经济学原理英文版第十四章PPT

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案8章

144 WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new In the News box on ―The Tax Debate ‖ has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how taxes reduce consumer and producer surplus. the meaning and causes of the deadweight loss from a tax. why some taxes have larger deadweight losses than others. how tax revenue and deadweight loss vary with the size of a tax. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 8 is the second chapter in a three-chapter sequence dealing with welfare economics. In the previous section on supply and demand, Chapter 6 introduced taxes and demonstrated how a tax affects the price and quantity sold in a market. Chapter 6 also described the factors that determine how the burden of the tax is divided between the buyers and sellers in a market. Chapter 7 developed welfare economics —the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapter 8 combines the lessons learned in Chapters 6 and 7 and addresses the effects of taxation on welfare. Chapter 9 will address the effects of trade restrictions on welfare. The purpose of Chapter 8 is to apply the lessons learned about welfare economics in Chapter 7 to the issue of taxation that was addressed in Chapter 6. Students will learn that the cost of a tax to buyers and sellers in a market exceeds the revenue collected by the government. Students will also learn about the factors that determine the degree by which the cost of a tax exceeds the revenue collected by the government. 8 APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案22章

WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new Case Study on Left-Digit Bias has been added and a new In the News feature on "Can Brain Science Improve Economics" has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how to examine problems caused by asymmetric information. the market solutions to asymmetric information. why democratic voting systems may not represent the preferences of society. why people may not always behave as rational maximizers. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 22 is the last chapter in the microeconomics portion of the text. It is the second of two unrelated chapters that introduce students to advanced topics in microeconomics. These two chapters are intended to whet their appetites for further study in economics. The purpose of Chapter 22 is to give students a taste of three topics on the frontier of microeconomic research. The first topic addressed is asymmetric information , a situation when one person in an economic relationship has more relevant knowledge than the other person does. The second topic is political economy , the application of economic tools to the understanding of the functioning of government. The third topic addressed is behavioral economics , the introduction of psychology into the study of economic issues. 22 FRONTIERS OF MICROECONOMICS

曼昆经济学原理英文版第11章

Examine why people tend to use common r esour ces too much Consider some of the impor tant common r esour ces in our economy Consider some of the impor tant public goods in our economy Lear n t he def ini ng characteristics of public goods and common r esour ces Examine why private markets fail to pr ovide public goods See why the cost-benefit analysis of public goods is both necessar y and dif ficult An old song lyric maintains that “the best things in life are free.” A moment’s thought reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had in mind. Na-ture provides some of them, such as rivers, mountains, beaches, lakes, and oceans.The government provides others, such as playgrounds, parks, and parades. In each case, people do not pay a fee when they choose to enjoy the benefit of the good.Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis. Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets, where buyers pay for what they receive and sellers are paid for what they provide. For these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers. When goods are available free of charge,however, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. In this chapter we examine the problems that arise for goods without market prices. Our analysis will shed light on one of the Ten Principles of Economics P U B L I C G O O D S A N D C O M M O N R E S O U R C E S 225

经济学原理名词解释(英文版)

经济学原理名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.

曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照

十大经济学原理。 曼昆在《经济学原理》一书中提出了十大经济学原理，他们分别是： 十大经济学原理一 ：人们面临权衡取舍。人们为了获得一件东西，必须放弃另一件东西。决策需要对目标进行比较。 People Face Trade offs. To get one thing, you have to give up something else. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another. 例子：这样的例子很多，典型的是在“大炮与黄油”之间的选择，军事上所占的资源越多，可供民用消费和投资的资源就会越少。同样，政府用于生产公共品的资源越多，剩下的用于生产私人品的资源就越少；我们用来消费的食品越多，则用来消费的衣服就越少；学生用于学习的时间越多，那么用于休息的时间就越少。 十大经济学原理二 ：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。决策者必须要考虑其行为的显性成本和隐性成本。 The Cost of Something is what You Give Up to Get It. Decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions. 例子：某公司决定在一个公园附近开采金矿的成本。开采者称由于公园的门票收入几乎不受影响，因此金矿开采的成本很低。但可以发现伴随着金矿开采带来的噪声、水和空气的污染、环境的恶化等，是否真的不会影响公园的风景价值？尽管货币价值成本可能会很小，但是考虑到环境和自然生态价值会丧失，因此机会成本事实上可能很大。 十大经济学原理三 ：理性人考虑边际量。理性的决策者当且仅当行动的边际收益超过边际成本时才采取行动。 Rational People Think at Margin. A rational decision-maker takes action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost. 例子：“边际量”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。例如，人在饥饿时吃一个包子的边际量（此时又叫边际效用）比在温饱时吃一个包子的边际量要大。 十大经济学原理四 ：人们会对激励作出反应。当成本或收益变动时，人们的行为也会发生变动。 People Respond to Incentives. Behavior changes when costs or benefits change. 例子：比如一个学生，如果老师在课堂上表扬了他，他会感到很高兴，然后会更加努力，也可能因受表扬而骄傲退步。 十大经济学原理五 ：交易能使每个人状况更好。交易使每个人专攻于他或她最擅长的领域。通过和他人的交易，人们可以购买更多样的产品和服务。

