英国文学简要笔记
1.John Donne 多恩--- Metaphysical poetry玄学派诗人
Major works: The Canonization/A V alediction: Forbidding Mouring/Song 2.John Milton 弥尔顿---Paradise Lost失乐园
The epic is written in blank verse.
The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton’s creed（纲领）.
3.John Bunyan班扬--- The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程Thackeray’s the Vanity Fair an excerpt from the Pilgrim’s Progress
The Pilgrim’s Progress is an allegory寓言
Theme：the Puritan struggle of freedom of worship, the eternal struggle of man to find unity with God.
His language is concrete, living and colloquial.
4.Daniel Defoe笛福---Moll Flanders /Robinson Crusoe
笛福18世纪的小说家
5.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特---A Modest Proposal /Gulliver’s Travels /A
Tale of Tub
He is a satirist讽刺家.
“Proper words in proper place ,makes the true definition of a style”
6.Alexander Pope蒲柏---the first one introduce rationalism to England.
He is the great poet of the classical in the first half of the 18th century.
He is a master of heroic couplets.
Major works：The Rape of the Lock劫发记/An Essay on Man人论
7.Fielding菲尔丁---The father of English novel
First to write a “Comic epic in prose”散文体史诗
Adopted” the third-person narration”
Masterpiece: The Story of Tom Jones ,A Foundling
8.Thomas Gray格雷---Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓畔挽
歌
The leader of the sentimental poetry of the day.
9.Robert Burns彭斯---His poem written in the Scottish dialect.
(1)How does the narrator in the love song express his love?
To use many figures of speeches: simile, metaphor, repetition.
(2)Why is this poem so touching to the readers?
A: directly passionate
B: artistic recreation; imagery presentation
C: in repetition to stir on echoing effect.
10.William Blake布雷克---poet & engraver雕刻家
Major works: The Song of Innocence & the Song of Experience
(1)What is the young child speaks of his “father and mother” whom does
he refer to?
The indifference & ruthlessness of the adults.
(2)What is the “little black thing” in the poem?
Sweeper
(3)What is the theme of poem?
To satire the indifference & ruthlessness of the adults, and the society. 11．The Age of Romance(1798-1835)
Background：
A. three revolution (Industrial, American, French).
B. the abolition of slavery in British colonies.
C. the introduction of system of national education.
D. the Factory Acts工厂法案by which the employment children under nine was forbidden by the law.
E. the Lyrical Ballads----Wordsworth & Coleridge
Characterize by 5 “I”: Imagination, Intuition, Idealism, Inspiration, Individuality
12.The Lake Poets湖畔诗人---- Wordsworth & Coleridge & Southey骚塞
The Satanic school 撒旦派诗人---- Byron & Shelly & Keats
13.Wordsworth 华兹华斯----“emotion recollected in tranquility”Lyrical Ballads 抒情民谣：
Theme：Sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.
14.
Rhyme scheme: ab ab cc, iambic tetrameter抑扬格四音步
(1)What does the image of cloud suggest to you?
Loneliness, isolation, solitude, aimlessness, aloofness.
Cloud represents the feelings of the speaker essentially.
(2)What has the poet meditated from what he has described? And the
theme?
In loneliness or in low spirit, the recollection of the nature beauty brings him “the bliss” and “pleasure”in his heart. Therefore, the idea of going back to nature is advocated and clearly expressed in this poem.
(3)Pay a attention to the tense(时态) used in this poem, what does it
indicate?
Past tense(过去时)
The recollection of the past experience will arouse a new sense of the old memories.
15.
Each ending with a couplet. Written in iambic tetrameter, the rhyme is ab ab cc dd.
The theme: this poem uses rural figures to suggest the timeless mystery of sorrowful humanity & its radiant beauty.
16.Coleridge柯勒律治----The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏/ Kubla khan忽必烈汗
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏是《抒情民谣》里唯一一首Coleridge所做。
17.Byron拜伦----Childe Harolds Pilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗尔德游记/Don Juan 唐璜/When We Two Parted记我俩分手时
18.Shelly 雪莱----Song to the Men of England & Ode to the West Wind 西风颂
The west wind symbolizes both destroyer of the old and preserver of the new.
The rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc ded cc. iambic pentameter抑扬格五音步
19.Keats济慈---On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer/ Ode to a Nightingale[sonnet]/ To Autumn[lyric]
“Beauty is truth, truth Beauty”----that is all.美即是真，真即美。
20.Walter Scott司各特----the father of historical novel/
21.The Victorian Age维多利亚时期
选择题：(1)In literature, the early Victorian age can be said to the age of novel. Or the age of the critical realism.
