习俗、价值观念、思维模式、社会规范以及文化底蕴的不同，酒文化作为一种深刻的文化现象，也在中西方各个国家、各个地区有着各不相同的内涵，呈现出风格迥异的特性。 一、酒的起源 关于酒的起源，大体分来，中国人主张酒是由人通过种种工艺酿造而成的，而西方则普遍认为酒是由神创造的。酒在中国历史上可谓是源远流长，关于酒诞生的说法也有很多，而为人们所普遍认同的是杜康造酒说：相传杜康是位牧羊人，于放牧中不慎丢失装有小米粥的竹筒，半月后竹筒复得，竟意外发现小米粥发酵而成为醇香扑鼻的琼浆。杜康于是弃鞭停牧，创酒坊，酿美酒，开酒肆，售佳酿，一举成为天下闻名的酒圣。而“杜康”也成为酒的代名词。古书中说杜康“有饭不尽，委之空桑，郁结成味，久蓄气芳，本出于代，不由奇方。”杜康因此成为酿酒的鼻祖。 西方关于酒的起源也有许多,大都把酒解释为神造的产物，是属于人类的神赐的礼物。古埃及认为酒是由死者的庇护神奥里西斯发明的，而希腊人认为酒是由酒神狄奥尼索斯（Dionysus ）带到人间来的，是酒神赐给人们的礼物，也是人们丰收的象征。相传狄奥尼索斯是从神之父宙斯与底比斯公主西姆莱所生，长大后流浪于小亚细亚色雷斯和希腊，到处传授种植葡萄和酿酒的技术，酒便在欧洲在陆上渐渐盛行起来。酒神带着他的随从四处流浪，所到之处便飘起了酒香。 相比而言，虽然汉语虽有“酒神”或“酒仙”的叫法，却是指酒量很大的人，或是古时对酷好饮酒之人的美称，两者均与神话无关，更与西方文化中的“酒神”（Dionysus ）不同，在现代的跨文化交际中需要有所区分。而在神话传说之外，考古发掘表明，在万年之前的新石器时代晚期，东亚华夏地区（黄河流域和长江流域）与西亚北非地区（两河流域、尼罗河流域）就开始了农耕革命，而在农耕时代的初期，中西方古人在种植农作物的过程中几乎是同时开始了人工酿酒。 二、酒的种类 纵观各类酒品不难发现，东方以酿造米酒为主，而西方则以啤酒和葡萄酒为主。中西方酒在种类上的差异也与其背后蕴含的文化差异密切相关。这是因为在农耕时代初期，中西方由于地理及气侯因素的不同，形成了不同的农作物种类，华夏文明的起源中，主要的农作物是米类，黄河流域以种植抗旱耐瘠薄土壤的粟（小米、谷子）为主，而长江流域多栽培性喜高温多湿的稻（大米），古代的华夏中国幅员辽阔，气候温和，沃土良多，极适宜农作物的耕种，因此米类粮食产量大、品种多，人们一直用小米、大米等谷物制造米酒，因此，中国盛行的是“米酒文化”。与之不同的是，西方文明的起源中，主要的农作物是麦类，众多考古发现表明，早在远古时代，巴比伦人就已用小麦制成啤酒，远古埃及人也有如何酿造啤酒的记载，且西方国家大多以畜牧业或者商业为主、农业为辅，许多地方的气候和土壤等不适宜大多数农作物的生长，却对葡萄的生长非常有利，因而，在西方国家葡萄的产量和品质都首屈一指。在这样的条件下，西方的人们可以大量地用葡萄酿制并享用葡萄酒，所以古代西方盛行“啤酒和葡萄酒文化”。 可见，中西方酒种类之不同，反映出的是中西方不同的地理环境及农耕文化。直到近代，中西方的酒品才通过文化的交流而为相互所知并传播接受。

