On Tess' Tragedy of the D'Urbervilles论苔丝中阿历克的悲剧

本科毕业设计（论文）On Tess' Tragedy in Tess of the D'Urbervilles

Abstract

Tess is a country girl in Tess of the D'Urbervilles written by Hardy, a famous English novel writer. Her life is filled with different kinds of adversities. She is seduced by one man and deserted by the other, but unlike conventional women, she says goodbye to her past life by her optimistic attitude and pursuits new life confidently. She is depicted as an attractive and pure woman, who has the quality of endurance and self-sacrifice. In spite of her continuous rebel, she can't change her tragic life. At last, Tess becomes a murderer and she is sentenced to death. Through analyzing the novel, we can reveal the reasons for Tess’ tragedy better and understand deeply about the social environment, countryside, farmers’ fate and social values of the Britain at the end of the 19th century. And we can also have a conclusion that Tess' tragedy is unavoidable, because under such social conditions, although Tess has many excellent qualities, she still has no chance to escape from patriarchal fence and social conventions.

Key words: Tess; social environment; family; fate tragedy

摘要

苔丝是英国著名小说家托马斯.哈代笔下的乡下女孩，她的一生充斥着各种不幸——她先后被一个男人诱奸，后又被另一个男人抛弃，但是她并未对命运屈服，而是以积极地生活态度去告别过去，满怀信心的追求新生活，被作者刻画成一位纯洁、容忍和具有自我牺牲的女性形象。即使苔丝不断地反抗也改变不了悲剧的结局，最终无奈之下苔丝变成了杀人凶手，被判处绞刑而终结了自己的悲惨一生。本文通过对这部作品、苔丝、其他主要人物以及社会背景、家庭、命运等方面的分析，运用文献综述法的研究方法来更好的揭示苔丝悲剧的原因，从而使大家更加深入的了解19世纪末英国的社会环境、农村及农民的命运和社会价值观，也得出在这种社会条件下，尽管苔丝拥有许多优秀的品质，她还是遭受社会习俗的排斥，拥有男权文化的烙印，苔丝悲剧也是不可避免的结论。

关键词：苔丝；社会环境；家庭；命运悲剧

Contents

I. Introduction (1)

II. Background of the Work (2)

A. Introduction of Thomas Hardy’s Life and His Works (2)

B. Generalization of the Novel (3)

III. Reasons for Tess’ tragedy (3)

A. Social Factor (3)

1. The Social Circumstances of the Late 19th Century (3)

2. The Social Values of the Late 19th Century (4)

B. Family Factor (5)

1. The Situation of Tess’ family (5)

2. Tess’ parents (5)

C. Fate Factor (5)

1.Tess’ family and Tess (5)

2.Angel’s Family (6)

D. Characteristics of the Main Characters (6)

1. Alec (6)

2. Angel (7)

3. Tess (7)

E. Education Factor (8)

1. Lack of Law Knowledge (8)

VI. Conclusion (9)

Bibliography (10)

Acknowledgements (11)

I. Introduction

Thomas Hardy, an influential English novelist and poet, was one of the important representatives of English critical realism in the late 19th century．Tess of the D'Urbervilles is one of the famous works of him. It tells us the tragic life story of an intelligent and sensitive country girl who turns from a pure and native girl to a woman who commits supposedly criminal and immoral actions. She suffers from a great deal of tragedy during her life. After reading this novel, everyone will think about one question: who should be responsible for Tess' tragedy? According to the current research, there are the main reasons for Tess' tragedy. Dong Bingqiong proved that Tess' tragedy is caused by social factor, human factors, family factors and moral and religious factors. Chen Guangxian proved that Tess' tragedy is the result of patriarchal culture and fatalism. In my humble opinion, the development of research can be much deeper and more detailed. We can combine reasons from history, society, family, people’s misunderstanding and defects of characters. This thesis analyzes this work and discloses the various reasons for Tess' tragedy. This thesis will be divided into three parts: In the first part, some background information will be introduced; in the second part ,the main reasons for Tess' tragedy will be discussed in five aspects: social factor, family factor, fate factor, character's personality and education factor; the last part is the conclusion of the thesis．Although Tess has a lot of good qualities，it is impossible for her to avoid falling victim to the society at the end of the 19th century.