(3)美学运动的倡导人Wilde王尔德Art for art’s sake. Aestheticism 唯
美主义
(4)George Bernard Shaw肖伯纳----Mrs. Warner’s Profession华伦夫人
的职业/Major Barbara巴巴拉少校
(5)Thomas Hardy哈代----Tess of the D’ Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝
22.Charlotte Bronte夏洛特勃朗特----《Jane Eyre》简爱
Jane Eyre is a first-person narrative of the title character. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with social criticism, gothicism, and romanticism to create distinctive Victorian novel.
Theme：Morality/God and Religion/Social class/Gender
relations/Love and Passion/Independence/Atonement and Forgiveness/Search for home and family
Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!--I have as much soul as you,--and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;--it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God's feet, equal,--as we are!"
In this novel Charlotte characterizes Jane Eyre as a naive，
kind-hearted，noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love.
Jane Eyre represents those middle-class workingwomen who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a
human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.
大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪
英国文学 整理
Term Definition： Alliteration（押头韵）: Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. Arthurian legend（亚瑟王传奇）: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur L, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity. Sonnet（十四行诗）: A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. There are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: ( 1) The Italian or Petrarchan sonnet (named after the fourteenth century Italian poet Petrarch) falls into two main parts: an octave(eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc . (2) the English sonnet, or else the Shakespearean sonnet. This sonnet falls into three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg. There was one notable variant, the Spenserian sonnet, in which Edmund Spenser linked each quatrain to the next by a continuing rhyme: abab bcbc cdcd ee. Conceit（夸张）: From the Italian concetto (meaning idea or concept), it refers to an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets and metaphysical poetry. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox and oxymoron. Neoclassicism（新古典主义）: A style of Western literature that flourished from the mid-seventeenth century until the end of the eighteenth century and the rise of Romanticism. The neoclassicists looked to the great classical writers for inspiration and guidance. They believed that literature should both instruct and delight, and the proper subject of art was humanity. Neoclassicism stressed rules, reason, harmony, balance, restraint, decorum, order, serenity, realism, and form—above all, an appeal to the intellect rather than emotion. The Restoration in 1660 marked the beginning of the Neoclassical Period in England, whose writers included John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, etc. Romance（传奇小说）: It is a literary genre popular in the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century), dealing, in verse or prose, with legendary, supernatural, or amorous subjects and characters. Popular subjects for romances included the Macedonian King Alexander the Great, King Arthur of Britain and the Knights of the Round Table, and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne. Renaissance（文艺复兴）: Renaissance ("rebirth") is the name commonly applied to the period of European history following the Middle Ages. The development came late to England in the
外国文学史笔记整理
艾略特非人格理论P128 卡夫卡《城堡》主题 “城堡”既非具体的城市，又非国家，它只是一种象征。因而有无穷的寓意： （ 1 ）“城堡”象征与普通人疏远、敌对的冷漠无情的国家机器。 （ 2 ）上帝 （ 3 ）象征可望而不可即的人生目标 （ 4 ）象征犹太人苦苦追求的国家、故乡、精神归宿。 （ 5 ）象征“代沟”，K至死未能进入城堡，象征卡夫卡争取与父亲沟通的失败。 卡夫卡《城堡》的艺术贡献 （1）独特的叙述角度和叙述手法 卡夫卡叙述手法的特点，是将叙述者与主人公合而为一。《城堡》中的K既是主人公又是叙述者，读者在阅读过程中只能通过主人公的感官（所见、所听、所想、所思）才能获得信息，再没有旁观者清的叙述者出场来向读者解释情节发展的前因后果。 （2）象征寓意的意象构筑。《城堡》中的K半夜被摇醒，要求出示居留许可证，其实也就象征着无所归依的现代人被摇醒说明自己的人生由来，解释自己的生存依据。 （3）精确、细致、严密的语言风格 《城堡》作为卡夫卡后期创作的代表作品，表现了炉火纯青的语言艺术造诣。整个小说像日常生活用语，简单而生动；又像法律用语，严密而精确，娓娓道来。尽管小说的主要情节是荒诞的，但卡夫卡对事物过程的描述完全是现实主义的，冷静而细致。解释事物的因果关系逻辑严谨，推理缜密，无懈可击，使读者难以摆脱作者的叙述逻辑。 约克纳帕塔法:译为河水静静流过平原。表现的就是约克纳帕塔法颓败的命运，旧的制度、旧的秩序不断瓦解、慢慢消亡的命运。也是《喧哗与骚动》的主题之一。 《喧哗与骚动》思想内容 小说写的是杰弗逊镇上康普生家族的没落，以及在没落过程中各个家族成员之间的遭遇和精神状态。 这个曾经出过将军和州议员、拥有大量田产和黑奴的庄园世家现在败落了。 《喧哗与骚动》叙述人意义 （1）白痴班吉 作者在第一部分选择白痴班吉来叙述故事，是有其深刻用意的。因为人生，尤其事美国南方社会中的人生，浑浑噩噩，就“像一个白痴所讲的故事”，这正好点明了作品的主题。作品的标题来自莎剧《麦克白》的一段台词：人生像一个白痴所讲的故事，充满着喧哗和骚动，却无丝毫意义。 人生的毫无意义由于是通过班吉的混乱意识表现出来的，就更具有发人深省的象征意义。班吉33岁，只有3岁孩子的智力，没有时间概念，过去和现在之间没有任何界限，都汇入一种混乱的意识流动中。但是，读者从班吉混乱的意识中，仍然可以感受到他因为失去姐姐对他的关怀而感到的痛苦。 叙事结构：小说由四个部分组成，每个部分都由不同的叙事者讲述。尤其有特点的是第一部分的叙事者——白痴班吉的叙事风格。 班吉的叙事突出地反映了福克纳对意识流小说技巧的精心营造，白痴的形象也寄托了福克纳的刻意追求：
英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)
.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
英国文学笔记
Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.For three centuries after Norman conquest , two languages were were used side by side in England , Latin and French were the languages of the upper classes, used in official and formal conditions.however the inflectional system of old English was weakened and a large number of French words had been absorbed.and many inflectional forms of the words were dropped and formal grammar simplified. Romance Romance is a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.Romance , in the original sense of the word , means the native language,as opposed to Latin,and later it means a tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights. John wycliff He was one of the first man who demand to reform the church in order to do away with the corruption and rottenness, he was the one who translate the bible into standard english. His translation for bible is a great contribution to english literature ,as well as english lanuage. For he fixed a national standard for englsih prose to replace various dialects. His work owned him the title of father of english prose. William langland He is the author of Piers Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯》or the vision of piers plowman.The story takes the form of an allegory, but it gives a realsitic picture of 14th century England, (an allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning,and serve to spread moral teaching)in his work , within the scope of allegorical characters, the lives of the religious people and the laymen are vividly portrayed.the corruption and the rottenness of the church people are truthfully exposed. Chaucer （The Canterbury Tales） Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, father of English literature.was born, about 1340, in London. Chaucer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced the "heroic couplet"into English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. Though drawing influences from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech.
英国文学名著整理
☆英国文学名家名著 《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。 杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇，杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事，揭露了封建制度的残酷无情，同时，歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。 济慈（Keats, 1795一1821）是英国浪漫主义诗人。他出身贫苦，作过医生的学徒，后来才以写诗为业。他对当时英国社会的现实不满，希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称，在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。雪莱（Shelley ，1792一1822）是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。他生于贵族家庭。他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗，也写了很多优美的抒情诗，特别是爱情诗，显示了不羁的想象，瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵，这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了，春天还会远吗？”（If Winters comes,can spring be far behind）成为妇幼皆知的诗文。 华兹华斯（Wordsworth，1770-1850），18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。他和克勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。1813年他接受政府长期津贴，1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。 笛福（Daniel Defoe,1661-1731）是英国小说之父。59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。随后，他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、（大疫年日记）(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落
外国文学史复习上(笔记整理)
第一章古代文学 欧洲古代文学包括古希腊文学和古罗马文学，古希腊文学是欧洲文学的源头。古罗马文学是继承古希腊文学的基础上发展起来的，但具有自己的民族特色，它是沟通古希腊文学与欧洲近代文学之间的桥梁。古罗马文学为欧洲近代文学的发展奠定了基础。 一、古希腊神话的基本内容和特征是什么？ 基本内容：神的故事和英雄传说。 ①在神话的故事中，讲到天地的开辟，神的产生，神的谱系，人类的起源，神的日常生活等。 ②英雄传说是古希腊人在幻想中追忆远古社会生活和部落中杰出人物时创造出来的。英雄实是部落中集体智慧和力量的化身，因受人们的崇拜而被神化，如伊阿宋取金羊毛、普罗米修斯、赫拉克勒斯、奥德修斯等。 艺术特征主要有三点： （1）、想象力极强。把自然界、人类社会、精神领域的一切现象都拟人化、神话化，入情入理，创造出令人难忘的意境和鲜明的形象。eg：阿波罗的爱情故事、法厄同驾太阳马车的故事、潘多拉盒子的故事 （2）、故事性极强。情节曲折，起伏跌宕，有头有尾，娓娓道来，动听感人。eg：宙斯和伊俄的故事、哈得斯的婚姻故事、普罗米修斯的故事 （3）、哲理性强。希腊神话既富情趣，又极深刻，是早期人类经验和智慧的结晶，许多故事寓意丰富，发人深思。如：不和的金苹果的故事、希绪弗斯的故事、安泰俄斯的故事等。 古希腊神话的价值和影响。（是希腊艺术的“武库”和土壤，是后世创作的源泉。） （1）它是古希腊文学艺术的宝库和土壤。荷马、赫西俄德、绝大部分悲剧、大量美术和雕塑作品都以它为素材。（2）它对古罗马文学艺术产生了巨大影响。维吉尔《埃涅阿斯记》大量取材，奥维德《变形记》则或全面转述。（3）、它是文艺复兴直至现当代一些著名作家艺术家创作的灵感和原型。莎士比亚、高乃依、拉辛、达芬奇、普桑、米开朗琪罗、贝尔尼尼等直至当代。 二、古希腊文学可以分为几个时期?各时期有什么特点？ （1）第一时期：公元前12世纪~公元前8世纪是古希腊氏族社会向封建社会过渡，史称“英雄时代”或“荷马时代”主要成就是神话和史诗 （2）第二时期：公元前8世纪~前6世纪氏族社会进一步解体，奴隶主城邦逐渐形成时期，史称“大移民时代”，主要成就是抒情诗和寓言 （3）第三时期：公元前6世纪~公元前4世纪希腊奴隶制发展全盛期，史称“古典时期”，主要成就：戏剧、散文和文学理论 （4）第四时期：公元前4世纪末~公元前2世纪史称“希腊化时期”，主要成就是新喜剧和田园诗 三、古罗马古罗马文学的地位、特点以及不同时期的主要成就？ 地位：古罗马文学是在古希腊文学的基础上发展起来的，继承发展了古希腊文学的内容和形式，在戏剧和散文方面有长足的发展，是希腊文学与欧洲近代文学的中介和桥梁，在西方文学史上占有重要的地位。 特点:具有理性精神、集体意识和庄严崇高的气质，精神与情感世界相对贫乏，在艺术上强调均衡、严整、和谐，重视修辞与句法、技巧上偏于雕琢与矫饰。 成就：（1）共和时期：（公元前240~公元前30年）埃纽斯“罗马文学之父” 喜剧首先繁荣，代表作家普劳图斯《双生子》、《一坛黄金》，喜剧诗人有泰伦斯《婆母》 （2）黄金时期：（公元前100~公元17年）西塞罗卢克来修《论自然》， “三大诗人”：维吉尔古罗马最伟大的诗人，代表作《埃涅阿斯纪》是欧洲文学史上第一部文人史诗奥维德《变形记》贺拉斯《诗艺》（文学批评的代表作寓教于乐） （3）白银时期：（公元17~130年）长篇小说有阿普列尤斯的《金驴记》是欧洲文学史上最早长篇小说；普鲁塔克的散文《希腊罗马名人传》；卢肯的史诗《法萨利亚》 《埃涅阿斯纪》是古罗马诗人维吉尔最重要的作品，也是整个罗马文学的顶峰之作。史诗的主题是描述罗马祖先建国的功绩，歌颂罗马的光荣。《埃涅阿斯纪》以荷马史诗为范本，前半部分写漂泊，与《奥德赛》相似；后半部分写战争，与《伊利亚特》雷同。但它又不是对荷马史诗的简单仿作，而是有着鲜
英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
英国文学史及选读__复习要点总结
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题） 2. Romance （名词解释） 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad（名词解释） 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读） 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。（其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读） 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要，特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的，故事情节来自Old Testament，另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment（名词解释） 19. Neoclassicism（名词解释） 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要，注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样，它虚构了一系列的人物，以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文，这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要，要知道具体内容，就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称，和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; （我们主要讲了三个地方）“A Modest Proposal”比较重要，要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要，剧情要清楚，Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形，以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature，另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要，需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家，另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted Village” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),