中西方文化差异及原因

中西方文化差异的根源 不同文化之间的差异是由于各自民族的文化历史背景、审美心理的不同而产生的，是在社会的发展、历史的沉淀中约定俗成的，是一种永久性的文化现象。我们应了解不同地域、不同民族的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯。在信息技术飞速发展的今天，人们居住的世界变得越来越小，不同文化背景的人交流越来越多。了解不同文化差异，提高文化适应性，对于现代人来说具有十分重要的意义。学习了解中西方文化的差异，有利于我们实现从感性到理性质的飞跃，排除东方思维负迁移的影响，进而使我们的跨文化交际更有效，更顺畅。 一、中西文化差异表现 （一）思维模式的异同。中国人喜欢站在生命的更高处思考问题，跳出现实，重视对生命的思考，在对人和人之间，人和自然界之间，人的精神和肉体之间的关系都有深刻的思考。西方人偏重于逻辑思维或者理性思维；中国人属于抽象思维或者感性思维。而西方人更注重于从物质世界入手，去探索和求证问题的本源。 （二）对待个人利益与集体利益、国家利益的异同。中国人更看重集体利益，包括家族利益、国家利益，主张控制自己的欲望，反对极端个人主义和英雄主义，往往把个人利益和集体利益，国家利益联系在一起，富于爱国和献身精神。而西方人更重视个体利益，追求人权，崇尚自由，认为如果连个体利益都无法保障，更谈何集体利益，正是这样的思想认识，最终推动了西方民主政治的发展。 （三）民主观念的异同。中国人注重精神的自由，把自由、民主看成是君主权贵的赏赐。所以我们的人民总在渴望青天，希望能有好官的出现为民谋利。而西方的民主政治认为，政出于民，一切的政权只是人民授予，让政府来行使的一种公权力。 （四）科学观的异同。中国人更相信先人的经验和权威，相信古人甚至超过

研究课题中西方酒文化之间的差异

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中西方酒文化对比

中西方酒文化的对比 摘要：“酒”是一个国家历史发展和文化沉淀过程中不可缺少的一环，无论是其制作过程还是饮用习惯都与该国家的文化价值观紧密相连。中西方文化价值观存在着根本性的差异，酒文化也是一样。本文通过对中西方酒文化所涉及的几个方面，进一步阐述中西方酒文化的差异，使读者对这些差异的理解更加清楚明确 关键词：酒文化；中国；西方；文化；差异 引言 酒是一种艺术，它以其水的外形，火的性格，渗透在人类生活的每一个角落、人类文化的每一个方面。它在世界文化中也有着惊人的相似之处。在文学和艺术的领域，酒的精神无处不在，并且深深影响着文学人士在各方面的造诣，是自由，艺术和美丽相结合。毫无疑问，酒在中国人的生活和文化中占据了重要的位置。在西方，谨慎与热情的冲突贯穿于西方的历史，正如美国人对于酒的敬仰。西方浪漫主义哲学也由此产生。在美国东部，酒文化对浪漫主义产生很大的影响，尽管浪漫主义没有太多理论上的哲学立据，但是他们主张要随时保持 现实的态度。 1.1中国酒文化 1.1.1祭祀与酒 由于酒是一种特殊的饮料，它能使人兴奋，使人麻醉，饮酒就成为有别于其他饮食行为的特殊行为。饮酒行为必然受到政治、经济、习俗、道德等特定条件的制约，并表现出人类精神活动的特点，如风俗习惯、伦理道德、审美情趣等。因此，酒文化现象往往是人类精神

