文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 制药工程专业英语9单元课文翻译

制药工程专业英语9单元课文翻译

制药工程专业英语9单元课文翻译
制药工程专业英语9单元课文翻译

Thoughout recorded纵观历史记载,细菌感染的人口定期付出沉重的收费。鼠疫菌的“黑死病”鼠疫的1347-1351期间,估计有25万人在亚洲和欧洲死亡。美国公共卫生服务统计为1910年和1920年的节目,在这个早在本世纪结核病死亡每1000名美国居民中的一个。即使在今天,主要是在发展中国家,结核分枝杆菌仍然是主要死亡原因由于在单染性病,全世界每年杀害超过三百万

Such 整个脊椎动物进化过程中的这种不懈的微生物攻击,挑起了一个令人惊讶的复杂的保护性免疫系统的进化。随着人类的外观,最终到达一个物种可以设法协助先天和后天免疫系统,避免感染。通过利用微生物的抗原成分(疫苗和马血清抗毒素的产生),然后微生物次生代谢产物(抗生素),已成为人类善于预防和治疗许多以前致命的微生物疾病。

Within 在短短的几十年,抗感染药药典的可用性突然提供了人类的潜力,以提高他们的生存前景下不断微生物拦河坝规避自然的经过时间考验的,活的或死的进化范式。那些以前会屈服于成员现在可以存活时间较长的疫苗和抗生素的帮助助剂 - 抗感染免疫系统一起工作。实际上,人类对这些助剂的就业可以作为例证在他们的免疫防御系统的自我做作的演变看。

Once 当爵士亚历山大·弗莱明发现青霉素的效用已经证明,从发掘出的天然来源的其他抗生素乱舞紧随其后。其中一些被证明适用于治疗疾病,通常经过化学改性,以提高天然化合物的效力,安全性或药代动力学

Alpha

For 对于大多数在过去50年中,看来,医学获得了强大的手上的细菌病。某些制药厂和研发机构决定减少对抗生素的发现成果,因为它的出现,医生的抗菌军火库是充足。但疾病的性质已经证明并非如此。

The 在多种抗生素耐药病原体的发病率迅速升级现在提高全球非常严重的问题。这种发展突出了强大的进化能力的细菌种群的选择压力下的抗生素治疗。

Resistance 抗药性问题被视为与革兰氏阴性(例如大肠杆菌)和革兰氏阳性菌(如金黄色葡萄球菌),但目前关注的最后一组的病原体。肺炎链球菌是呼吸道革兰氏阳性病原体,仅在美国一年的40000人死亡负责。,现在在许多国家,耐青霉素肺炎链球菌感染的患病率迅速上升。最糟的情况之一是在匈牙利,其中70%,从1988-1989年测试的儿童肺炎链球菌菌株对青霉素耐药

Bacteria细菌已经进化无数花招挫败抗生素的行动, 他们停用抗生素水解,酰化,磷酸化,或者核苷酸化反应;改变抗生素的目标站点或减少细胞内药物浓度降低细胞膜的通透性和/或积极抽水细胞的药物。with通过分子生物学和生物化学技术,这些耐药机制的认识提高,药物化学家一直试图绕过一些阻力问题提供目标。

A predominant针对内酰胺类药物的主要耐药机制(如青霉素),涉及内酰胺环的酶裂解。While 虽然药物甲氧苯青霉素的开发,因为在1961年,短短两年后,药物首先到了广泛使用。MRSA 菌株进化,使他们有一个额外的药物靶蛋白参与细胞壁合成,并改变这种蛋白具有非常低的亲和力几乎所有内酰胺。在一些医院,TO更的是,大多数MRSA菌株也有许多其他类抗生素

耐药,糖万古霉素的异常。Now现在世界各地,MRSA菌株日本很成问题(60%的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株MRSA),以及西班牙,法国,意大利和美国,与发病率大于30%

A particularly一个特别令人不安的里程碑是1988年耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)的出现。some 一些抗万古霉素肠球菌现在不回应任何可用抗生素。肠球菌已成为最经常遇到的第二医院获得性病原体分离。抗万古霉素产生,因为1D-丙氨酸-e-乳酸渣(其中万古霉素结合知之甚少)已被通常在涉及细菌的细胞墙1五肽前体的终点,D-丙氨酸-e-丙氨酸残基取代合成