曼昆经济学原理第五版答案英文ch30

曼昆经济学原理第五版答案英文ch30

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. WHAT’S NEW: The section on capital flight has been updated to include Asia and Russia. The topic of “The Twin Deficits in the United States” is now briefly discussed in the main text. There is a new In the News box on “How the Chinese Help American Home Buyers.” LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how to build a model to explain an open economy’s trade balance and exchange rate. how to use the model to analyze the effects of government budget deficits. how to use the model to analyze the macroeconomic effects of trade policies. how to use the model to analyze political instability and capital flight. KEY POINTS: 1. To analyze the macroeconomics of open economies, two markets are central―the market for loanable funds and the market for foreign-currency exchange. In the market for loanable funds, the interest rate adjusts to balance the supply of loanable funds (from national saving) and the demand for loanable funds (from domestic investment and net foreign investment). In the market for foreign-currency exchange, the real exchange rate adjusts to balance the supply of dollars (for net foreign investment) and the demand for dollars (for net exports). Because net foreign investment is part of the demand for loanable funds and provides the supply of dollars for foreign-currency exchange, it is the variable that connects these two markets. 2. A policy that reduces national saving, such as a government budget deficit, reduces the supply of loanable funds and drives up the interest rate. The higher interest rate reduces net foreign investment, which reduces the supply of dollars in the market for foreign-currency exchange. The dollar appreciates, and net exports fall. 30 A MACROECONOMIC THEORY OF THE OPEN ECONOMY

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案章

? the factors that determine a country’s productivity. ? how a country’s policies influence its productivity growth. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 12 is the first chapter in a four-chapter sequence on the production of output in the long run. Chapter 12 addresses the determinants of the level and growth rate of output. We find that capital and labor are among the primary determinants of output. In Chapter 13, we address how saving and investment in capital goods affect the production of output, and in Chapter 14, we learn about some of the tools people and firms use when choosing capital projects in which to invest. In Chapter 15, we address the market for labor. The purpose of Chapter 12 is to examine the long-run determinants of both the level and the growth rate of real GDP per person. Along the way, we will discover the factors that determine the productivity of workers and address what governments might do to improve the productivity of their citizens. KEY POINTS: ? Economic prosperity, as measured by GDP per person, varies substantially around the world. The average income in the world’s richest countries is more than ten times that in the world’s poorest countries. Because growth rates of real GDP also vary substantially, the relative positions of countries can change dramatically over time. ? The standard of living in an economy depends on the economy’s ability to produce goods and services. Productivity, in turn, depends on the amounts of physical capital, human capital, natural resources, and technological knowledge available to workers. ? Government policies can try to influence the economy’s growth rate in many ways: by encouraging saving and investment, encouraging investment from abroad, fostering education, promoting good health, maintaining property rights and political stability, allowing free trade, and promoting the research and development of new technologies. ? The accumulation of capital is subject to diminishing returns: The more capital an economy has, the less additional output the economy gets from an extra unit of capital. As a result, while higher saving leads to higher growth for a period of time, growth eventually slows down as capital, productivity, and income rise. Also because of diminishing returns, the return to capital is especially high in poor countries. Other things equal, these countries can grow faster because of the catch-up effect. ? Population growth has a variety of effects on economic growth. On the one hand, more rapid population growth may lower productivity by stretching the supply of natural resources and by reducing the amount of capital available for each worker. On the other hand, a larger population may enhance the rate of technological progress because there are more scientists and engineers. CHAPTER OUTLINE: I. Economic Growth around the World 2. Growth rates are also reported in the table. Japan has had the largest growth rate over time, 2.65% per year (on average). Use Table 1 to make the point that a one-percentage point change in a country’s growth rate can make a significant difference over several generations. The powerful effects of compounding should be used to underscore the process of economic growth.