生活的反映。酒文化的产生与发展，受到许多因素的影响，是一个历史的过程。如农业发展在酒文化演进中的基础作用、科技进步对酿酒工艺的促进、手工业发展对酒具质地和形成的制约、自然地理条件对酿酒业的微妙作用等等，都反映出酒文化是人类历史的一部分，它受到其他文化的影响，并与它们相互交融。 人类对神的信仰，也显示了对神灵所代表的自然力的崇拜。祭祀，是人们向神祗祈福求做的重大仪式。随着社会的发展和文明的进步，祭祀的政治意义日益加强，帝王的祭祀仪式作为朝廷大典。成为国家重要政治活动。不论是郊祀，还是宗庙里德祭祀，都是王朝的的大事，礼仪十分隆重。酒在祭祀活动中，起着独一无二的作用。酒以成礼，因此，凡是祭祀，除要供献牛羊等牲畜及五谷瓜果外，还要敬献酒鬯。 而饮酒之风的盛行，刺激了酿酒业的发展，但若饮酒漫无节制，则不仅有害于饮酒者一己之身，而且会带来许多社会问题。古人对此早有认识，因此禁酒的历史与造酒和饮酒的历史一样悠久。历代王朝禁酒，不外乎三个原因，一是以国君为代表的统治集团，因纵酒可能会导致统治腐败，君臣之间会因酒失礼，大臣之间会因酒失和，从而危及政权的巩固，也害怕庶民百姓酗酒滋事，引发争讼殴斗，不利于社会安定，影响统治秩序。二是古代农迁业生产常因频繁的天灾人祸而遭致破坏，粮食骤然减产是常有的事，而酿酒要消耗大量的粮食，特别是遇到饥荒之年，政局不稳，若把粮食消费于造酒，就会加剧政局的不稳定。三是为了防止百姓造酒卖酒获取厚利，而由官府专卖，保以使国家垄断造酒的利润。我国历史上的魏晋时代，是个既动荡不

浅谈中西方文化差异

浅谈中西方文化差异 摘要文化是一种社会现象，是人们长期创造形成的产物。同时又是一种历史现象，是社会历史的积淀物。确切地说，文化是指一个国家或民族的历史、地理、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等。中西方文化各有各的特点，也在社会礼仪、社会关系、社会风俗、价值观等方面存在差异。关键词文化中国文化西方文化差异 一、关于中西方文化 1、文化的定义 著名人类学学者泰勒（Edward Burnett Tylor）这样给文化定义：“文化或者文明就是由作为社会成员的人所获得的，包括知识、信念、艺术、道德法则、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯的复杂整体。”这个定义已经比较权威。在此，我们将文化定义为人和环境互动而产生的精神、物质成果的总和。这个总和中可以包括生活方式、价值观、知识、技术成果，以及一切经过人的改造和理解而别具人文特色的物质对象。 2、中国文化定义 中国文化一般指中国传统文化，它是中华民族在长期历史发展中形成的，是中国各民族集体智慧的结晶。汉族是中华民族的主干民族，对中国文化的形成和发展起了重要的作用，其他少数民族也对中国文化做出过不可抹杀的贡献。 3、西方文化定义 西方文化和东方文化一样，源远流长，气象万千。一般是指发源于古希腊、罗马时期,浸染了中世纪的基督教传统,兴盛于文艺复兴、宗教改革,经启蒙运动而最终确立,并且近几百年来大盛于西欧北美的文化系统。 二、中西方文化差异 1、社会礼仪的差异 中国人见面喜欢问对方姓名、年龄、单位及收入等。而西方人很讨厌人家问及年龄与收入等个人私事。对于别人的赞扬，中国人通常表示谦虚，并有一套谦虚之词，像“惭愧”、“哪里”、“寒舍”、“拙文”等。而西方人总是高兴地回答“thank you（谢谢）”以表接受。中国人用“谢谢”的场合较西方人少，尤其是非常亲近的朋友和家庭成员之间不常说“谢谢。”而西方人整天把“thank you”挂在嘴边，即使是亲朋好友和家庭成员之间也常如此。中国人收到礼物时往往放在一边，看也不看（生怕人家说贪心）。而西方人收到礼物时要当着客人的面马上打开并连声称好。中国人殷勤好客，一杯杯地斟酒，一遍遍地上菜，客人不吃不行，不喝也不行，使西方人觉得难以对付。而西方人的习惯是：Help yourself，Please（请随便用）！中国人送客人时，主人与客人常说：“慢走！”“小心点！”“再见，走好啊！”“你们进去吧！”“请留步”等。而西方人只说：“Bye bye（再见）！”“See you next time（下次见）！”“Good night（晚安）！” 2、社会关系的差异 (1) 等级观念 中国封建社会的等级观念早已深入人心。无论是在社会上, 还是在家庭里, 等级意识的氛围都十分浓厚。“上下有等、亲疏有间、长幼有序、男女有别贫富有差”就是等级观念的具体表现。虽然封建制度早已被废除, 但等级观念仍在影响着中国人的思想观念。在中国,年轻人很少被委以重任, 他的经验是遭到质疑的首要原因。在西方, 大多数国家都提倡平等, 尤其是在美国, 机会面前, 人人平等, 只要努力, 牛仔也能当总统。西方人平等意识较强, 无论贫富、贵贱, 都不允许别人侵犯并充分尊重他人。在家里, 西方人也不讲究等级, 子女甚至可直呼父母的名字; 在中国, 这恐怕要被看作大逆不道了。

