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制药工程专业英语--11单元

制药工程专业英语--11单元
制药工程专业英语--11单元

P117--14制药专英作业

Unit11

1.The oral route of drug administration is the most important method of administering drugs for systemic effects

Translations:

口服给药是通过给药途径产生系统效应中最重要的方法。

2.Except in cases of Insulin therapy,the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medication

除了胰岛素疗法之外,肠外给药途径通常不适用于患者自主用药。

3.The topic route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects , with two classes of marketed products : Nitroglycerin for the treatment of angina and scopolamine for the treatment of motion sickness.

局部给药这种途径只是近年来才被用于把药物送到人体内从而产生系统效应,采用这种给药方式的药物有两种已经上市:用于治疗心绞痛的硝酸甘油酯和治疗晕动症的莨岩胺。

4.Other drugs are certain to follow , but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action.

今后肯定还会有其他的药物相继出现,但是局部给药的途径在药物有效吸收从而产生药物系统效应方面仍有其局限性。

5.原文:5The parenteral route of administration is important in treating medical emergencies in which a subject is comatose or cannot swallow,and inproviding various types of maintenance therapy for hospitalized patients.

在病人处于昏迷状态或病人不能吞咽的医疗急救处理中,肠外给药途径是很重要的,同时它也给住院的病人提供了各种不同类型的维持疗法。

6.Nevertheless,it is probable that at least 90% of all drugs used to produce systemic effects are administered by the oral rote.

然而,被用于产生系统效应的药物可能至少有90%是通过口服的途径给药的。

7 When a new drug is discovered , one of the first questions a pharmaceutical company asks is whether or not

drug can be effectively administered for its intended effect by the oral route.

当发现一种新药时,首要问题中的一条是制药厂会询问药品是否通过口服途径有效地达到了预期的效果。

当一种新的药物被研发出来的时候,制药公司问的第一个问题就是这种药物能否有效地通过口服给药途径来达到预期的效果。

8. If it cannot, the drug is primarily relegated to administration in a hospital setting or physician’s office.

如果不能,药物主要被归入医院环境或医生办公室给药。

如果不能口服给药,那么这种药物就要被医院或者医师放弃使用。

9.IF patient self-administration cannot be achieved , the sales of the drug constitute only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwise.

如果不能实现病人自主给药,那么(这种)药物的销量相对于其他的药物来说就只占了市场的一小部分。

10.Of drugs that are administered orally , solid oral dosage forms repre-sent th

e preferred class o

f product.

在所有通过口服来给药的药物当中,固体口服制剂是(人们)偏爱的药物剂型。

11.The reasons for this preference are as follows.

出现这种偏好的原因如下。

12.原文:(117页)Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately place.

翻译:片剂和胶囊在平时代表哪一个单位剂型的剂量已经有准确的位置了。

其原因如下:药片剂和胶囊剂代表着单元剂量的形式,胶囊剂是指胶囊里放置好一定剂量药物的剂型。

13.原文:By comparison, liquid oral dosage forms, such as syrups , suspensions, emulsions, solutions, and elixirs, are usually designed to contain one dose of medication in 5 to 30 ml.

翻译:,液体口服剂型,如糖浆、悬浮液,乳剂,溶液剂,和酏剂,通常一个剂量的药物设计为5到30毫升。

相比之下,液体口服制剂,比如说糖浆、悬浮液、乳剂、溶液和酏剂,则通常被设计成在5-30ml范围内(液体中)包含一定剂量的药物。

第14句:The patient is then asked to measure his or her own medication using a teaspoon , tablespoon , or other measuring device.

翻译:病人又问衡量他(她)自己的药物是使用茶匙,大调羹或者其

测量器具。

这些剂型的药物要求病人用茶匙、调羹或其他测量方法来衡量自己的用药量。

15.Such dosage measurements are typically in error by a factor ranging from 20% to 50% when the drug is self-administered by the patient.

病人自己服药时,采用这种服药方法是典型的,误差范围在20%~50%。

病人自己用这种剂量测量方法服用这些药物时,产生的误差通常在20%-50%。

16.Liquid oral dosage forms have other disadvantages and limitations .

when compared with tablets.

翻译:口服液剂型和药片比起来还有其他的缺点和局限性。

液体口服制剂和药片相比还有其他弊端和局限性。

17、They are much more expensive to ship (one liquid dosage weighs 5g or more versus 0.25 to 0.4g fore the average tablet),and breakage or leakage during shipment is a more serious problem with liquids than with tablets.

