商务英语信函中模糊限制语的语用功能分析
论文题目The Application and Functions of Fuzzy Language in English Business
Letter
Contents
1. Introduction (4)
2. hedges (4)
3. Business English letter in the pragmatic functions of hedges...................
3.1 The politeness principle.............................................................................
3.2 Compliance theory .....................................................................................
4. Pragmatic Analysis of Vagueness in English News
4.1 Vague Language in political News
4.2 Vague Language in Economic News
4.3 Vague Language in Social News
4.4 Vague Language in Technological News
5. conclusion
Bibliography ............................................................................................................
The Application and Functions of Fuzzy Language in English Business Letter
WANG YuQian (Tutor: CHEN Ruyun)
(College of Continuing Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China, 435002)
Abstract:Business English letter is the purpose of building and maintaining business relationships, promote trade cooperation and keep a good business relationship, the
stand or fall of its expression effect is directly related to the economic benefits of
enterprise or the company. Hedges are widely used in various kinds of business
English letters, and effect of hedges in business English communication is of vital
significance. Based on the analysis of the business English letter in the pragmatic
functions of hedges, points out that the reasonable use of hedges can make business
communication more accurate, more flexible, more polite and more effective.
Key words: Business English；letter hedges；Pragmatic functions
商务英语信函中模糊限制语的语用功能分析
摘要：商务英语信函的目的是建立和维持商业联系、促进贸易合作与保持良好
商务关系。其表达效果的好坏直接关系到企业或公司的经济效益。模糊限制语广
泛应用于各种商务英语信函中 而模糊限制语对于商务英语的交际效果有着举足
轻重的作用。本文根据分析了商务英语信函中模糊限制语的语用功能,指出合理
地使用模糊限制语能使商务交际更准确、更灵活、更礼貌、更有效。
关键词：商务英语信函模糊限制语语用功能
The Application and Functions of Fuzzy Language in English Business Letter
1. Introduction
With the rapid development of social economy, business English letters gradually become people in the global economy international trade both sides the important means of written business information communication, through which people can communicate information, contact the business, to discuss trade, consultations, dealing with problems, such as pass the friendship, the writing is critical for business success. The fuzzy language is widely used in many kinds of business letters, the use of fuzzy language in large
Extent, improve the ability of language communication, make business letters more rigorous, accurate, polite, decent, can produce positive effect, so as to achieve good communication with each other, in order to achieve purpose.
Therefore, for the study of fuzzy language in business English letter has important practical significance.
2. hedges
Vagueness is the essential attribute of natural language. The earliest by the American linguist hedges Mr (Lakoff) in 1972 and began to study. Mr Interpreted hedges "make things vague language". Hedges, therefore, refers to people sometimes can't say very precise, even to speak of "fuzzy" in order to achieve some pragmatic purpose of language. The uncertainty of fuzzy is refers to language. "Fuzzy" is not "fog", also is mixed. Language is an important means of communication art. Fuzzy in the history of art, is the embodiment of the euphemistic. Hedges in business negotiations, political and diplomatic, legal language, news, advertising, etc are widely used, have very strong language application value.
3. Business English letter in the pragmatic functions of hedges
3.1 The politeness principle
Politeness principle is a basic requirement of business English letter writing. Politeness phenomena as one of basic means to ensure the success of the human communication, cause the social linguistics, pragmatics, psychology of attention. Famous British scholar leach (Leech) put forward "politeness principles", think that courtesy is guidelines when dealing with interpersonal relationships. The use of the politeness principle of business English letter
words has important guiding significance. The pragmatic world of polite phenomenon is one of the biggest impact on the study of face preservation theory. Everyone loves "face", if not in the letter to "face" to the other party, can affect business between us. On the other hand, if you can respect each other's wishes, give each other enough "face", it is easy to lead to trade cooperation. Kasper think, hedges can make the discourse expression has more leeway, reduce the negative impact, have to save face, self-protection and flexible change, etc. Dai Jiandong think hedges said courtesy and respect, and avoid direct conflict, follow the politeness principle and with the aid of fuzzy language said he was not sure attitude or indirectly expressed their views, in order to achieve the purpose of the moderate tone.
Degree of hedges is commonly used in business English letter, by the degree of change will have meaning of modifiers, increase or decrease, such as: a little, almost, kind of, more or less, quite, sort of, etc. . For example, Your reply is a little newest on sentence mean "you reply a bit late" suggests that the other party has missed opportunity. But the use of a little, soften the tone of the strong, make them aware of their mistakes, but also give each other face, to be more polite, and make it possible to continue to trade in the future. How to make up for this type of injury the recipient face behavior will decide whether the trade both sides continue to cooperate. Writing English business letter must pay attention to the politeness principle and politeness principle in different culture. This is indispensable in business English letter notice, also must follow the pragmatic principle.
3.2 Compliance theory
Verschueren "pragmatics throughout" the compliance theory in pragmatics provides a comprehensive and scientific research perspectives, especially to the interpretation of adaptation, is of great theoretical significance, so to speak. Compliance theory is that: when people are not willing to do more accurate use of fuzzy language, namely intentional use, such as: roughly, approximately, the about, around, the or so, the at further, etc. Scope of this kind of hedges can estimate of the things to make a kind of uncertain, or elementary views are put forward. Reason for using these hedges, the writer didn't want to put the words too the dead, in order to avoid accident objective situation. Writers deliberately using fuzzy language is for the sake of achieving communicative intention, in order to adapt to different contexts and psychological emotional factors. According to resilience theory, fuzzy language is the result of the writer select the language and language adaptation. Hedges in business English letter has the appropriate message, improve the elasticity of business language and polite pragmatic effect. Such as: Our samples will arrive about 2 nd September.（我们的样货大约9月2号到达。）
Due to objective factors, the seller can not be sure what time the arrival of the goods.