There 在抗万古霉素肠球菌糖肽类如万古霉素抗性基因,将自然转移到金黄色葡萄球菌,已经实验证明可行威廉高贵圣托马斯医院,伦敦现在有一个极大的关注。作为万古霉素是治疗MRSA感染这种致命的病原体,抗万古霉素的自然预期收购不得已的药物会导致发人深省的回报预先抗生素治疗失败的时代,应该没有备用的有效疗法可用

Conclusions结论

人类使用抗生素迅速加快了人类和细菌之间的动态演化的相互作用。The新制剂,最近在多药耐药的革兰氏阳性细菌感染的迅速崛起,全世界敲响了一个响亮的电气警笛需要新的,有效的治疗方法,这里可以提供翻新阿森纳的医生。

The discovery细菌通过基因组学研究新的药物靶标,以及改善我们了解细菌耐药性机制的发现,按住发现多药耐药细菌感染治疗的新手段的承诺。给予足够的时间,细菌会最终是能够开发任何新的抗菌剂的阻力。这些药物可以通过一种新的机制攻击病原体有可能降低快速耐药性的发展的倾向。

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能,对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学;研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用,并牵动骨胳肌,引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一,有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙,里面充填着骨髓,这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动,是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动,如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动,如肘关节;或是绕轴心旋转运动,如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里,大辐度的运动(如肩关节、髋关节)即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来,也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成,然后不断生长、

制药工程专业英语课文翻译

Unit 1 Production of Drugs About 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms,but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered,however,that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use;some 50,000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from户lactams alone in the last decade. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates,e. g. molasses,saccharides,and glucose. Additionally the microorganisms must be supplied in the growth medium with nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonium sulfate,ammonia,or urea,as well as with inorganic phosphates. Furthermore,constant optimal pH and temperature are required. In the case of penicillin G,the fermentation is finished after 200 hours,and the cell mass is separated by filtration. The desired active agents are isolated from the filtrate by absorption or extraction processes. The cell mass,if not the desired product,can be further used as an animal feedstuff owing to its high protein content. 关于5000抗生素已经分离出的微生物,但其中只有不到100有些治疗使用。必须记住,但是,许多衍生工具已被用于治疗使用部分合成修改;约50,000剂已被semisynthetically取得户内酰胺在过去十年孤独。发酵都是在不锈钢发酵罐出来的量高达400立方米。为了避免与噬菌体等微生物污染的全过程都必须在无菌条件下进行。由于更重要的发酵只发生在有氧条件下的氧气或空气好电源(无菌)是必要的。二氧化碳的来源包括碳水化合物,大肠杆菌克糖蜜,糖和葡萄糖。另外必须提供的微生物在与含氮如硫酸铵,氨水或尿素化合物生长介质,以及与无机磷酸盐。此外,不断最适pH和温度是必需的。在青霉素G的情况下,发酵完成200小时后,细胞的质量是由过滤分离。所需的活性剂是隔离的滤液吸收或提取工艺。大规模的细胞,如果不理想的产品,可进一步用作动物,由于其蛋白质含量高的饲料。 By modern recombinant techniques microorganisms have been obtained which also allow production of peptides which were not encoded in the original genes. Modified E. coli bacteria make it thus possible to produce A- and B- chains of human insulin or proinsulin analogs. The disulfide bridges are formed selectively after isolation,and the final purification is effected by chromatographic procedures. In this way human insulin is obtained totally independently from any pancreatic material taken from animals. Other important peptides,hormones,and enzymes,such as human growth hormone (HGH),neuroactive peptides,somatostatin,interferons,tissue plasminogen activator (TPA),lymphokines,calcium regulators like calmodulin,protein vaccines,as well as monoclonal antibodies used as diagnostics,are synthesized in this way. 利用现代微生物重组技术已获得这也让其中不是在原来的基因编码多肽的生产。改性大肠杆菌从而使可能产生A型和B -人胰岛素或胰岛素原类似物链。二硫键形成的选择性分离后,最终由色谱净化工序的影响。通过这种方式获得的人类胰岛素完全独立采取任何从动物胰腺材料。 其他重要肽,激素和酶,如人类生长激素(hGH),神经活性肽,生长抑素,干扰素,组织型纤溶酶原激活物(tPA),淋巴因子,如钙调节钙调蛋白,蛋白疫苗,以及作为诊断用单克隆抗体是合成了这种方式。 The enzymes or enzymatic systems which are present in a single microorganism can be used for directed stereospecific and regiospecific chemical reactions. This principle is especially useful in steroid chemistry. Here we may refer only to the microbiological 11-a- hydro xylation of progesterone to 11-a-hydroxyprogesterone,a key product used in the synthesis of cortisone. Isolated enzymes are important today not only because of the technical importance of the enzymatic saccharification of starch,and the isomerization of glucose to fructose,They are also significant in the countless test procedures used in diagnosing illness,and in enzymatic analysis which is used in the monitoring of therapy. A number of enzymes are themselves used as active ingredients. Thus preparations containing proteases (e. g. chymotrypsin,pepsin,and trypsin),amylases and lipases,mostly in combination with synthetic antacids,promote digestion. Streptokinase and urokinase are important in thrombolytics,and asparaginase is used as a cytostatic agent in the treatment of leukemia. 这些酶或微生物在一个单一的酶系统,目前可用于立体定向和regiospecific化学反应。这个原则是有用的,尤其是在化学类固醇。在这里,我们只能引用的微生物十一水电黄体酮xylation至11人羟,一个关键的产品在可的松合成。隔离酶是重要的,不仅因为淀粉的酶法糖化技术重要性的今天,和葡萄糖异构果糖,他们也都在无数次试验在诊断疾病所用的程序显着,在酶的分析,在使用监测治疗。 数量的酶本身作为活性成分。因此,含有蛋白酶制剂(如糜蛋白酶,胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶),淀粉酶和脂肪酶的合成主要是在与抗酸药相结合,促进消化。链激酶和尿激酶溶栓是重要的,是天冬酰胺酶在治疗白血病细胞生长剂。 Finally mention must be made of the important use of enzymes as `biocatalysts’in chemical reactions where their