译:液体制剂的运输成本更昂贵(一剂量液体制剂5 g 重量相当于普通药片0.25g到0.4 g的平均片重),而且对于液体制剂来说,在运输过程中液体制剂的破坏和泄漏是一个更为严重的问题

18.原文:Taste masking of the drug is often a problem (if the drug is in solution even partially).

翻译:药物味道的掩盖通常也是一个问题(如果药物溶解,甚至是部分溶解)

药物味道的掩蔽通常也是个问题(如果说药物在溶液中溶解,甚至只是部分溶解)。

19.原文:In addition,liquids are less portable and require much more space per number of doses on the pharmacist’s shelf.

翻译:另外,液体更不方便携带,而且在药架上摆放时,每支制剂需要的空间更多。

另外,液体也比较不易携带,而且同样数目的剂量,液体制剂在药架上占据的空间(比药片)要多得多。

20.Drugs are in general less stable(both chemically and physically) in liquid fo rm than in a dry state and expiration dates tend to be shorter.

药物一般不太稳定(化学和物理)的液体形式比在干燥状态和到期日期往往是更短的。

液体形式的药物通常比干燥状态的药片更不稳定(不仅在化学上,物理上也是),而且保质期也相对短。

21.Careful attention is required to assure that the product will not allow a heavy microbiologic burden to develop on standing or under normal conditions of use once opened (preservation requirements)

翻译:需要小心注意确保产品在存放和正常的拆封情况下,不会有微生物的压力负担。(保存要求)

(人们)需要小心注意以确保药物在储存或正常的拆封使用情况下,不会有大量的的微生物生长。(保存要求)。

22.There are basically three reasons for having liquid dosage forms of a drug: (1) The liquid form is what the public has come to expect for certain types of products (e.g.cough medicines).

翻译:出现液体剂型药物基本上有三种原因。第一种原因是液体形式是公众所期望的必然的产品形式(比如咳嗽药)。

液体剂型药物的产生有三个基本的原因:(1)对于某些类型的药物,液体剂型的出现是公众所期望的。(例如:咳嗽药)。

23.the product is more effective in a liquid form

( e.g., many adsorbents and antacids).

翻译:该产品在液体形式中更有效(例如,许多吸附剂和抗酸剂)。

24.原文:The drug(s) are used fairly commonly by young children or the elderly , who have trouble swallowing the solid oral dosage forms.

翻译:液体制剂在小孩和老年人中使用相当普遍,对他们而言,吞咽固体制剂比较困难。

25.The objective of the design and manufacture of the compressed tablet is to de liver orally the correct amount of drug in the proper form at or over the proper time and in the desired location,and to have its chemical integrity protected to that point.

压缩片剂的设计和制造的目的是在合适的时间和在适当的时间和在期望的位置口服适当形式的正确量的药物,并且使其化学完整性保护到该点。

设计和制造压缩片剂的目的是要通过口服把正确数量的药物以适当的形

式,在适当的时间送达期望的位置,在此之前还要保护药物的化学完整性(不受破坏)。

26.原文:Aside from the physical and chemical properties of the medicinal agent(s) to be formulated into a tablet , the actual physical design , manufacturing process , and complete chemical makeup of the tablet can have a profound effect on the efficacy of the drug(s) being administered.

翻译:除了药物制剂制成药片的物理性质和化学性质,它实际的物理设计,制造过程,完成药片的化学组成,都可以对给药产生一个深远的影响。

除了加进药片中的药物组分的物理和化学性质之外,药片实际的物理结构设计、制造工艺和完整的片剂的化学成分都对药物的功效有深远的影响。

27. A tablet should be an elegant product having its own identity while being free of defects such as chins , cracks, discoloration, contamination, and the like;

一个药片应该是有自己特性的产品,没有剥落,裂缝,变色,沾污等缺点。

药片应该是一种简洁的、有自身的特性的产品,同时不能有诸如缺损、裂隙、褪色、污染之类的缺陷;

28.(2)should have the strength to withstand the rigors of mechanical shocks encountered in its production ,Packaging, shipping, and dispensing;

(药片)应该经得住在生产,包装,运输和配制过程中遇到的机械撞击的考验。

(药片)应该能经得住机械碰撞的考验,这些碰撞在药片的生产、包装、运输和配制中都会有遇到;

29.and (3) should have the chemical and physical stability to maintain its physical attribute over time.