One thousand from the arrival of the goods on time, probably caused economic losses to the buyer. But "about" there's room for manoeuvre, the buyer will consider, flexible adjustment, at the same time, the seller also protects oneself, to avoid unnecessary disputes. Visible, the use of hedges in business English letter makes the business communication more accurate and decent.
4. Pragmatic Analysis of Vagueness in English News
In the present study.vague language is displayed within the theories so as to demonstrate its application and realization in English news report.In this section,our attention is focused on the adaptability and pritieal Discourse Analysis of pragmatic vagueness in English news.
4.1 Vague Language in political News
As is mentioned above. pragmatically.concepts such as human right,freedom,democracy. and so on are often vague . The understanding of these concepts differs greatly in the speaker 's political stand and viewpoint. Thus, political news can not do without vague language. for some political terms embody vague concepts.The example of news report go as follows :
"Both side have had full and talk on a wide range of subjects of mutual interest".(China Daily,May 20,2004)
In this case, the expression "full and frank" and "a wide range of" is the vague expression,adapting to both the joumalist' s and the two parties ' acceptance.The readers and both sides only focus on the information they need or are interested in,so the unnecessary details should be generalized in news report.Thus vague language,especially hedge is the best choice.
Both sides have had talks on positive aspects and negative aspects,and talks on which they may agree with each other, or disagree. In the news, the vague words
"full and frank" generally modify the"talks" without reaching a conclusion and specifying the way they talked.Vagueness here adapts to saving face of both sides without telling theprocess of talks.The hedge" a wide range of" subjects may involves some sensitive topics.or the headache issues such as political and economical interest.Some isssues are so confidential that they are not proper to be released.This is what accurate language can not achieve. but they are not achieve. but they are not proper to be released. This is what accurate language can not achieve.but vague language works so well.adapting to keeping secrets of the talks and avoiding negative effects.
4.2 Vague Language in Economic News
In economic news report,vague language can achieve some pragmatic functions through the proper choice of words to adapt to the acceptance of both the addresser and the addressee.and to aim at winning the objective and credibility if economic events.
e.g. The plan places a heavy emphasis on fixed and mobile high-speed internet services.a market that has recently become massively competitive with rivals rushing to undercut each other in recent years.(The New York Times,January 30 ,2008)
Vague words of time always show the uncertainty of data when the events take place.The hedge"recently"and"in recent years" conveys a vague concept of
time.Because of the vagueness of people' s mental worlds,the vague words of time adapts to people' time awareness and expressing habits in daily communication.People have got used to expressing the latest time as"recently"but not the concrete time.The vague expressing "massively competitive" is a vigorous modifier.adapting tostrengthening the fierce degree of competition.Hedge is always applied as an adverb modify and explain the determined upper limit of following word.Such vague words are the utterances used by speakers to adapt to making subjective judgments or indirect evaluations.
4.3 Vague Language in Social News
Social news had a close relationship with people’ s daily life, so vague language occurring in social events enables addresses easy understand an accept.
e.g. Beijing subscribes of a popular China Mobile service will not pay for in caming calls from within the city stating today as a part of the telecom giant's latest move to woo customers with price cuts... . The ministry of information industry said last month that it would urge the nation' s mobile operators to further stash charges and adopt the caller-pay-only mode across the nation in two years... "the new pohcy will benefit quite a few users" said Liu Zhe. an analyst with Analysis International. a Beijing-based IT consultancy firm. pointing out that some of its package deals already offer free incoming
calls...InFebruary.China Mobile Launched different serice packages.costing from 99yuan to 299yuan in Beijing. and more than half of its customers noe use packages that don't charge for incoming calls.(China Daily Wednesday,May 23,2007)
Vague Language functions so well in certain context.Vague Language is interdependent on and to the context. So Learmed from the above example. under the context of price cuts on mobile service in Beijing.vague language is applied to manifest the great benefits its subscribers get.The vague expression "further slash charges" indicates the trend of further price cuts in Mobile service without specifying the exact price cuts.for it is a prediction made according to the trend. Thus,due to the reporter' s limited ability to the world.the vagueness here adapts to the objectivity of news information.In the sentence "the new policy will benefit quite a few users",the hedge"quite a few" adapts to the proper choice of words.for there is no need to find out the number of the users who really get benefits from the new policy,considering the timeliness of news report. The hedge proves that there are surely a countless number of users who benefit from the policy,which attracts reader's especially the user's attention and adapts to their acceptance.The hedge "more than half"adapts to another strategy of vague language---adapt to reliability and objectivity of the news information. When reporting https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f48613899.html,ing the exact number of figures seems so wordy and verbose,however,hedges in this way can achieve accuracy and adapt to reader's cognitive habits as well as the requirements of news Language.
4.4 Vague Language in Technological News
With the develoment of science and technology,a great number of new-born technological terminologies have sprung up which only some scientists and scholars can figure out.In this sense,vague language is an effective device to be resorted to help readers understand the new technological information.
e. g Microsoft and Yahoo have discussed possible options over the past year. the newspaper said.Microsoft could sell its MNS online net work to Yahoo and take a minority stake in the internet portal.it said.(New York Times Online, May 4,2006)
In above example, the vague expression "possible options" is a workable device here."Possible option" means some options are feasible while others do not work. In technological field, the discussion between two corporations is believed to be confidential, and the decision that has not been made should be kept in private. Obviously. the two groups may take the options or they maybe not willing to release such options. The hedge "...a minority" means "a little" without explaining the exact number or quantiry of the stake in the internet portal.