《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译

Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇: statics [st?tiks] 静力学;dynamics动力学;constraint约束;magnetic [m?ɡ'netik]有磁性的;external [eks't?:nl] 外面的, 外部的;meshing啮合;follower从动件;magnitude ['m?ɡnitju:d] 大小;intensity强度,应力;non-coincident [k?u'insid?nt]不重合;parallel ['p?r?lel]平行;intuitive 直观的;substance物质;proportional [pr?'p?:??n?l]比例的;resist抵抗,对抗;celestial [si'lestj?l]天空的;product乘积;particle质点;elastic [i'l?stik]弹性;deformed变形的;strain拉力;uniform全都相同的;velocity[vi'l?siti]速度;scalar['skeil?]标量;vector['vekt?]矢量;displacement代替;momentum [m?u'ment?m]动量; 2、词组 make up of由……组成;if not要不,不然;even through即使,纵然; Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇: machine 机器;mechanism机构;movable活动的;given 规定的,给定的,已知的;perform执行;application 施用;produce引起,导致;stress压力;applied施加的;individual单独的;muscular ['m?skjul?]]力臂;gravity[ɡr?vti]重力;stretch伸展,拉紧,延伸;tensile[tensail]拉力;tension张力,拉力;squeeze挤;compressive 有压力的,压缩的;torsional扭转的;torque转矩;twist扭,转动;molecule [m likju:l]分子的;slide滑动; 滑行;slip滑,溜;one another 互相;shear剪切;independently独立地,自立地;beam梁;compress压;revolve (使)旋转;exert [iɡ'z?:t]用力,尽力,运用,发挥,施加;principle原则, 原理,准则,规范;spin使…旋转;screw螺丝钉;thread螺纹; 2、词组 a number of 许多;deal with 涉及,处理;result from由什么引起;prevent from阻止,防止;tends to 朝某个方向;in combination结合;fly apart飞散; 3、译文: 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面,这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时,机器就开始工作了。所以,力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动,要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种