翻译:(3)随时间的推移,药片还应具有化学与物理的稳定性来保持其物理属性。

还应该有化学和物理上的稳定性,使其在一段时间内能维持自身的物理性能。

30. Pharmaceutical scientists now understand that various physical properties of tablets can undergo change under environmental or stress conditions ,and that physical stability ,through its effect on bioavailability in particular,can be of more significance and concern in some tablet systems than chemical stability.

药剂学家们现在已经知道,片剂的很多种物理性质会在环境或压力条件下发生改变,而在一些片剂系统中,尤其是片剂对生物利用度的影响方面,片剂的物理稳定性比其化学稳定性更重要更受关注。

31原文:On the other hand,the tablet(1

)must be able to ralease the medicinal agent(s) in the body in a predictable and reproducible mannerand (2) must have a suitable chemical stability over time so as not to allow alteration of the medicinal agent(s).

另一方面,片剂还必须能以一种可预测的、可再生的方式把药物成分释放到体内,而且必须有适当的化学稳定性使其(有效)成分不会随时间而改变。

32.(118页)In many instances ,these sets of objectives are competing

译文:从许多例子里可以看出这些设定的目标是相互矛盾的

在许多例子下,这些设定的目标都是相互矛盾的。

33.the design a of table that emphasizes only the desired medicine effects may produce a physically inadequate product.

药片设计若只强调药效的话,可能会产生物性不足的产物。

药片的设计若只强调预期药效的话,可能会产生物理性能不足的药品。

34.The design of a tablet emphasizing only the physical aspects may produce tablets of limited and varying therapeutic effects.

片剂的设计强调只有片剂物理方面可能产生有限的和不同的治疗的效果

药片的设计若只强调物理方面的话,可能会生产出疗效有限并且参差不齐的药品。

35. As one example of this point,Meyer and associates present information on14 Nitrofurantoin products, all of which passed the compendia physical requirements, but showed statistically,significant bioavailability differences.

关于这一点的一个事例如下,和他的同事调查了14种营养品的信息,这些产品的物理特性大致都符合要求,但是在生物利用度方面表现出大量地差异。

作为这一点的例子就是,梅耶和他的同事提供了14种硝化呋喃妥英产品的信息,这14种产品全都通过了概略的物理要求,但是,统计数据显示,它们在生物利用度上却表现出明显的差异。

制药工程专业英语课文翻译

Unit 1 Production of Drugs About 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms,but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered,however,that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use;some 50,000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from户lactams alone in the last decade. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates,e. g. molasses,saccharides,and glucose. Additionally the microorganisms must be supplied in the growth medium with nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonium sulfate,ammonia,or urea,as well as with inorganic phosphates. Furthermore,constant optimal pH and temperature are required. In the case of penicillin G,the fermentation is finished after 200 hours,and the cell mass is separated by filtration. The desired active agents are isolated from the filtrate by absorption or extraction processes. The cell mass,if not the desired product,can be further used as an animal feedstuff owing to its high protein content. 关于5000抗生素已经分离出的微生物,但其中只有不到100有些治疗使用。必须记住,但是,许多衍生工具已被用于治疗使用部分合成修改;约50,000剂已被semisynthetically取得户内酰胺在过去十年孤独。发酵都是在不锈钢发酵罐出来的量高达400立方米。为了避免与噬菌体等微生物污染的全过程都必须在无菌条件下进行。由于更重要的发酵只发生在有氧条件下的氧气或空气好电源(无菌)是必要的。二氧化碳的来源包括碳水化合物,大肠杆菌克糖蜜,糖和葡萄糖。另外必须提供的微生物在与含氮如硫酸铵,氨水或尿素化合物生长介质,以及与无机磷酸盐。此外,不断最适pH和温度是必需的。在青霉素G的情况下,发酵完成200小时后,细胞的质量是由过滤分离。所需的活性剂是隔离的滤液吸收或提取工艺。大规模的细胞,如果不理想的产品,可进一步用作动物,由于其蛋白质含量高的饲料。 By modern recombinant techniques microorganisms have been obtained which also allow production of peptides which were not encoded in the original genes. Modified E. coli bacteria make it thus possible to produce A- and B- chains of human insulin or proinsulin analogs. The disulfide bridges are formed selectively after isolation,and the final purification is effected by chromatographic procedures. In this way human insulin is obtained totally independently from any pancreatic material taken from animals. Other important peptides,hormones,and enzymes,such as human growth hormone (HGH),neuroactive peptides,somatostatin,interferons,tissue plasminogen activator (TPA),lymphokines,calcium regulators like calmodulin,protein vaccines,as well as monoclonal antibodies used as diagnostics,are synthesized in this way. 利用现代微生物重组技术已获得这也让其中不是在原来的基因编码多肽的生产。改性大肠杆菌从而使可能产生A型和B -人胰岛素或胰岛素原类似物链。二硫键形成的选择性分离后,最终由色谱净化工序的影响。通过这种方式获得的人类胰岛素完全独立采取任何从动物胰腺材料。 其他重要肽,激素和酶,如人类生长激素(hGH),神经活性肽,生长抑素,干扰素,组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tPA),淋巴因子,如钙调节钙调蛋白,蛋白疫苗,以及作为诊断用单克隆抗体是合成了这种方式。 The enzymes or enzymatic systems which are present in a single microorganism can be used for directed stereospecific and regiospecific chemical reactions. This principle is especially useful in steroid chemistry. Here we may refer only to the microbiological 11-a- hydro xylation of progesterone to 11-a-hydroxyprogesterone,a key product used in the synthesis of cortisone. Isolated enzymes are important today not only because of the technical importance of the enzymatic saccharification of starch,and the isomerization of glucose to fructose,They are also significant in the countless test procedures used in diagnosing illness,and in enzymatic analysis which is used in the monitoring of therapy. A number of enzymes are themselves used as active ingredients. Thus preparations containing proteases (e. g. chymotrypsin,pepsin,and trypsin),amylases and lipases,mostly in combination with synthetic antacids,promote digestion. Streptokinase and urokinase are important in thrombolytics,and asparaginase is used as a cytostatic agent in the treatment of leukemia. 这些酶或微生物在一个单一的酶系统,目前可用于立体定向和regiospecific化学反应。这个原则是有用的,尤其是在化学类固醇。在这里,我们只能引用的微生物十一水电黄体酮xylation至11人羟,一个关键的产品在可的松合成。隔离酶是重要的,不仅因为淀粉的酶法糖化技术重要性的今天,和葡萄糖异构果糖,他们也都在无数次试验在诊断疾病所用的程序显着,在酶的分析,在使用监测治疗。 数量的酶本身作为活性成分。因此,含有蛋白酶制剂(如糜蛋白酶,胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶),淀粉酶和脂肪酶的合成主要是在与抗酸药相结合,促进消化。链激酶和尿激酶溶栓是重要的,是天冬酰胺酶在治疗白血病细胞生长剂。 Finally mention must be made of the important use of enzymes as `biocatalysts’in chemical reactions where their

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂,设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外,工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

制药工程专业英语第11单元课文中英文对照

PART 3 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY Unit 11 Tablets (The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form) Role in Therapy The oral route of drug administration is the most important method of administering drugs for systemic effects. Except in cases of Insulin therapy,the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medications. The topical route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects,with two classes of marketed products: Nitroglycerin硝酸甘油酯for the treatment of angina心绞痛and scopolamine莨菪胺for the treatment of motion sickness晕动病,指晕车、晕船等. Other drugs are certain to follow,but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action. The parenteral route of administration is important in treating medical emergencies in which a subject is comatose昏迷的or cannot swallow,and in providing various types of maintenance therapy for hospitalized patients. Nevertheless,it is probable that at least 90 % of all drugs used to produce systemic effects are administered投药,给药by the oral route. When a new drug is discovered,one of the first questions a pharmaceutical company asks is whether or not drug can be effectively administered for its intended effect by the oral route. If it cannot,the drug is primarily relegated to被降级到administration in a hospital setting or physician's office. If patient self- administration cannot be achieved,the sales of the drug constitute only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwise. Of drugs that are administered orally,solid oral dosage forms represent the preferred class of product. The reasons for this preference are as follows. Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately placed. By comparison相比之下,liquid oral dosage forms,such as syrups,suspensions,emulsions,solutions,and elixirs,are usually designed to contain one dose of medication in 5 to 30 ml. The patient is then asked to measure his or her own medication using a teaspoon, 第三部分工业药剂学 第11单元药片(医药的片剂剂型) 在治疗中的作用 口服给药途径是通过给药获得全身作用效果中最重要的方法。除了胰岛素疗法之外,肠外给药途径通常不用于(病人的)自主性用药。而局部给药途径则是在最近才被用来把药物送到体内从而产生全身作用。这种途径有两种上市产品:用于治疗心绞痛的硝酸甘油酯和用于治疗晕动病的莨菪胺。今后肯定还会有其他的药物相继出现,但是局部给药的途径在有效的药物吸收从而获得全身性药物作用方面仍有其局限性。在病人处于昏迷状态或病人不能吞咽的医疗急救处理中,肠外给药途径是很重要的,同时它也给住院的病人提供了各种不同类型的维持疗法。然而,可能至少有90%的被用于产生全身作用的药物是通过口服的途径给药的。当一种新的药物被研发出来的时候,制药公司问的第一个问题就是这种药物能否有效地通过口服给药途径来达到预期的效果。如果不能,那么这种药物就要被降级到医院或者医生的办公室里。如果病人的自主用药不能实现,那么(这种)药物的销量就会是能实现病人的自主用药的药物销量的很少一部分。在所有通过口服来给药的药物当中,固体口服制剂是(人们)偏爱的产品种类。其原因如下:药片和胶囊代表着单元剂量的形式,其中通常已经放置好了一个剂量的药物。相应地,液体口服制剂,比如说糖浆、悬浮液、乳剂、溶液和酏剂,则通常被设计成在5-30 ml (液体中)包含一个剂量的药物。病人会被要求用茶匙、调羹或其他测量装置来衡量他自己的用药量。病人自己用药时这种剂量测量方法,其误差范围通常

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广,土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候,土木工程师要对场地进行测绘,定位有用的布置,如地下水水位,下水道,和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响,包括对空气和地下水的可能污染,对当地动植物生活的影响,以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时,结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划,设计和说明。从项目开始到结束,对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息,施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费,所有工作的进度表,订购工作所需要的材料和设备,雇佣承包商和分包商,还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目,土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件(即计算机辅助设计,或者CAD)并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品,因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域,土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构,包括桥梁,大坝,发电厂,设备支撑,海面上的特殊结构,美国太空计划,发射塔,庞大的天文和无线电望远镜,以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力:自重,风荷载和飓风荷载,建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩,以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋,混凝土,塑料,石头,沥青,砖,铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害,提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物,维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外,他们设计和维护海港,运河与水闸,建造大型水利大坝与小型坝,以及各种类型的围堰,帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降,并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中,土木工程师设计,建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水,同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计,建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科,是指规划,设计,施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构,从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路,桥梁,管道,大坝,海港,发电厂,给排水系统,医院,学校,公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施,比如飞机场,铁路,管线,摩天大楼,以及其他设计用作工业,商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外,土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇,并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年,英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起,土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师,尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语修正版

Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the

制药工程专业英语5单元

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制药工程专业英语 7单元

Developing drugs from traditional medicinal plants Over three quarters of the world's population relies mainly on plants and plant extracts for health care .Approximately one third of the prescription drugs in the US contain plant components, and more than 120 important prescription drugs are derived from plants. Most of these drugs were developed because of their use in traditional medicine. Economically, this represents $8000-10,000M of annual consumer spending. Recent World Health Organization (WHO) studies indicate that over 30 per cent of the world's plant species have at one time or another been used for medicinal purposes. Of the 250,000 higher plant species on Earth, more than 80,000 species are medicinal. Although traditional medicine is widespread throughout the world , it is an integral part of each individual culture. Its practice is based mainly on traditional beliefs handed down from generation to generation for hundreds or even thousands of years. Unfortunately, much of this ancient knowledge and many valuable plants are being lost at an alarming rate. The scientific study of traditional medicines and the systematic preservation of medicinal plants are thus of great importance. For quite a long time, the only way to use plant medicines was either direct application or the use of crude plant extracts. With the development of organic chemistry at the beginning of this century, extraction and fractionation techniques improved significantly. It became possible to isolate and identify many of the active chemicals from plants. In the 1940s, advances in chemical synthesis enabled the synthesis of many plant components and their derivatives. In western countries, it was thought that chemical synthesis of drugs would be more effective and economical than isolation from natural sources. Indeed, this is true in many cases. However, in many other cases, synthetic analogues are not as effective as their natural counterparts. In addition, some synthetic drugs cost many times more than natural ones. Inspired by these realisations, coupled with the fact that many drugs with complex structures may be totally impossible to synthesise, there is now a resurgent trend of returning to natural resources for drug development Important prescription drugs from plants Ephedrine is the oldest and most classic example of a prescription drug developed from a traditional medicinal plant. It is derived from Ma Huang , a leafless shrub. Used to relieve asthma and hay fever in China for over 5000 years, it was introduced into western medicine in 1924 by Chen and Schmidt. Ephedrine is an alkaloid closely related to adrenaline, the major product of the adrenal gland. Pharmacologically, Ephedrine is used

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