II. Background of the Work

A. Introduction of Thomas Hardy’s Life and His Works

In the English literature, many literary lights sprang up like the bamboo shoots after a spring rain, especially in the 19th century. Thomas Hardy is considered as a great talent on giant men’s shoulders. He was the last important novelist of the Victorian age. His works provided the vivid pictures of the last decade of 19th century for readers.

Thomas Hardy was born in a small thatched cottage in the hamlet of Higher Bockhampton three miles from Dorchester, on June 2nd, 1840. He was born into an architect's family, and he was expected to be an architect. He was a frail child in his early years. At the age of sixteen, he ended his formal schooling when he was apprenticed to a local church restorer. In 1862, Hardy became an assistant to a London architect, Sir Arthur Bloomfield. He was an architect, but he was interested in literature. Hardy’s first popular work occurred in 1874 when the first of his Wessex novels, Far from the Madding Crowd, was published. After that, he devoted himself entirely to writing and produced a series of novels，and his fame chiefly rests on his creation of the novels of character and environment. They are Under the Greenwood Tree(1872), Far from the Madding Crowd(1874), The Return of the Native(1878), The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886), Tess of the D'Urbervilles(189i), Life's Little lronies(1894), and Jude the Obscure(1896). Among his novels, Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure can be regarded as the most famous novels and the summit of his realism. In Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the heroine Tess is created as an attractive and pure woman, who has the good quality of endurance and self-sacrifice. Tess has been considered as the most exceptional woman character in English literary history.

Hardy was pessimistic in his view of life. In his view, everything in the universe is determined by the Immanent Will, which is impartially hostile towards human beings' desire for joy and happiness. The dominant theme of his novel is the man's futile efforts to struggle against unmerciful Fate, Chance, and Circumstances, which are all doomed by the Immanent Will. Although there is a humorous and attractive side of life, the prevalent mood in his novels is tragic. As we all know that love is the most strong expression of human' s desire for happiness, it is in love that the conflict between the efforts of human beings and the heartless force of the Immanent Will is most ardent.

B.Generalization of the Novel

The novel is about the tragic life of Tess Durbeyfield, the daughter of a poor foolish peasant, who believes that he is the descendant of an ancient aristocratic family, and who sends his daughter to work as a maid for a neighboring family by the name of D’Urberville. Tess is seduced by Alec, the son of the family and gives birth to a child, which dies in infancy. Then Tess goes to work on a dairy farm, where she is engaged to Angel Clare, a man of liberal mind, and the son of a clergyman. On the wedding night, Tess confesses to Angel her seduction by Alec. On hearing her wife's tale, Angel's old-fashioned prejudice overcomes him and he abandons Tess. Then misfortunes fall upon Tess; finally, after a period of hard work on the Flintcomb Ash farm, she meets Alec again. When Angel repents and comes back to find Tess, it is too late. Tess murders Alec, and after hiding for a short period of time with Angel, she is arrested, tried, and hanged. The book ends with the sentence: "Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals had ended his sport with Tess." At the end of story, Angel realized his promise that he will take care of Tess' sister.

Ⅲ. Reasons for Tess’ tragedy

A. Social Factor

1.The Social Circumstances of the late 19th Century

The novels of Hardy belong to the end of Victorian age, 1870-1901, the last period of the 19th century. England continued to reinforce itself. By 1890, England occupied more than a quarter territory on the surface of the earth, so it was called " the empire on which the sun never sets". As for many Victorians, this period is tranquil and secure. At the last thirty years in the 19th century, Victorian maintained its surface prosperity and strong and at Imperialism stage, England still thought itself as a country “the empire on which the sun never sets". But under the fierce competition, financial crisis have a continuous bad effect on the country. After the Civil War, American rose sharply; under the control of Bismark, economy of Germany developed quickly and rebel of colonies became more intense. England lost the monopoly position of industrial economy and suffered from financial crisis, which made the labor-capital relations become

sharper. This kind of contradiction led to the society filled with pessimistic mood, thought of deterioration and prevailing skepticism. With the capitalist invading into the countryside at the end of 19th century, economy of small farmers was disintegrated and individual farmers experienced poverty and bankrupt. Thomas Hardy disclosed the cant and hypocrisy of the Victorian complacency. Under such social environment, as for Tess, it's very difficult or impossible to have a well-being life.

2.The Social Values of the Late 19th Century

In Victorian age, as for women's social position, feudal concept was still distinct and highlighted, especially for women's chastity. Capitalists in Victorian were notorious for their hypocrisy. Their Puritan standard of sexual behavior was very strict. Women should be kept innocent. Tess stands for the excellent women who have good qualities, such as, beauty, purity, kindheartedness and toleration. But Tess was not a perfect woman as a rebellious woman, she was an ambivalent image who has both rebellious consciousness and conventional concepts. On one hand, she was brave enough to challenge the traditional moral concepts, reveal hypocrisy and evil of religions, and didn't give away to the fate. After seduction, she left Alec and standed all sufferings on her own. In order to be with Angel again, she killed Alec. On the other hand, profane morality and religious concepts were also in her subconsciousness, which controlled her all the time. After losing her chastity, she had a sense of sin and mental suffering, therefore on her wedding day, she confessed to Angel and wanted to get forgiveness from him. In the letter she wrote to Angel, she admitted that she was a worthless wife, and the way Angel treated her was reasonable. There is no doubt that conventional concepts were in her mind deeply. Under the profane morality and religious concepts, no one wanted to forgive Tess, even Tess herself.

Male chauvinism was prevailing in the end of 19th century. Tess' parents thought the best way to get rid of hopeless family situation and to have a better life for a woman was to marry a rich man. Men's position was very important and irreplaceable. Tess had no ability by herself to fight against this male-dominated world.

B. Family Factor

1.The Situation of Tess’ family

Tess lived in village of Marlott. Her family belonged to unwelcome and precarious class in the countryside. Tess' father is part of class which consisted of carpenter, stonemason, blacksmith and petty dealer. This class was unwilling to accept fieldmaster's restriction. It was so unpopular that fieldmaster made every endeavor to exclude them out. When the leased real estate was due, this class couldn't continue to rent the house and farmland. After Tess' father death, Tess couldn't live in the house. However, Tess' father could die at any time because of heart disease, which was a bad omen for this poor family. If her father died, the family burden would fall on Tess. After her father died, Tess lost all farmland and house. To support family, Tess agreed with Alec to stay with him. As for Tess, family was a heavy burden.

2.Tess’ parents

Tess' father was peacockish, footling and fond of bottles and her mother was vulgar and superficial. John Durbeyfield was a plain vendor in the village of Marlott. After knew he was the offspring of the ancient and knightly family of the D'Urbervilles, he and his wife, Joan Durbeyfield, decided to send Tess to claim kinship with the remaining D'Urbervilles and expected Tess had good conditions to marry a rich man. Joan Durbeyfield thought Aelc must marry her daughter when he came to invite Tess to his home. As a mother, Joan Durbeyfield didn't warm her daughter to pay high attention to personal safety and danger of men. On this point, she was an unsuccessful and omissive mother. When Tess was in trouble, her parents didn't give enough support for her. Her parents gave her life, but also gradually pushed her into a bottomless abyss.

C. Fate Factor

1.Tess' family and Tess

In fact, Tess' tragedy is also caused by fate. She was born in a poor family, which is the basic reason for Tess' tragedy. If she were rich, she wouldn't have claimed kinship with the remaining D'Urbervilles. Then she had no chance to meet Alec, and she wasn't seduced by him. She could have a better life and a good husband, although the husband may be not Angel. What's worse is that before she married, she wrote a letter to Angel and confessed truth about losing her chastity. But unfortunately, Angel didn't find the letter because the letter was under the carpet. It is apparent that fate had a great influence on Tess' tragedy.

2.Angel' family

Born in a family of clergyman, Angel, whose father was a clergyman. He and his father had some divergences in philosophy and religion. His parents thought he should marry a girl who was in their class and was faithful to religion, for instance, Mercy Chant. In his parents eyes, their daughter-in-law must be pure. But this idea and the fact that Tess lost her chastity conflicted apparently. But what ridiculed us is that before Angel knew the fact, he thought Tess was the daughter of nature and persuaded his parents to agree their marriage. Although Angel had an open mind, he lived in strong religious atmosphere and didn't completely get rid of religious influence, so he discarded Tess. All of these indicated that fate mocked of Tess and Angel.

D. Characteristics of the Main Characters

1.Alec

Alec Stoke-D'Urberville was the villain of this novel. He was thoroughly sensual, violent and headstrong, and determined on getting his own way at all costs. Tess's resistance to the fulfilment of his desires is puny when compared to his cunning maneuvers and ultimately fails. When he was on the ride in the Chase, he exclaimed, "what am I, to be repulsed so by a mere chit like you?" Obviously, he never considered Tess as a loving, equal partner. Later he converted miraculously. When he met Tess again, he became more considerate and generous and he concerned more about Tess' interests. But he still didn't change his sensual and selfish

characteristics in his heart. If he became a good man, he should give a hand to Tess to offset his fault rather than enforcing Tess to be his lover again. Such an evil man, as to Tess, was a tragedy.

2.Angel

Born to a life of the mind, Angel Clare valued spiritual life and he paid more attention to the freedom of mind. Thus he reacted strongly against the heavily clerical family tradition by abandoning orthodox Christianity. In the dairy-farm at Talbothays, he fell in love with Tess and believed Tess was as pure and virtuous as the daughter of nature. But in the depth of his heart, there were some traditional religious and moral conceptions, which occupied completely his mind after he knew Tess lost her chastity. And he didn't forgive Tess when Tess begged for his pardon. This narrow-minded behavior brought him and Tess a lot of sufferings. After he went to Brazil, he realized that how narrow-minded and ambivalent his conception was. He felt ashamed of his deeds and he decided to return to Tess. But he didn't know Tess had become Alec's lover because of his discard. Angel, a man loved Tess deeply, was the main cause of her tragedy.

3. Tess

Tess was a beautiful, pure, kind and brave girl and she had a strong sense of responsibility. However, these good qualities brought her not happiness but disasters. When things went wrong, she always thought those were her fault just because of her strong sense of responsibility. For example, she thought the death of Prince was her fault.. She considered about her parents and brother and sisters' happiness, so she decided to claim kinship with the remaining D'Urbervilles. She also had a strong self-esteem and she was impulsive. On the way she returned from Chaseborough, she was indignant and unhappy with the behavior of Car Darch, so she was impulsive so that she accepted Alec's offer to ride his horse. It was Tess herself who made chance for Alec to seduce her. But she said she would never marry a person whom she didn't love. After she met Angel again and fell in love with him, her daily and painful struggles between love and duty was shown in great detail. Circumstances and character combined to leave her open to the attacks of Alec. In desperation and hopelessness, she became Alec's lover.

Love and responsibility are Tess' leading characteristics. She would do all in her power for

those she loved, under all difficulties, and at the cost of her own wishes and comfortable life. But she was not perfect. She was still young, inexperienced and she idealized Angel. She was really pure but she was too young to keep sensible. Characteristics of her were the main reason for her making so many wrong or unwise choices.