5. conclusion
Business letter is a major way of international business communication, is the lifeline of international business communication. A very good business English letter can help a company build a good business image, thus facilitating trade cooperation, on the other hand, the negative impact, will bring to the company to business failure. In the proper use of hedges in business English letter can produce positive pragmatic functions, enhance the language expression and communication effect, shown as: reflecting appropriateness of polite language expression and; Improve the accuracy of business language and flexibility; Both sides face-saving accommodation; To protect themselves, etc. In short, effective use of hedges in business English letter has the pragmatic value of cannot be ignored.
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毕业论文：论英语幽默的语用分析
XX大学 毕业论文 论英语幽默的语用分析 院系名称： 专业：英语 学生姓名： 学号： 指导老师： XX大学制 年月日
Acknowledgements My sincere gratitude is first and foremost to my supervisor, the teacher Yuli in Yantai University Wenjing College. Her academic guidance and professionalism will always be a motivation for my own study. Her patient supervision, invaluable comments and constructive criticisms paved my way to the further study of my thesis and my life. I am equally grateful to my parents whose supports have been represented in my whole writing and gave the courage to face all the challenge, I have met. Finally, I would like to thank my friend, Hanlida, who is always a good partner for collecting materials and exchanging ideas during the thesis writing.
商务英语信函写作中的语言特点与写作技巧_全英文
1 Introduction Business English can be regarded as an application of English language in commercial occasions, aiming at enabling speakers to communicate and interact effectively using the most correct and clearest business language. Business English Correspondence is an important carrier of international commercial activities which is used to deli ever information, address commercial issues and as a way of communication. Lexicon is an important factor of a passage. In the writing of business English correspondence, we should pay particular attention to the selection of lexicon. Different words may carry different meaning and even the mood of them can be very distinct. Therefore, it is of great necessity to do research of the features of lexicon in the writing of business English correspondence. This thesis attempts to do some researches on the following subjects: To have a good knowledge of characteristics of lexicon in business English correspondence. To make sense of the reason why the business English correspondence have such requirements of lexicon. To provide some suggestions that learners can improve their writing skills. 2 Description of Business English correspondence 2.1 Definition of business English correspondence Nowadays more and more people choose to work in companies and do commercial work. As China joined the WTO, enterprises are all choosing to open their markets and expand them into the international world, thus making English inevitably become the most used language in the world. And in this way a new subject appeared that we call it “business English”. In terms of business English, we refer to the language used in order to adapt to the job market whose contents include a lot of aspects (Kansi, 1983; 134). Unlike the general English learners, people who learn business English are more