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案5章ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION

5ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: There are no major changes to this chapter. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: the meaning of the elasticity of demand. what determines the elasticity of demand. the meaning of the elasticity of supply. what determines the elasticity of supply. the concept of elasticity in three very different markets (the market for wheat, the market for oil, and the market for illegal drugs). CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 5 is the second chapter of a three-chapter sequence that deals with supply and demand and how markets work. Chapter 4 introduced supply and demand. Chapter 5 shows how much buyers

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案15章

stic Competition WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: There are no major changes to this chapter. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: what market structures lie between monopoly and competition. competition among firms that sell differentiated products. how the outcomes under monopolistic competition and under perfect competition compare. the desirability of outcomes in monopolistically competitive markets. the debate over the effects of advertising. the debate over the role of brand names. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 16 is the fourth chapter in a five-chapter sequence dealing with firm behavior and the organization of industry. The previous two chapters developed the two extreme forms of market structure —competition and monopoly. The market structure that lies between MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION 16

经济学原理英文版复习题

复习题： 一、True or False： 1. Government policies that improve equality usually increase efficiency at the same time. 2. A rational decisionmaker takes an action if and only if the marginal cost exceeds the marginal benefit. 3.Trade allows each person to specialize in the activities he or she does best, thus increasing each individual's productivity. 4. the production possibilities frontier shows the opportunity cost of one good as measured in terms of the other good. 5. When a production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, the opportunity cost of the first good in terms of the second good increases as more of the second good is produced. 6. For a country producing two goods, the opportunity cost of one good will be the inverse of the opportunity cost of the other good. 7. If a country has the comparative advantage in producing a product, then that country must also have the absolute advantage in producing that product. 8.An increase in the price of pizza will shift the demand curve for pizza to the left. 9. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the right. 10. The demand for gasoline will respond more to a change in price over a period of five weeks than over a period of five years. 11. Suppose that when the price rises by 10% for a particular good, the quantity demanded of that good falls by 30%. The price elasticity of demand for this good is equal to 1/3. 12. Demand is inelastic if the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1. 13.A price ceiling is a legal minimum on the price at which a good or service can be sold. 14. A price floor set above the equilibrium price is not binding. 15 .The equilibrium of supply and demand in a market maximizes the total benefits to buyers and sellers of participating in that market. 16. Efficiency is related to the size of the economic pie, whereas equality is related to how the pie gets sliced and distributed. 17. When markets fail, public policy can potentially remedy the problem and increase economic efficiency. 18. As the size of a tax increases, the government's tax revenue rises, then falls. 19.Because the supply of land is perfectly elastic, the deadweight loss of a tax on land is very large. 20.In principle, trade can make a nation better off, because the gains to the winners exceed the losses to the losers.

曼昆《经济学原理》名词解释(整理版)

曼昆《经济学原理》（上）名词解释 1、稀缺性：社会资源的有限性。 2、经济学：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 3、效率：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 4、平等：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 5、机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 6、边际变动：对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 7、市场经济：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。 8、市场失灵：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 9、外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 10、市场势力：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。 11、生产率：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。 12、通货膨胀：经济中物价总水平的上升。 13、菲利普斯曲线：通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。 14、经济周期：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。） 15、循环流向图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 16、生产可能性边界：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的 图形。 17、微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。 18、宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 19、实证表述：企图描述世界是什么的观点。 20、规范描述：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。 21、绝对优势：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。 22、比较优势：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。 23、进口：国外生产而在国内销售的物品。 24、出口：国内生产而在国外销售的物品。 25、市场：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。 26、竞争市场：有许多买者与卖者，以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。 27、需求量：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量。 28、需求定理：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品需求量减少的观点。 29、需求表：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格。 30、需求曲线：一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形。 31、正常物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。 32、低档物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。 33、替代品：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求增加的两种物品。 34、互补品：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求减少的两种物品。 35、供给量：卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品量。 36、供给定理：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品供给量增加的观点。 37、供给表：表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格。 38、供给曲线：一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形。 39、均衡：供给与需求达到了平衡的状态。 40、均衡价格：使供给与需求平衡的价格。 41、均衡数量：当价格调整到使供给与需求平衡时的供给量与需求量。

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案

Chapter 8 of Taxation WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new In the News box on “The Tax Debate ” has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: ? how taxes reduce consumer and producer surplus. ? the meaning and causes of the deadweight loss from a tax. ? why some taxes have larger deadweight losses than others. ? how tax revenue and deadweight loss vary with the size of a tax. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 8 is the second chapter in a three-chapter sequence dealing with welfare economics. In the previous section on supply and demand, Chapter 6 introduced taxes and demonstrated how a tax affects the price and quantity sold in a market. Chapter 6 also described the factors that determine how the burden of the tax is divided between the buyers and sellers in a market. Chapter 7 developed welfare economics —the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapter 8 combines the lessons learned in Chapters 6 and 7 and addresses the effects of taxation on welfare. Chapter 9 will address the effects of trade restrictions on welfare. The purpose of Chapter 8 is to apply the lessons learned about welfare economics in Chapter 7 to the issue of taxation that was addressed in Chapter 6. Students will learn that the cost of a tax to buyers and sellers in a market exceeds the revenue collected by the government. Students will also learn about the factors that determine the degree by which the cost of a tax exceeds the revenue collected by the government. 8 APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION