跨文化交际 期末考试
名词解释
Unit 1:
Economic globalization: the integration of national economic into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
*Barter system: farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.
Global village: all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the internet.
Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.
Cultural diversity: the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.
Communication: meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part to share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
Intercultural communication:communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol systems are distinct enough alter the communication event
Components of Communication：
①Source: The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
②Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.
③Message: The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process ,the verb; the message is the resulting object.
④Channel:The term channel is used technical to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
⑤Noise: The term noise technically refers to anything that the message the source encodes.
⑥Receiver: The receiver is the person who attends to the message.
⑦Decoding:The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.
⑧Receiver response: It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.
⑨Feedback:Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
10．Context: The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes places and which helps define the communication.
Pragmatics: the study of effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics: the study of the meaning of words.
Denotation:the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.
Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word. the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.
Taboo:some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.
Euphemism: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
Unit 5:
Chronemics: the study of how people perceive and use time.
Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
Polychromic time: being involved with many things at once.
Proxemics: the perception and use of space.
Kinetics: the study of body language.
Paralanguage:involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication.
Unit 9:
A planetary culture: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism.
Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.
case
Unit1
1.What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village?
1）Convenient transportation systems 2）Innovation communication systems
3）Economic globalization 4）Widespread migrations
2.What are the three aspects where the cultural differences exist?
The three aspects where the cultural differences exist are:
1)the material and spiritual products people produce
2)What they do
3)What they think
3.What are the three ingredients of culture?
1. Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)
2. behavior (what they do)
3. concepts (beliefs, values, world views…) (what they think)
4.How to understand cultural iceberg?
What we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg, which refers to something changing more rapidly such as clothing, language, gestures etc.
The majority of the iceberg is intangible and beyond sight, which refers to something deeply rooted and hard to change such as belief, interpersonal relationship, values, etc.
5.What are the characteristic of culture?
Culture is shared, learned, dynamic and ethnocentric.Enculturation
6.What are the characteristic of communication?
Communication is dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic, transactional and contextual.
Unit 2-4
7.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?
The Americans tend to address only with given names while the Chinese may use the full name. Even when the full names are used in some formal accessions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite.
Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.
The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used.
8.How is the Chinese writing style different from the American style?
The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre.’ The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly.
In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing with the factual-inductive pattern. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay.
9.What are the social functions of compliments?
Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment.
Unit 5
10. What are the different features of M-time and P-time?
M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.
Unit 6
11. How is gender different from sex?
Sex: biological、permanent、with an individual property.
Gender: socially-constructed、varied over time and across cultures、with a social and relational quality.
12.What has influenced the gender socialization?
According to researchers,there are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children, and recreational interaction among children.
13. What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication?
1) Suspend judgement; 2) Recognize the validity of different communication styles;
3) Provide translation cues. 4) Seek translation cues.
5) Enlarge your own communication style. 6) Suspend judgement
Unit 9
14.What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck? （ppt中的补充内容）
As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.
As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group.)
期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案
中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试 英语专业跨文化交际试题 注意事项 一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。 二、仔细阅读题目的说明，并按题目要求答题。答案一定要写在答题纸指定的位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。 三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。 Information for the Examinees： This examination consists of FOUR sections．These are： Section I：Listening(20 points，30 minutes) Section II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy(30 points，20 minutes) SectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension(20 points，30 minutes) Section lV：Communication Analysis(30 points，40 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points．Time allowed for competing this examination is 2 hours(1 20 minutes)allowed for completing this examination is hours (120 minutes)． Section I：Listening [20 points] You are going to listen to an interview．Then choose the best answer from A，B，C and D to answer each question．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet． 1．Concerning the issue of maternity，what ideas prevail among Chinese women? A．The modern concept． B．The traditional concept． C．The responsibility to the society．’ D．The responsibility to the family． 2．According to the passage，raising children——． A．is an unbearable burden to women B．is a significant part of a woman’s life C．is the permanent task of women D is the task 0f both a man and a woman 3．Giving birth ． A．brings great pleasure to women B．differs men from women physically and spiritually C．makes the women’s life complete D．all the above 4．Those oppose giving birth think that ． A．giving birth is something rather primitive
跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理
第一章跨文化语言交际概述 第一节文化、语言和交际 一、关于文化的概念 （一）文化的内涵和特性 1、关于文化的内涵 概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。” 2、关于文化的特性 （1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。 （2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。 （3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。 （4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。 （5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。 （6）文化和交际具有同一性。 （7）文化是动态多变的。 （8）文化具有选择性。 （9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。 （10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。 （二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化 1、文化定势和群体文化 世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。 2、亚文化与亚群体 在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。 二、关于语言的概念 （一）语言是交际工具 1、交际媒介 言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。 2、符号功能 符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。符号由两个要素构成：一个是形式，必须是人们可感知的途径，如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等；另一个是意义，即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。形式和意义结合，就成了“符号”。人类语言是一种有声语言，用声音形式来表示意义，通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。 （二）语言是思维工具 “思维”和“思想”不完全相同：思维是人们认识现实世界的过程；而思想是人们对现实世
新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s soci al and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.
大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案完整版
期末考试范围 ? 1. 阅读理解2篇（20%） ? 2. 选词填空：15个句子（15个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。（15%） ?eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. ? 3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions和case study( 课内或者稍微改动的）。（25%） 4. 实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%） 5. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论 （comment)。（30%） 如: 说给一个关于教育的话题（文化现象），我们要用所学的中 美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。 价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等 篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 A Unit10 B Unit1 A Key concepts reservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的 humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神 Q1、what is a reserved person like? Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen? Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship. Q3、what is sportsmanship? Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while al so showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. Case study Q、What made the British feel quite unhappy in this situation?
跨文化交际试题 附答案
《跨文化交际》试题（附答案） Paper 1 Communication Analysis ? The following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.? ? Question 1 Case 1: Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant. Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it! Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.? ? Question 2 Case 2: Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory. Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong! Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job. Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure. Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music. Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment. Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game. Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment! Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.? ? Question 3 Case 3: This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.
跨文化交际(英文版)
Cross –cultural communication Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social s A social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in
跨文化交际 期末复习资料
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
新编跨文化交际英语教程单元知识点梳理
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures need for intercultural communication: New technology; Innovative communication system; Globalization of the economy; Changes in immigration patterns major socio-cultural elements influence communication are: cultural values; worldview(religion); social organization(family and state). behavior: gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch (Chinese people are reluctant to express their disproval openly for fear of making others lose face.) 4. Six stumbling blocks in Intercultural communication (1)Assumption of similarities (2)Language differences (3)Nonverbal misinterpretations (4)Preconception and stereotypes先入之见刻板印象 (5)Tendency to evaluate (6)High anxiety Unit 2 Culture and Communication 1.Characteristics of Culture: Culture is learned; Culture is a set
跨文化交际重点梳理.docx
重点 1 Definition of culture Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people. 重点 2 Characteristics of culture(10) 1、Culture is shared Culture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society. It is not property of any individual. 2、culture is cumulative Human beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations. Every generations can discover the new things. The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations. 3、culture is learned Culture is not inherent with any people. Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from
英语专业跨文化交际考试复习题名词解释
英语专业跨文化交际考试复习题名词解释 Culture：is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. culture ：what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them. high-context culture：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. Linguistic determinist is that language structure controls thought and cultural norms. Linguistic relativity holds that culture is controlled by and controls language. verbal communication ：communication done both orally and in written language nonverbal communication ：involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver. Individual Culture：Individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings. collectivist culture：Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective. Paralanguage refers to the rate ,pitch and volume qualities of the voice,which interrupt or temporarily take the place of speech and affect the meaning of a message. monochronic time (M Time)：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future. polychronic time (P Time)：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them. ethnocentrism ：the vie w of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and subdivisions serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity. It refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. stereotypes ：a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people. stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership. prejudice ：It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards
跨文化交际要点整理
1. Culture: All the material and spiritual things created by man. 2. Communication: Transmission of information/feelings between a sender and a receiver. 3. Intercultural/Cross-cultural communication: Communication between people of any two different cultures between countries or within a country. 4. Intercultural communication: Usually communication between members of the same culture. 5. Intercultural (communicative) competence: Knowledge, attitudes and ability / skills required for intercultural communication. 6. Racial, ethnic, international communication: Communication between races, ethnic groups or nations. 7. Contact, encounter, interaction, exchange, dialog, negotiation, etc. Culture The total sum of material and spiritual wealth created by the mankind in the process of the social and historical development, especially literature, art, science, technology, architecture, education, traditions and customs, etc. Characteristics of culture: (1) Culture is learned: (2) Culture is dynamic and adaptive: (3) Culture is pervasive (传遍): (4) Culture is interrelated: Spring Festival (5) Culture is largely invisible: (6) Culture is ethnocentric:种族优越感 Cultural identity:One’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. intercultural identity：One’s sense of belonging to more than one particular culture or ethnic group in an intercultural situation. Types of intercultural identity /acculturation (1) Assimilation 融入型: Breaking away from one’s ethnic culture and trying to identify with the dominant culture; (2) Integration 融合型: Maintaining contact with the dominant culture while retaining the core values of one’s ethnic culture; (3) Separation 分离型: Adhering to one’s ethnic culture and shunning the dominant culture in the foreign environment; (4) Marginalization 边缘型: Alienated from and unidentified with either one’s ethnic culture or the dominant culture. Communication: Transmission of information between a sender and a receiver. Ingredients/process of communication: Source：The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding：Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message：The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel：The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print,