广告话语中模糊现象及其语用功能
广告话语中模糊现象及其语用功能 作者：葛伟琪， GE Wei-qi 作者单位：宁波大学,浙江,宁波,315211 刊名： 宁波工程学院学报 英文刊名：JOURNAL OF NINGBO UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 年，卷(期)：2009，21(3) 被引用次数：0次 参考文献(11条) 1.张乔模糊语义学 2004 2.钟守满.王凌广告英语模糊现象探析 2000(03) 3.杨慧玲科技论文中的模糊限制语[期刊论文]-四川外语学院学报 2001 4.伍铁平模糊语言学 1999 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f48613899.html,koff G Hedges A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts 1972 6.董娜模糊限制语的界定及分类[期刊论文]-北京第二外国语学院学报 2003 7.沙夫语义学引论 1979 8.李佐文模糊限制语的人际功能[期刊论文]-天津外国语学院学报 2001(08) 9.Channell J Vague Language 2000 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f48613899.html,koff G.Johnson M Metaphoers We Live By 1980 11.Levinson S C Pragmatics 1983 本文链接：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f48613899.html,/Periodical_nbgdzkxxxb200903003.aspx 授权使用：武汉科技大学中南分校(whkjdxznfx)，授权号：4af772f3-27c1-4760-8737-9e1c011658b6 下载时间：2010年10月27日
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从小到大的原则。特别值得注意的是，地址中的标点符号需正确使用。当前的习惯做法是，行末一般不加标点符号，但行中间该加标点的地方，还是不应省略。门牌号码与街道名称之间不加标点，但是在城市与国家名称之间必须用逗号分开。 英文信函编号写法Referencenumber 如果信函上有编号，收件人和发件人都能快速了解所指的是哪一封信。这样既便于文件存档，又便于日后查阅。 信函编号常见的书写形式有两种： 一种比较简单的形式“Re:xxx”，例如,Re:Invoice12345或Re:YourletterdatedJanuary20,20XX。 一种比较常用的形式“Yourref:xxx,ourref:xxx”，提供一组缩写信息，包括：文件编号、起草人、录入人的姓名缩写和部门 代号等。例如一封由我方Juttabrawn起草，由hughJohnDavies录入的信函编号为“ourref:Jb/hJD” 英文日期写法Date 商务信函必须写日期，它对于文件存档及信息查考都有重要意义。 书写日期应注意以下几点： 1.“年”应完全写出，如20XX，不能简写成06； 2.在正式信函中“月”最好不用缩写，而是完整地写出
商务英语信函的特点
摘要: 英国论文随着时代的发展, 使用简洁通俗的语言已成为现代商务英语, 尤其是商务英语信函的突出特点。本文从这一特点形成的根源简易英语运动出发, 分析了简易英语的定义, 遵循的原则, 最后在此基础上通过大量例证的对照比较, 总结了简易英语趋势在现代商务交际中的体现。 商务英语和法律英语一样, 通常被认为是充斥着技术性术语和诘屈聱牙语句的典型书面语。不可否认, 很长时间以来, 商务文书给人的印象确实如此。然而随着时代的发展, 这种情况已得到极大的改观, 商务交际用语渐趋简明易懂。使用简洁通俗的语言已成为现代商务英语的突出特点。我们可以比较一下下面的两句商务信函中的用语: 1. We beg respectfully to state that we are in receipt ofyour L/C in the amount of USD×××for which we thankyou. 2. We inform you that we have received your L/C forUSD×××. 可以看出, 这两句表达的意思完全相同, 但是第一句使用了beg respectfully to state, in receipt of, inthe amount of, 以及包括定语从句for which we thank you等表达极为繁杂的用语, 而第二句用语简洁明快, 但是它所包含的信息量较第一句而言没有丝毫的减少。现代商务英语正是提倡使用简单词语( plain words) , 而不用复杂的语句( complicated words) , 尤其是那些繁复老套的用语, 即我们所说的陈词滥调( cliché)。现代商务英语的这一显著特点, 其实与这些年来在英美等国出现的英语简化趋势, 尤其是在美国大张旗鼓推行的简易英语运动( Plain English Movement)有直接的联系。这一运动要求革除商业契约上的繁文缛节, 简化法律用语, 从而起到方便民众, 减少因繁复用语而引起不必要争端的作用。1978 年 3 月24 日, 当时的美国总统卡特更是签署了第12044 号行政命令, 要求联邦政府各部切实保证颁布的每项法令必须以简单易懂的英语撰写, 以便须依照有关法令办事的人都能看懂。这一法令理所当然受到普通老百姓的欢迎, 而简易英语运动在这一法令的推动之下也得到了更为蓬勃的开展[1]。 一、什么是“简易英语” 所谓简易英语( Plain English) , 美国学者考特兰?博维(Courtland Bovèe)和约翰?席尔( John Thill)认为简易英语是用简易的文字和结构写成的语句, 读者都能看懂, 很接近于我们的口语[2]。可见, “简易英语”是指书面表达中使用清晰正确的英语简明扼要而有效地传递信息。“简易英语”并不幼稚, 也并非过分简单化的英语。“简易英语”重视信息的传递。它并不堆积词藻, 而且不会不必要地使用行话、术语等难懂的表达。换句话说,“简易英语”彻底抛弃了繁文赘语和让人无所适从的表达。用“简易英语”书写的文件是为了让人们读懂, 因此所用的词语都是读者能够理解的。只要读者能够理解, “简易英语”用到技术性较强的专业术语也并非不可。比如,一篇医学学报上的论文面向的是医学专家, 使用专业术语是可以的, 因为这些读者能够理解。只要表达恰当, 这篇论文的语言仍然可被称为“简易英语”。当然, 如果这篇文章是出现在面向公众的通俗杂志上, 那么再包含很多专业术语就很可能出现普通读者无法理解的状况。这个时候, 只有使用普通大众能够理解的字眼那它才是“简易英语”。我们应该看到非常复杂的概念也是可以用“简易英语”加以解释的。许多法律文书, 比如合同和法令, 用“简易英语”改写后仍然能做到表达精确无误。 二、“简易英语”所遵循的原则 “简易英语”最重要的原则就是读者为先。即为读者着想, 考虑读者的需求。要“简易”, 就得好好考虑如下的问题:读者需要知道些什么? 他们对这个问题的理解程度如何? 怎样才能更好地把意思组织起来以便读者更好地理解? 要想有效传递你的信息, 首要的是要清楚什么样的人会阅读你写的东西。具体来讲, “简易英语”遵循如下的原则: (一)写作前做好规划起草文书之前, 首先得明确自己的写作目的。读者是谁? 他们对于所涉及的话题是非常了解, 了解一点还是一无所知? 他们想知道些什么? 找到这些问题的答案, 做到心中有数。一旦知道了读者是谁, 就应该尽可能从他们的角度来看问题, 来表达
商务英语函电在对外贸易中的重要性
随着全球经济的快速发展和经济一体化的进程，世界各国的经济贸易往来日益频繁，而众所周知，英语是当今全球运用最广的语言，因此英语便也成为了对外贸易中的主要用语我们也称之为商务英语。而商务函电是指在对外贸易中所使用的信函，电报，电传，传真，电子邮件等通讯方式。所以商务英语函电就是指在对外贸易活动中以英语为载体而进行的商务函电往来。商务英语函电是国际商务往来中经常使用的联系方式，是开展对外贸易业务和有关商务活动的基础及重要工具。商务英语函电是对外贸易的交流工具，它贯穿于对外贸易的各个环节，及时，具体，完整，准确地为贸易双方传递商务事业信息以及帮助双方达成最有效的交流与沟通。商务英语函电是对外贸易的重要媒介，它在各国之间相互沟通，开展业务，达成交易，建立友好关系工作等对外贸易活动中起着举足轻重的作用，是对外贸易中不可或缺的组成部分。如果没有往来的商务英语函电，贸易双方就无法完成正常的交流与沟通，无法获知对方的各项商务信息，因此大部分的国际贸易活动也都不可能顺利进行，所以，商务英语函电在对外贸易中的重要性可想而知。 商务英语函电在对外贸易中的第一个重要性就表现在它的索取信息和传递信息的功能。对外贸易本身就是特指国际贸易活动中的一国或地区同其他国家或地区所进行的商品、劳务和技术的交换活动。这是立足于一个国家或地区去看待它与其他国家或地区的商品贸易活动。他不同于国内贸易，可以去实地进行考察，双方面对面进行交流与沟通，从而获取一切对方的商务事业信息，对外贸易大多涉及本国以外的不同国家与不同地区，在很大程度上受到贸易双方地理位置等客观条件的限制，如果也像国内贸易那样进行面对面的索取信息与传递信息，这个过程肯定是繁琐而复杂的，而且加上空间和时间的限制，这个过程的成本费用也会很高，速度也会很缓慢，过程中的安全问题也不能得到保障，甚至于可能在这种实际的信息传递中造成数据的丢失或者毁坏。商务英语函电的存在，就让这些问题得到了一一化解，索取信息和传递信息不会再受到时间和空间等因素的限制，甚至比以前更加快捷，可以快速的索取有效的信息传递给从事对外贸易的双方，利用商务英语函电开展对外贸易，买卖双方可采用标准化、电子化的格式合同、提单、保险凭证、发票和汇票、信用证等，使各种相关单证在网上即可实现瞬间传递，大大节省了单证的传输时间，而且还能有效地减少因纸面单证中数据重复录入导致的各种错误，对提高交易效率的作用十分明显,而且加上中间大量环节的减少，也在一定程度上降低了对外贸易过程中的成本。 商务英语函电在对外贸易中的第二个重要性表现在它一直贯穿于对外贸易的始终，处理整个对外贸易中各个环节的相关事宜。它涉及外贸业务中的各个环节。从建立业务关系、询盘、发盘、还盘、接受、执行提供、装运、保险、付款，到执行合同过程中的纠纷，以及最后的索赔，大都需要商务英语函电的解决。对外贸易过程各环节中所有往来的商务英语函电也都构成重要的法律依据，特别是当产生贸易纠纷时，它有可能左右解决纠纷的最终结果。而前面提到的还仅仅是体现在实实在在的对外贸易实际活动中，事实上，商务英语函电还在对外贸易过程中起着很多隐性作用，其实在建立业务关系之前商务英语函电的重要性就体现出来了，商务英语函电的出现让我们摒弃了传统方式上的寻找合作伙伴的方法，通过商务英语函电的平台，不但能节省大量的人力，物力，财力让你找到满意合作伙伴，也可以大大的拓宽你的选择范围，进一步寻找潜在客户。商务英语函电在洽谈过程中也起着重要的作用，他可以跨越传统的面对面洽谈的限制，在获得大量信息的情况下，还能提供更多更方便的异地洽谈方式。 商务英语函电在对外贸易中第三个重要性主要是在它使对外贸易双方更加方便的保持联络与沟通感情，促进双方得后续合作甚至长期合作。对外贸易过程中，买卖双方肯定不会只想仅仅只合作一次，甚至于双方特别互相认可的话，是容易发展长期的战略合作伙伴的，而商务英语函电就提供了这样一个长期交流的机会，商务英语函电能让交易双方能在最快的时间内进行信息与意见的交流，能在第一时间获知对方的需求，不管你在任何地方，任何时 1
模糊语言语用功能
模糊语言的语用功能探析 摘要：语言的模糊性是人类自然语言的本质特征之一。模糊语言，是指语言表达式所呈现出的不精确现象，或指带有模糊性的自然语言。语言作为思维的载体、客观世界的表现形式，不可避免地具有模糊性。本文从模糊语言的含糊功能、委婉功能、礼貌功能和缓和功能四个方面进行研究，这对如何正确地理解和使用模糊语言，成功地进行言语交际具有十分重要的意义。 关键词：模糊语言；语用功能；模糊性 一、引言 模糊语言研究是在美国学者查德（ lofti zadeh，1965）的模糊集理论（ fuzzy-set theory ）基础上发展起来的一个新兴的语言研究领域。自20 世纪90 年代以来，模糊语言学作为研究模糊语言的主要学科引起语言学界的广泛关注[1]。著名的语言学家汤姆斯（j. thomas）认为，语言模糊指的是说话人在特定语境或上下文中使用不确定的、模糊的或间接的话语向听话人同时表达数种言外之意的现象。王希杰在他的著作中也提到，说出来的话或写出来的文章有两种以上解释的可能性，这便是模糊语言。归根到底，模糊语言的含义不够细致精确，让听话人产生两种或两种以上的联想和推测[2]。模糊语言主要是指带有模糊性的自然语言，或指语言表达式所呈现出的不精确现象。在交际中，语言有时虽然是模糊的，但它并不影响有效的交际，其丰富的语义内涵和语用功能往往可起到精确语言所不能及的表达效果。
二、模糊语言的语用功能 语言的模糊性并不会妨碍交际，事实上，日常的言语交际中，需要大量的模糊词语，正如波兰语义学家沙夫指出：“交际需要词语的模糊性，这听来似乎是奇怪的。但是，假如我们通过约定的方法完全消除了词语的模糊性，那么，我们就会受到如此大的限制，而结果就摧毁了语言的目的，人的交际很难进行，因为我们用以相互交际的那种工具遭了损害（《语义引论》中文本： 355）” [3]。事实上，语言的模糊性并不影响人与人的信息交流，恰恰相反，正是这种模糊性在交际中起到了积极作用，使得自然语言更具有表现力。所以，模糊语言具有含蓄、委婉、礼貌和缓和等语用功能。 （一）含蓄功能 在人们的日常交际中，语言并不一定是越精确越好，有时也需要使用模糊语言。模棱两可的词句可作多种解释，具有较大的灵活性和开放性，使说话人处于相对有利的交际地位[4]。有时候出于面子的考虑，说话人会使用概括或笼统的说法，其中最典型的就是当别人问起工资时，一些人会将不足1500 元（如1457 元）的工资说成1500 元，这种笼统的说法既可照顾到说话人的面子，又可使表达较为简约。如： a： does mary still study in the school？ b： i am glad to tell you that mary has just received a degree.
[幽默在英语课堂教学中的运用] 英语课堂小游戏
在英语教学过程中，作为教育者的我们经常会发现，在课堂中，我们已经将许多的教学知识点、语言点、语法规则详尽地教给了学生，但很难达到我们想要的效果。究其原因，是因为学生很难记住这些不是本族语言的东西。 我们如何才能让学生对所教授的知识点留下深刻的印象呢？在教学中，许多教师都试着用平时收集的英语幽默笑话、妙趣句子或者有趣的谜语来讲授英语中某些语言现象，这样不仅能让学生提高学习英语的兴趣，还能让他们对所涉及的语言点有比较透彻的了解和掌握，收到事半功倍的教学效果。笔者将从以下几方面进行分析。 一、一词多义在幽默中的体现 英语中，许多词有一词多义的现象，如果学生不记住单词的多种意思，在做词义猜测题的时候常常会卡壳，不清楚与上下文最贴切的意思。 如在教授saw这个词的时候，我们知道，saw是see的过去式和过去分词，但是它还有另外的意思。及物动词 vt. 锯;锯开;锯成。The dead branches were sawed off. 枯枝被锯掉了。拉锯般来回移动;拉(曲调)。不及物动词 vi.用锯,拉锯;锯开。名词 n. 锯子;锯条。锯齿状部。在教学中，如果我们只是一味地叫学生呆板地记忆这些意思，学生多半会忘记。其实我们使用一句幽默的话，就可以帮助学生掌握这个词了。让学生猜这句话的意思I saw a saw saw a saw.随后我们可以告知学生，这句话里面的几个saw有着不同的意思或词性。解释这句话的意思我看见一把锯子锯了另一把锯子。这样学生就可以很清楚地了解这个词的用法了。为了加深印象，可以让学生多次大声诵读这个句子。 还有，英语单词大都多“性”多“义”。让学生孤立地记忆，远不及让学生记住一些有趣味的英语句子。例如 “Would the person who took the step ladder yesterday kindly bring it back or further steps will be taken.” （昨天拿走梯子的人请速归还，否则主人将采取进一步措施。） 句中采用了step的不同意思，让学生们记忆深刻。 二、用幽默说明英美语言表达上的差异 在英语某些短语的教学中，可以用一些幽默笑话让学生在轻松搞笑中掌握短语的不同意思。比如向学生讲授英美两个国家对于“第一层楼”的表达的时候，我们可以选用这样的笑话 某饭店男厕所在第一层，女厕所在第二层。 American woman: Where is the toilet? Chinese clerk: On the second floor.
商务英语信函特点及翻译
全日制英语学习，选择尚语国际语言村https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f48613899.html, 随着全球商务活动日益频繁，互联网迅猛发展，商务信函成为国际贸易中客户沟通的主要方式，广泛运用于外贸、海外资本运营、国际货运等商务活动。它涵盖询问、洽谈、答复，涉及到询盘、报盘、发盘、还盘、交易达成、支付方式、装运等业务细节，是商务活动中不可或缺的沟通媒介，高质量的商务英语信函翻译对国际商务活动的重要性不言而喻。 一、商务信函的语言特点 与其他文体相比，商务信函具有商务文体正式、简洁、专业、礼貌等特点。 (一)正式。商务信函是公文性质函件，用词布局上比普通信函讲究，较多使用书面语。如请您给我发送一份申请表格，在此表示感谢。一般使用We would be grateful if you could send me an application form。而不使用Could you send me an application form? Thank you!。文体布局上商务信函也比一般信函严谨规范，有其特定布局结构。如道歉信通常开头致歉(We must apologize for …/We apologize for…)，接下来解释事情发生的原因，寻求对方谅解(this is owing to…)，在结尾处再次致歉(We hope that this has not caused you any inconvenience./With apologies once again.)一般道歉信都会遵循这样层层递进的规范布局，翻译时也要注意符合其布局。 (二)简洁。商务人士求实重效率。商务信函必须言简意赅，目的突出，层次分明。一般信件开头就说明来意，如：We are writing to enquire about the prices of your cabinets/ we are writing in connection with the advertisement in the newspaper yesterday. 如果开头东拉西扯，会使繁忙的商务人士无暇向下，不明所以。此外信件中措辞也较少使用冗繁的词语句式。例：Please contact us whenever we can be helpful. (如需帮助请告知)而一般不会使用Whenever there is anything we can be of assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us。 (三)专业。商务信函用于业内往来，广泛使用商业术语和缩略语，包括外贸业务术语、公司名称及单证等，规范程度很高。常见如外贸术语CIF(Cost, Insurance and Freight) 成本、运费加保险价，FCA(Free carrier)货交承运人，B/L(Bill of Loading)运输单等在信函中都大量使用。此外商务信函也常使用here，where, there 与in, by, with, after 等构成复合词如hereafter(after this),wherein (in which) therefrom (from that)。如：Seller is bound to reimburse Buyer for any loss sustained therefrom. 长期的商务书信交流中逐步形成了商务英语信函句式的套语和行话。如：收到对方询盘的套话：Thank you for your letter of 23 July, asking if we sell photocopiers.希望得到对方回函、订单时的套话：Looking forward to your favorable /early reply. (四)礼貌。西方人交往中非常重视态度，商务信函应礼貌友好，礼貌可以使对方阅读后心生好感，从而保持友好贸易关系。在信函中采用“You attitude”，从对方角度考虑问题，较多使用第二人称，较少使用
商务英语信函中模糊语言的积极功效
从顺应理论角度探讨商务英语信函中模糊语言的积极功效Analysis of the Positive Functions of Vague Language in English Business Correspondencefrom the Perspective of Adaptation Theory 邱志华1，江玉超1，朱小玉2( 1．南昌航空大学国际教育学院，江西南昌330063; 2．江西农业大学外国语学院，江西南昌330045) 摘要:模糊语言在商务英语信函中是一种常见的语言现象，它的使用是对实际商贸需要的顺应。采用Verschueren 的顺应理论对商务英语信函中的模糊语言现象进行顺应性解释，并以顺应理论为框架，探讨模糊语言在商务英语信函中所起到的积极功效。 关键词:商务英语信函; 模糊语言; 顺应理论; 积极功效 在国际商务交际中，大量的业务磋商和市场信息都是通过信函来实现的。作为贸易双方商业交易的凭证性文件，商务信函直接关系着双方的切身利益，因此，商务信函的语言一贯力求精确、严谨，在商务英语信函中似乎不能用模糊语言，避免因语言模棱两可造成的经济损失。然而，在实际的商务交际中，模糊语言却比比皆是。在特定的商务语境中，人们常常使用模糊语言，以便在不明确之中准确诠释自己的动机，实现预期的交际目的。模糊语言是一种内涵丰富、中心意义明确但又缺乏清晰范围边界的语言表达形式。［1］它有广义与狭义之分。所谓的广义模糊语言，是指语言中的模糊性; 而狭义的模糊语言则指具体的模糊词语或模糊结构，本文侧重研究狭义的模糊语言。在商务英语信函中，模糊语言在很大程度上提高了语言表达的礼貌性和得体性，“使商务交流更具灵活性、外交性和策略性”。［2］而模糊语言这些强大的语用功能则往往是对商务交际中写信人交际动机的顺应。本文拟从顺应理论的角度探讨商务英语信函中模糊语言的积极语用功效。 一、顺应理论概要 1999 年国际语用学会秘书长Verschueren 在其新著《Understanding Pragmatics》中提出了顺应理论。该理论认为，“语言的使用过程就是不断地对语言形式和策略作出选择的过程”。［3］与语言选择形影不离的是语言的顺应。选择是手段，顺应是目的和结果。人类之所以能够在语言使用过程中不断作出选择，是因为语言具有互相联系不可分割的变异性、商讨性和顺应性三大特征。变异性是指语言具有一系列可供选择的可能性; 商讨性是指语言选择在高度灵活的语用原则和语用策略的基础上完成的; 顺应性是指语言使用者能从可供选择的不同语言项目中作出灵活的选择，从而满足交际的需要。交际者为了达到交际目的，要不断地对语言内部、外部各种因素进行顺应。 二、模糊语言在商务英语信函中的表现形式 在商务英语信函中，模糊语言被广泛应用。最常用、最典型的模糊语言主要体现于模糊词与结构型模糊语言的使用。模糊词是指词汇意义或语义边界模糊的词。结构型模糊语言是信函书写者为了语言表达的委婉含蓄而构成的句型，主要包括被动结构和否定结构。 (一)模糊词 模糊词主要包括以下几种: ( 1) 词义界限模糊的名词，常见颜色词和表时间概念的词，如evening 和night。( 2) 表示程度的形容词，如hotdeep，beautiful，good，excellent 等。( 3) 数量词，如several，tens of thousands 等。模糊限制语。其中，模糊限制语在商务英语信函中最为常用。模糊限制语是一些“把事物弄得模模糊糊的词语”。［4］模糊限制语能够就话语的真实程度或者就其涉及的范围对话语的内容进行修正，也可表明发话者对话语内容所作的直接主观测度，或者提出客观依据，对话语作出间接的评估。常用的模糊限制语有sort of，really，to some extent，roughly，approximately，about 等。
商务英语信函类型
12种功能性商务英语信函范文 商务英语信函范文--介绍信 商务英语信函范文--约定 商务英语信函范文--通知与确认 商务英语信函范文--告示 商务英语信函范文--咨询 商务英语信函范文--提示 商务英语信函范文--道歉与解释 商务英语信函范文--感谢信 商务英语信函范文--祝贺信 商务英语信函范文--邀请与答复 商务英语信函范文--宣布访问 商务英语信函范文--活动安排 商务英语信函范文--介绍信 实例之一： Dear Mr. / Ms., This is to introduce Mr. Frank Jones, our new marketing specialist who will be in London from April 5 to mid April on business. We shall appreciate any help you can give Mr. Jones and will always be happy to reciprocate. Yours faithfully 尊敬的先生/小姐， 现向您推荐我们的市场专家弗兰克·琼斯先生。他将因公务在四月15日到四月中旬期间停留伦敦。 我们将非常感谢您向琼斯先生提供的任何帮助，并非常高兴施以回报。 您诚挚的 实例之二： Dear Mr. / Ms,
We are pleased to introduce Mr. Wang You, our import manager of Textiles Department. Mr. Wang is spending three weeks in your city to develop our business with chief manufactures and to make purchases of decorative fabrics for the coming season. We shall be most grateful if you will introduce him to reliable manufacturers and give him any help or advice he may need. Yours faithfully 尊敬的先生/小姐， 我们非常高兴向您介绍我们纺织部的进口经理王有先生。王先生将在你市度过三周，他要与主要的生产厂家拓展商务并为下一季度采购装饰织品。 如能介绍他给可靠的生产厂家，向他提供所需的任何帮助或建议，我们将不胜感谢。 您诚挚的 商务英语信函范文--约定 实例之一： Dear Mr./Ms, Mr. John Green, our General Manager, will be in Paris from June 2 to 7 and would like to come and see you, say, on June 3 at 2.00 p.m. about the opening of a sample room there.Please let us know if the time is convenient for you. If not, what time you would suggest. Yours faithfully, 尊敬的先生/小姐 我们的总经理约翰格林将于六月2日到7日在巴黎，有关在那开样品房的事宜，他会于六月3日下午2：00点拜访您。 请告知这个时间对您是否方便。如不方便，请建议具体时间。 您诚挚的 < 以下为回信范文> Dear Mr. / Ms, Thank you for your letter informing us of Mr. Green’s visit during June 2-7. Unfortunately, Mr. Edwards, our manager, is now in Cairo and will not be back until the second half of June. He would, however, be pleased to see Mr. Green any time after his return. We look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, 尊敬的先生/小姐
模糊语言的产生及语用功能
模糊语言的产生及语用功能 模糊语言广泛存在于言语交际之中，本文结合会话原则中的违反合作原则的情形探讨模糊语言的产生，并进一步分析模糊语言的语用功能，即模糊语言会给人以意境美的感受。 标签：模糊语言合作原则审美特征违反 一、模糊语言的定义 Piece通常被认为是模糊语的最早提出者（Joanna Channell，2000：7）。Piece （1902）认为：“当事物出现几种可能状态时，尽管说话人对这些状态进行了仔细的考虑，实际上仍然不能确定是把这些状态排除于某个命题之外还是属于这个命题，这时候，这个命题就是模糊的。”Linda Claire Burns（1991）也从正反两方面给模糊下了定义，她认为“非模糊词就是有明确界限的词，它能区分物体能否被包含在这个词的所指范围内，但是如果一个词的正确定义允许难以确定的模棱两可的情形出现，那么这个词便是模糊的。”英国哲学家罗素（Bertrand Russell）在《论模糊性》一文中明确指出“整个语言或多或少是模糊的”。语言学家索绪尔、萨丕尔、布龙菲尔德等也对语言的模糊现象发表过许多精辟的见解。模糊语言有广义和狭义之分（陈治安、文旭，1996），所谓广义的模糊语言是指语言的模糊性。Schaf（1960）也指出：“一种语言如果完全没有模糊性，该语言将是枯燥乏味的。言语交际中的语用模糊现象十分普遍（Foolen，1991；Thomas，1995；俞东明，1997；Franken，1997；Zhang，1998；Fredsted，1998），人们经常使用模糊限制语（hedges）。根据Lakoff（1972）的定义，模糊限制语就是指一些把事情弄得模模糊糊的词语。 二、合作原则违反与语用模糊分析 美国哲学家Grice在《逻辑与会话》（1967）中提出合作原则。Grice认为，在所有的言语交际活动中，为了达到特定的目标，说话人和听话人之间存在一种默契，一种双方都应该遵守的原则，为了交际需要，双方都应共同遵守这些基本原则。 合作原则包含四条准则：数量准则，使自己所说的话达到（交谈的现时目的）所要求的详尽程度；强调语言表达的充分性。不能使自己说的话比要求的更详尽。也就是不能出现语言冗余。质量准则，规定说话的真实性。关联准则规定说话要贴切、切题。方式准则规定不用语义含糊的词语，避免晦涩、赘述和歧义；说话要简明有条理。 合作原则通常被认为是言语交际中的基本原则。一般来说，人们在言语交际中都只因有了合作的愿望才将交际顺利进行下去，即人们在交际中通常都是遵守合作原则的。但不可否认，在交际中有很多情形是违反合作原则的。在此我们要探讨的问题是违反合作原则所产生的语用模糊现象。Grice曾经解释人们在交际
商务英语信函写作
1.Utilize common and reasonable international practices in a flexible way. 灵活运用通行的合理的国际惯例 2.Be enclosed for your reference.随函附上，供参考 3.Enclose our illustrated catalog and price list giving the details you ask for. 随函附上目录和价格明细单 4.Excellent in quality and reasonable in price. 5.On regular purchase in quantities of not less than five gross of individual items we would allow you a discount of 2%. 若每项货品不少于五箩的话，我们可以给2%的回扣。 6.Payment is to be made by irrecoverable L/C at sight.付款是凭不可撤销的即期信用证支付。 7.But if you place your order not later than the end of this month, we would ensure prompt shipment.但是，若你方订货不迟于本月底，我方保证即期装运。 8.We look forward to your early reply.早复为盼。 9.We are in receipt of your order of the 21st March, which has been immediately booked for delivery at the time you stated.你方3月21日订单收到并立即定妥，将按规定的日期交货。10.Enclosed is a sample of a similar cloth, of exactly the same color, which we have in stock.随函附寄同类布料的剪样，颜色完全相同，并备有现货。 11.You have not instructed us as to the shipping of these goods, nor as to how you wish them packed.你方尚未通告我方货物的发运和包装事宜。 12.If you prefer to leave this to us we will act to best of your interest, but if you have any special preference in this matter we should be glad if you would inform us as early as possible.倘若你方愿意由我方决定，我方将尽全力考虑你方的利益。但若你方对此有特殊要求，望你方尽早通知。 13.Although our usual price is two cents per yard more than that for M3, we are prepared to quota it at the same price. Please state by return whether we may substitute this cloth for M3.虽然我们的价格比M3每码高出2美分，但是我方愿报与之相同的价格。请速说明我方是否可用此料代替M3。 14.We sincerely hope to establish business relations with your company so as to promote trade between our two countries.我们切盼与贵公司建立贸易关系，发展我们两国之间的贸易。15.While quoting, please state the earliest shipment and quantity available.报价时请说明最早交货期和可供数量。 16.Quotation: mainly consisted by unit price, period of shipment. It is a kind of reference price, changeable, non-binding. 主要包括单价、装期，是一种参考价格，可变动，无约束力。 Offer: it concludes price, quantity, period of shipment, terms of payment and validity date of quotation. 除了价格之外还包括数量、装期、付款方式和报价的有效期。一般firm order（不可撤销的发价或实盘）在卖方接受后，卖方不能变动。 17.Re: Claim on Machine Tools 事由：机床索赔 18.Re: Catalog and Price List 事由：目录和价格明细单 19.Documents against acceptance 承兑交单Documents against payment 付款交单 1. Your firm has been recommended to us by the Chamber of Commerce in Seoul, Korea, which told us that you export Chinese textiles and cotton goods. Our company is specialized in handling the import business of textiles and we wish to establish business relations with you.韩国汉城商会将贵公司推荐给我们，并告知你们出口中国纺织品和棉织品。我公司专营纺织品的进口业务，希望与贵方建立商业往来。 2. We are enclosing herewith a booklet of our products. As soon as we have received your inquiry,