制药工程专业英语第11单元课文中英文对照

PART 3 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY Unit 11 Tablets (The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form) Role in Therapy The oral route of drug administration is the most important method of administering drugs for systemic effects. Except in cases of Insulin therapy,the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medications. The topical route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects,with two classes of marketed products: Nitroglycerin硝酸甘油酯for the treatment of angina心绞痛and scopolamine莨菪胺for the treatment of motion sickness晕动病,指晕车、晕船等. Other drugs are certain to follow,but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action. The parenteral route of administration is important in treating medical emergencies in which a subject is comatose昏迷的or cannot swallow,and in providing various types of maintenance therapy for hospitalized patients. Nevertheless,it is probable that at least 90 % of all drugs used to produce systemic effects are administered投药,给药by the oral route. When a new drug is discovered,one of the first questions a pharmaceutical company asks is whether or not drug can be effectively administered for its intended effect by the oral route. If it cannot,the drug is primarily relegated to被降级到administration in a hospital setting or physician's office. If patient self- administration cannot be achieved,the sales of the drug constitute only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwise. Of drugs that are administered orally,solid oral dosage forms represent the preferred class of product. The reasons for this preference are as follows. Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately placed. By comparison相比之下,liquid oral dosage forms,such as syrups,suspensions,emulsions,solutions,and elixirs,are usually designed to contain one dose of medication in 5 to 30 ml. The patient is then asked to measure his or her own medication using a teaspoon, 第三部分工业药剂学 第11单元药片(医药的片剂剂型) 在治疗中的作用 口服给药途径是通过给药获得全身作用效果中最重要的方法。除了胰岛素疗法之外,肠外给药途径通常不用于(病人的)自主性用药。而局部给药途径则是在最近才被用来把药物送到体内从而产生全身作用。这种途径有两种上市产品:用于治疗心绞痛的硝酸甘油酯和用于治疗晕动病的莨菪胺。今后肯定还会有其他的药物相继出现,但是局部给药的途径在有效的药物吸收从而获得全身性药物作用方面仍有其局限性。在病人处于昏迷状态或病人不能吞咽的医疗急救处理中,肠外给药途径是很重要的,同时它也给住院的病人提供了各种不同类型的维持疗法。然而,可能至少有90%的被用于产生全身作用的药物是通过口服的途径给药的。当一种新的药物被研发出来的时候,制药公司问的第一个问题就是这种药物能否有效地通过口服给药途径来达到预期的效果。如果不能,那么这种药物就要被降级到医院或者医生的办公室里。如果病人的自主用药不能实现,那么(这种)药物的销量就会是能实现病人的自主用药的药物销量的很少一部分。在所有通过口服来给药的药物当中,固体口服制剂是(人们)偏爱的产品种类。其原因如下:药片和胶囊代表着单元剂量的形式,其中通常已经放置好了一个剂量的药物。相应地,液体口服制剂,比如说糖浆、悬浮液、乳剂、溶液和酏剂,则通常被设计成在5-30 ml (液体中)包含一个剂量的药物。病人会被要求用茶匙、调羹或其他测量装置来衡量他自己的用药量。病人自己用药时这种剂量测量方法,其误差范围通常

机械工程专业英语 翻译

2、应力和应变 在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。 有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为: (a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 (d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。 上面已经提到,作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩,也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为 应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。 如果一个杆受到轴向载荷,即是应力,那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知,产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。 一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。 从某种意义上说,拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。 当负载移除时,如果材料回复到初始的,无负载时的尺寸时,我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。 这定律服从于大部分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材料比如混凝土,木材,非铁合金。 当一个材料是弹性的时候,当载荷消除之后,任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。

医学专业英语翻译

医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下: portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机,轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管,滴酸器 portal 门,入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管,滴酸器

porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器,缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分,段,份 portligature 深部结扎器,缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子,阳向离子 position 位置,状态 positioner 定位器(牙),位置控制器

机械制造专业英语文章

机械制造专业英语文章 篇一:机械专业英语文章中英文对照 Types of Materials 材料的类型 Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials. 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为:固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。 For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. 就工业效用而言,材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。 Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product. 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。 Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc. 工程材料还能进一步细分为:①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料,等等。 Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金 Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many metals have high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility. 金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素。许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。 Some metals, such as iron, cobalt and nickel, are magnetic. At low temperatures, some metals and intermetallic compounds become superconductors. 某些金属能被磁化,例如铁、钴和镍。在极低的温度下,某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体。 What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table. Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans. 合金与纯金属的区别是什么?纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。 例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。 Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold

(完整版)医学专业英语

cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone; 骨骼系统skeletal system; 维生素吸收vitamin absorption; 骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone; 生长激素growth hormone;

机械工程专业英语施平没翻译课文补充.docx

. 4、工程机械概述 As we look around us we see a world full of“things”: machines, devices, tools; things that we have designed, built,and used; things made of wood, metals,ceramics, and plastics.We know from experience that some things are better than others;they last longer, cost less, are quieter, look better, or are easier to use. ; ; 情况 . Ideally, however, every such item has been designed according to some set of “functional requirements”as perceived by the designers—that is, it has been designed so as to answer the question,“Exactly what function should it perform?” In the world of engineering, the major function frequently is to support some type of loading due to weight, inertia, pressure, etc. 的 From the beams in our homes to the wings of an airplane, there must be an appropriate melding of materials,dimensions, and fastenings to produce structures that will perform their functions reliably for a reasonable cost over a reasonable

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档