中西方婚礼文化差异综述

揭阳职业技术学院 毕业论文 题目：浅谈中西方传统婚礼习俗差异学生姓名许展薇指导教师佘烁娜 系（部）外语系专业五年制英教班级 093班学号 60912340 提交日期2014年月日答辩日期年月日 2014 年月日

浅谈中西方传统婚礼习俗差异 论文提纲 前言 一、中西方婚礼差异比较 1、婚礼举行地点比较 2、中西婚礼服饰比较 3、中西婚礼仪式比较 （1）婚前准备 （2）婚礼当天 （3）婚礼过后 二、中西方婚礼习俗差异的原因 1、文化背景不同 2、宗教信仰不同 3、价值观念不同 结束语

浅谈中西方传统婚礼习俗差异 许展薇 （揭阳职业技术学院外语系五年制英语教育093班） 摘要：本文主要通过对中西方文化的研究和比较，并进一步分析中西方传统婚礼的差 异。婚姻，无论是哪一个国家的人们，都是十分重视的。本文旨在对中西方婚礼的举行地点、服饰、仪式等方面的差异进行比较，并对造成差异的原因进行分析，浅谈中西方不同的婚礼文化。 关键字：中西方；婚礼文化；差异；原因分析 前言 婚礼，一个浪漫而温馨的名词，它是情侣步入婚姻的大门，也是夫妻关系确立的标志，婚礼是一个开始，从此夫妻之间要相互鼓励、相互搀扶，相守一生，因而，各种美好的祝愿也都在这样一个与众不同的日子变得更加有意义、更加的珍贵。而婚姻习俗是伴随着婚姻的产生而产生的，它展示了民族群体的社会生活面貌，以及审美观，伦理观，价值观，宗教观，性意识和民族心理的发展态势，是人类创造的文化积累和精神财富。婚俗反映出的时代背景与风俗民情对后代有重要影响。中西婚俗研究也始终是研究的热点问题，因为它可以是我们更多的了解外国文化，对于不同文化间的传播与交流有积极意义。婚俗研究的课题层出不穷，研究的方向也不尽相同，有些着眼点放在中西文化的差异上，有些重点比较了中西婚俗中的一些具体不同。本文试从四个方面更全面的比较中西婚俗差异，同时进行婚俗差异原因的深层探究，使我们也对中西文化有一个基本的了解。 一、中西方婚礼差异比较 1、婚礼举行地点比较 对于我们中国人来说，结婚是一件大喜事，既是喜事当然要办的热热闹闹、气洋洋，这也是我们自古以来的传统。中国人喜欢热闹的气氛，因而婚礼的地点当然也要是能闹起来的地方。在古代，人们会选在开阔的场院里，大家围坐桌前，爽朗的笑声，锣鼓喧天，鞭炮齐鸣，一派祥和与红火。在当代难以寻得过去的场院，交通方便的大型酒店自然成了首选，与以往一样，从招待到入席，所有的人，无论是主人还是客人，脸上都洋溢着幸福的微笑，席间的欢歌笑语都体现了热闹这一传统。

中西方文化差异及原因

中西方文化差异的根源 一、中西文化差异表现 1、思维模式的异同 中国人喜欢站在生命的更高处思考问题，跳出现实，重视对生命的思考，在对人和人之间，人和自然界之间，人的精神和肉体之间的关系都有深刻的思考。西方人偏重于逻辑思维或者理性思维；中国人属于抽象思维或者感性思维。而西方人更注重于从物质世界入手，去探索和求证问题的本源。 2、对待个人利益与集体利益、国家利益的异同 中国人更看重集体利益，包括家族利益、国家利益，主张控制自己的欲望，反对极端个人主义和英雄主义，往往把个人利益和集体利益，国家利益联系在一起，富于爱国和献身精神。而西方人更重视个体利益，追求人权，崇尚自由，认为如果连个体利益都无法保障，更谈何集体利益，正是这样的思想认识，最终推动了西方民主政治的发展; 3、民主观念的异同 中国人注重精神的自由，把自由、民主看成是君主权贵的赏赐。所以我们的人民总在渴望青天，希望能有好官的出现为民谋利。而西方的民主政治认为，政出于民，一切的政权只是人民授予，让政府来行使的一种公权力。 4、科学观的异同 中国人更相信先人的经验和权威，相信古人甚至超过相信今人，迷信权威，缺乏创新和探索精神。而西方人重视实践和理论，富于探险精神，倡导理性思维。通过正规的学院式教育对科学成果进行普及和推广，极大的促进了科学的发展，也最终建立了完整的科学体系;

5、中西方的道德观是迥然不同的 西方强调个体本位，而中国人提倡群体本位。中西方道德观的不同，使中西方的伦理体系和道德规范具有了不同的特点：西方重契约，中国重人伦；西方重理智，中国重人情；西方伦理重于竞争，中国则偏重于中庸、和谐；西方的伦理道德是以人性恶为出发点，强调个体的道德教育，中国儒家是从人性善的观点出发，强调个体的道德修养。 6、法制观念的异同 中国人主张用礼、道德来约束，通过先贤的教诲和学习提高自己的修养，讲究克己复礼，导致了人格的缺陷，丧失了独立的人格；而西方人认为人的原欲是不应该被压制的，对于社会和个人的规范，主张用“法制”，通过制度，如三权分立的组织、政治机构来约束制约，道德则处于从属的地位。 7、在为人处世方面的异同 中国人内敛、自省，喜欢“每日三省吾身”，为的是合于先王之道，把修养身心看的很重，推崇中庸思想，导致思想的保守、缺乏创新和开拓进取精神。西方人更热心于公益事业，把服务社会当成自己的职责。 二、中西文化差异的原因 从地理和文化的角度看，全世界可以分为东方和西方两大区域。导致它们文化差异的原因很多，本文主要归纳为三个方面： 1 、受经济制度的影响。 中国的传统经济是典型的自给自足的自然经济。人们比较安分保守。因为他们依靠一块土地可以活一辈子，文化比较内向。而且中国的古代文明，发源于大河流域，属于农业文明，“农业文明性格”造就了东方人注重伦理道德，求同求稳，以“和为贵，忍为高”为处世原则。

中西文化差异原因(转)教学文案

中西文化差异原因(转)

中西文化差异原因（转）2008-12-04 10:43近年来，文化差异研究正在引起专家学者以及普通语言文化教育者的普遍关注。这反映了时代的变化和要求。文化差异研究的基本目的是培养人们对文化差异的积极理解的态度，是培养不同文化接触时的适应能力和文化交际的技能。随着经济全球化的到来，我国对外开放的进一步扩大，尤其是我国加入世贸组织后，走出国门或留在国内参与跨文化交际的人越来越多，他们都需要学习、掌握与不同文化背景的人打交道时的实际技能。正是基于这一点，本文就中西文化差异的主要方面和产生差异的作简单的论述和比较。 一、中西方的道德观是迥然不同的 西方强调个体本位，而中国人提倡群体本位。中西方道德观的不同，使中西方的伦理体系和道德规范具有了不同的特点：西方重契约，中国重人伦；西方重理智，中国重人情；西方伦理重于竞争，中国则偏重于中庸、和谐；西方的伦理道德是以人性恶为出发点，强调个体的道德教育，中国儒家是从人性善的观点出发，强调个体的道德修养。 宇宙观是文化的核心，西方的宇宙观是建立在主客二分和抽象逻辑思维基础之上的机械综合论宇宙观。这种宇宙观的特点是：在研究人与人和人与物的关系中，以研究人对物、人对自然的关系为主；在物质与精神的关系上，强调两者的对立与分裂；注重思辨理性；注重实证分析。 与西方相反，中国人自古代起就习惯于从总体方面去认识事物，把世界看成本质上是一个不可分割的有机整体。并用这种观点去解释一切事物的现象，这就是“天人合一”的有机整体论宇宙观。在对待人与人、人与物的关系上，突出的是人与人之间的人际关系。正如梁启超所说：“中国哲学专注重人与人的关系”，而“希腊及现代欧洲，专注重人与物的关系”。对精神与物质的关系，中国传统哲学注重二者的统一性和一致性。如老子提出以“道”作为世界的本原，认为“道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物”，用道统一万物。把世界看成是一个生生息息运动发展着的有机整体。 中国人是注重群体意识，偏重道义，贵中庸和谐。范仲淹的“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”，是对国家一体的群体意识的抒发；“君子喻于义，小人喻于利”，“君子谋道，小人谋食”，“不成功便成仁”，是对儒教重义轻利价值观的理论化表现。梁启超先生说：“我国民之中庸妥协性世无两也，无论对个人、对社会、对自然界最能为巧妙的顺应，务使本身与环境相妥协，而其妥协且比较的常为合理的，此中国人一种特别天才也。”西方诸国人则是注重个体意识，偏重功利，好走极端。黑格尔说：西方“各人都保持他自己的地位，专注于个性的发展，要表现他们并且在表现中找着快乐。”马克思说，基督教是与绝对的金钱崇拜相适应的。起初，“金钱是商品在天国的存在，而商品则是金钱在尘世的存在”，中世纪的罗马教会本身就是“金钱的主要宣传家”。对于西方人的偏执一端，梁启超也有很好的论述：“西洋人极不易妥协，万事皆确执，而感情常走极端。故一民族以小小言语之同异，决不肯舍己以从人。纤芥之不自由，宁牺牲一切以争之，宗教上之信仰，更丝毫不肯迁就，有反于其良心者，则尽其力之所及以排挤之，……”中国人是柔中寓刚，以柔道取天下，西方人是强权和竞争，以刚道取天下。美国心理学家Alfred F.Bloom 认为，语言不同的人思维方式也不同。他认为，汉语的“事实实体化”（名词化方式）有限，汉语中又没有“虚拟式”，所以中国人抽象思维能力的发展受到限制，不善于反事实推论。（Bloom, 1981 The Linguistic Shaping of Thought）Bloom做了一个简单的实验,测试者被问及下面的问题： 英语：If all circles were large and this small triangle"△" were a circle, would it be large? 汉语：假如所有的圆圈都很大，如果这个小三角形诗歌圆圈，那么这个三角形是不是很大？被测试的美国人83%和25%的台湾人给予肯定答案，有一位中国人还说，“你们总想让