E. Education Factor

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/206552519.html,ck of Law Knowledge

Tess' family was poor, so she had no chance to have a good education. In the last period of the 19th century, seduction means a kind of crime that one has sex with woman by using violence or violating woman's will. Before Alec had sex with Tess, he couldn't get consent from Tess because she was sleeping soundly. Apparently, Alec committed a crime. After she was seduced, she should use law to protect herself. Under male-dominated world, although she had little chance to win, she should have a try.

When Angel went to Brazil, Tess had no money to support her family because her father died. But Tess and Angel were couple in law, Angel had duty to take care of Tess. Tess can ask Angel's parents for help. But Tess put too much emphasis on self-esteem, she thought asking his parents' for help was ashamed. At last, she yielded to Alec. If she understood law, she would realize that turning to his parents was reasonable and sensible, on the contrary, turning to Alec was more ashamed.

Although she stayed with Alec, she still had chance to be with Angel. Tess and Angel had married and they just parted no more 2 years. In law, they were still couple. As long as Angel forgave Tess, Alec had no power to obstruct them because he didn't marry her and Angel and he belonged to the same social class. From the novel, we can see Angel loved her and he was willing to forgive her. As for Tess, she needn't have killed Alec.

If Tess had enough knowledge of law, she would find out that she had many other choices. Her life would not be such tragic.

IV. Conclusion

In Tess of the D'Urbervilles, we see that Tess was a pure country girl and has the traditional merits of women, always ready to sacrifice for the family．Tess possesses dignity, integrity, sensitivity, loyalty, generosity, sense of responsibility, perseverance, tolerance, compassion, all of which are externalized in her physical beauty. But for subjective and objective reasons, she made some mistakes, which resulted in her tragic life. Causes for Tess’s tragedy depended on social character and historical environment. Capitalism was the fundamental cause for this tragedy. Her family conditions were deteriorating at that time, which mirrored the real circumstance of Victorian Period in 19 th century. Tess' tragedy was also caused by people around her, such as Alec and Angel. Lacking law knowledge was a big disadvantage for Tess. In conclusion, because of social factor, family factor, fate factor, characters' natures and education factor, we can see Tess' tragedy is unavoidable and Tess was the totally feminine Victim caught in a wed of tragedy. Tess, really a victim of bourgeois morality and social injustices, was destroyed by a society, which cannot be sufficient to allow a courageous and even heroic person to exist happily.

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TESS 评分标准

TESS 评分标准 TESS原版本要求对每项症状作三方面的评定：严重度，症状和药物的关系以及采取的措施。 其中“症状和药物关系”栏分为：无关；基本无关；可能有关；很可能有关和肯定有关等5个等 级。 “采取措施”栏，评定针对副反应所作处理，分成0～6分7个等级。（0）不需任何处理； （l）加强观察；（2）于持抗药；（3）改变剂量；（4）改变剂量并予站抗药；（5）暂停治疗；（6）终止治疗。 “严重度”栏，评定症状的严重水平（0～4）：（0）无该项症状；（1）极轻或可疑；（2）轻度：指不影响功能活动，病人因之稍有烦恼，只有模棱两可的证据证明症状存在，或完全基 于病人的报告；（3）中度：一定程度的功能影响，但对生活无严重影响，病人因而感到不舒服 或不安，可直接观察到症状的存在；（4）重度：严重影响病人的活动和生活，就具体症状而言， 有些症状只要肯定存在，其严重度至少达到中度。原版本提出了一份用于成人的严重度评定指 南，简介如下（有些项目的评定标准，原版中闹如，由量表协作组补定，以*号标出）。 1．中毒性意识模糊：（3）仅见于晚上，短暂；（4）持续至白天。 2．兴奋激越：（2）有焦虑或恐惧；（3）有非持续性的激越性运动行为；（4）持续激越，如捶首，顿足和控手等。 3．情绪抑郁：（2）问出来的心境抑郁；（）主动诉述抑郁绝望，易哭；（4）伴阻滞的符合诊断标准的重症抑郁发作。 4．活动增加：（2）非持续性，能自行控制；（3）持续性，不需外力控制；（4）持续，需他人干涉。 * 5. 活动减退：（2）主动活动减少；（3）需外力推动才活动；（4）木僵或亚木僵。 6．失眠：（2）is平时睡眠减少2小时；（3）减少3～6小时；（4）减少6小时以上。 7．嗜睡：（2）白天嗜睡或睡觉2小时；（3）白天睡眠3～8小时；（4）白天睡8小时以上。 * 8．血象异常：（3）血象化验异常，如白细胞减少；（4）严重异常；如白细胞缺乏。 9．肝功能：（3）化验异常；（4）黄疽。 * 10.尿化验异常：（3）化验结果为肯定异常；（4）严重异常。 11．肌强直：（2）肌张力轻度增高，不影响活动，（3）肌张力明显增高（未用抬抗药）；（4）肌张力极高，即使使用持抗药亦不能逆转。 12．震颤；（2）自觉有震颤感，或闭目平伸双手有轻度震颤；（3）明显可见的震颤，影响精细活动；（4）震颤严重，影响生活，如无法进食。 13．扭转运动：（2）有，但不影响活动；（3）影响活动但不影响生活；（4）影响生活。 14．静坐不能：（2）自觉心烦，缺乏耐心，能自控；（3）因缺乏耐心，会谈时或工作中起立行走；（4）无法静坐，无法完成任务，不能自控。

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧命运分析

The Tragedy of Tess in Tess of the D’ Urberville Abstract:Tess of the D’Urbervilles is the famous British novelist and poet Thomas hardy’s masterpiece. It is known as the treasure of English literature and world literature. The novel describes a pure gir l’s tragic fate. This thesis tries to probe the inevitable factors and significance of her tragedy from the aspects of social environment, religion, moral, family, nature and so on. Key Words:tragedy; factor; Tess; Alec; Angel. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is one of the representatives of English critical realism at the time of the 19th century. In his whole life he published fourteen accomplished novel, forty-seven short stories, more than nine hundred poems. In his youth, Hardy had been greatly influenced by some liberal thinkers such as Darwin and John Stuart Mill. In his novels, Hardy incorporated many of these themes in order to portray a real world. Darwin’s challenge led Hardy to lose faith in Christianity, and this lack of faith gave his novels their tragic, bleak element. Tess of the D’ Urbervilles written by Thomas Hardy in 1891, is a tragic story of a beautiful country girl, Tess Durbeyfield, who is the daughter of a poor villager. She is a pure and loyal young woman. In order to support the poor family, she has to follow her parents’ advice and visit the so-called distant relative—D’Urbervilles. Later, she is seduced by Alec D’Urbervilles, the son of a rich merchant. From then on her destiny changes greatly. At last, Tess manages to elude Alec and gives birth to her baby, but she loses the baby finally. After the death of her baby, she leaves home and goes to work as a dairymaid at a distant farm, where she meets Clare, a pastor’s son. They fall in love and get married. On their wedding night Angel confesses to her the sins of his past, Tess forgives him and tells him her story with Alec, b ut Angel can’t accept the truth, he deserts her and leaves her to Brazil. After Angel’s leaving, Tess lives a very hard life. She meets Alec again and is pursued by him once more. Without hope for Angel’s back, Tess has no choice but go to Alec again. Unfortunately, Angel comes to find Tess and tell her he still loves her. Now, Tess hates Alec deeply. With deep sad she kills Alec and runs away with Angel. They live a

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悲惨时代的悲惨命运—《骆驼祥子》读后感

悲惨时代的悲惨命运—《骆驼祥子》读后感 闲暇，总爱看看书。也许是现今社会有了太多的修饰，使得自己越发爱看老舍平实的文章，欣赏他的语言艺术。他的文学作品始终运用着风味独具的北京大白话，字里行间流露出质朴，简洁，幽默和风趣。读他写的故事，有时会觉得很好笑，但有时却因为其的沉重丽无法笑出来。 我读《骆驼祥子》时 ___。祥子，一生好似一只海上颠簸的小舟——三起三落。作为一个普通的人力车夫，他的身上有着劳动人民许多优良品质：善良纯朴，热爱劳动，勤奋要强。他是那么充满希望：拥有一辆属于自己的车，成为上等车夫。……然而一系列的变故，使他连续三次地买车卖车。失车的痛苦，劫款的无奈，婚姻的不幸使他精神崩溃，走向了坠落，他再也鼓不起勇气生活，最后成为了一具失去灵魂的行尸走肉。看看祥子买车时的心理活动：“祥子的手哆嗦得厉害了，揣起保单，拉起车，几乎要哭出来。拉到个僻静地方，细细端详自己的车，在漆板上试着照照自己的脸!越看越可爱，就是那不尽合自己的理想的地方也都可以原谅了。“看着这段描写，我们看到了此刻充满了希望和幸福的祥子，我们也能深深体会到祥子爱车的心情。可是，一个如此热爱生活、如此勤劳纯朴的人怎么会最终沦落为—天为混两个饱的潦倒汉子？没有了精神寄托和奋斗目标，“就跟条狗一样，一天的动作只为捡些白薯皮的须子吃”。是天意弄人？可上帝为什么要把那么多苦难降落到一个如

此老实厚道的穷人身生？这不是太不公平了吗？我反复咀嚼着祥子的故事，最终只好忧伤地承认：这就是社会，是社会决定了一个无辜者如此悲惨的结局。作品中有一句话可谓“一剑封喉”：“雨下给富人，也下给穷人；下给义人，也下给不义的人。其实，雨并不公道，因为下落在一个没有公道的世界上。”祥子生活的那个社会是不公道的，他的命运、他周围的人如虎妞、小福子、老马祖孙和刘四爷等人的命运都不外是那个不公道的社会演绎出的“合理”答案。也许我们愿意这样设想，如果祥子在经历了最后的那段痛苦与不幸后，仍然顽强地振作起来，也许就能摆脱悲惨的命运。可是依照祥子的性格和包围着他的社会环境，他不可能有另外的结局。“经验是生活的肥料，有什么样的经验便交成什么样的人，就像在沙漠中是养不出牡丹的一样。祥子这样一个善良、纯朴的个人奋斗者，在那样一个没有公道的黑暗社会里是可以说是没有成功可能的。最终祥子也明白了这个道理，他在看到小马死在祖父老马怀抱里后叹道：“我算是明白了，干苦活儿的打算独自一个人混好，比登天还难。” 《骆驼祥子》中的主人公之所以和骆驼联系在了一起，不仅仅是因为他曾经在混战中拉了三匹骆驼，更因为他本有着骆驼般积极，坚韧的品格。正如骆驼毕竟无法适应占地球陆地3，4的平地，离开沙漠便是它的悲剧开始上演一样，祥子在他生活的那个社会里也注定

悲惨的命运和痛苦的考验不仅降临在普通人的身上

悲惨的命运和痛苦的考验不仅降临在普通人的身上，同样也降临在伟人的身上。 ——题记（罗曼·罗兰） 回味了罗曼·罗兰在扉页上的话语，我看到这样一个不让我理解的结论：悲惨＋痛苦=伟人。 人们都说，伟人、英雄这一张风光的笑脸背后，是一张勤奋努力，辛勤的汗水流淌着的身躯，但我却无法想象，在这些伟人成功之前，所经历的种种悲惨、痛苦的情形的确让人无法想象。 当人们陶醉在《第九交响曲》的震撼中时，贝多芬在抗争贫困、残疾、孤独中带着他的箴言而逝：“用苦难换来欢乐，”从《大卫》到《垂死的奴隶》，再到《最后的审判》，米开朗基罗把他的力量和精神寄托到了雕塑上，而孤独悲惨而痛苦的生活将他缓缓地送进那文艺复兴时期意大利的无垠的青天中去。带着《战争与和平》，《安娜·卡列尼娜》以及顶峰巨著《复活》在教会以及政府人员的威逼下，不屈的列夫·托尔斯泰下定了他摆脱教堂、贵族的决心。 合上《名人传》，我又翻开了语文书，“天将降大任于是人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身……”孟子所说的正是对这三位功绩卓越的伟人生活的一生最好的解释。 友人说罗曼·罗兰悲，因为他将贝多芬、米开朗基罗、托尔斯泰所受的苦难放大，而把他们的光辉收拢，而我却认为，也正是因为有了这些苦难，才创造出了这么一位位栩栩如生的名人；友人说曹雪芹苦，因为他将香菱、林黛玉、紫鹃所受的苦难缩小，而把整张大观园的美图展现，而我却认为，在这张大观园祥和图之后，饱含了一位位红颜薄命的弱女子的凄惨生活；友人说施耐庵难，因为他把水泊梁山一百零八将的宏图拆开，而把他们单独描写，而我却认为，不同的人不同的结局背后，隐藏着那个封建社会的阴暗。这些足以证明“悲惨＋痛苦=伟人”。 从手持笔杆，坚守宫刑之苦的史学家司马迁，到尝百草、读万卷书、行万里路的医学家李时珍，从卧薪尝胆的越王勾践到两弹元勋的邓稼先，都让我真正明白了：悲惨＋痛苦=伟人。 放眼初三的一年，我已经踏上了冲刺的起跑线，带着贝多芬的箴言，不断向前奔跑：用奋斗换来硕果！ 也许我们曾经在挫折面前彷徨过，绝望过；也许我们曾经意外的得到挫折带给我们的馈赠，体验过战胜之后的快乐……这些都是我们成长历程中不可多得的宝贵财富，选择坚强是最有用的资源。 世界上的名人大部分都是经过风吹雨打的，所以说彩虹，经过与雷电的激战之后才出现。每一个名人的背后都有着一个感人的故事，每一个感人的事情，不仅能让你吸收情感和知识，还能用来反省自己是否坚强过？

On Tess' Tragedy of the D'Urbervilles论苔丝中阿历克的悲剧

本科毕业设计（论文）On Tess' Tragedy in Tess of the D'Urbervilles

Abstract Tess is a country girl in Tess of the D'Urbervilles written by Hardy, a famous English novel writer. Her life is filled with different kinds of adversities. She is seduced by one man and deserted by the other, but unlike conventional women, she says goodbye to her past life by her optimistic attitude and pursuits new life confidently. She is depicted as an attractive and pure woman, who has the quality of endurance and self-sacrifice. In spite of her continuous rebel, she can't change her tragic life. At last, Tess becomes a murderer and she is sentenced to death. Through analyzing the novel, we can reveal the reasons for Tess’ tragedy better and understand deeply about the social environment, countryside, farmers’ fate and social values of the Britain at the end of the 19th century. And we can also have a conclusion that Tess' tragedy is unavoidable, because under such social conditions, although Tess has many excellent qualities, she still has no chance to escape from patriarchal fence and social conventions. Key words: Tess; social environment; family; fate tragedy

女性主义批评视野下的_苔丝_兼评有关苔丝命运悲剧的历史观点

女性主义批评视野下的《苔丝》 Ξ ———兼评有关苔丝命运悲剧的历史观点 何亚敏1,2 (1.浙江大学　人文学院,浙江　杭州310028;2.浙江邮电职业技术学院　公共外语教研室,浙江　绍兴312016)摘　要:哈代的代表作《苔丝》历来受到众多学者与读者的关注,而关注的焦点大多聚焦在造成苔丝悲惨命运的根源上。本文论述了其他历史观点的不足,从而认为只有从女性主义批评视野入手才能真正找到苔丝悲剧的源动力,使苔丝式的悲剧不再重演,实现女性真正的解放。 关键词:哈代;苔丝;悲剧根源;女性主义批评 中图分类号:I561.44 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-293X (2009)02-0072-04 一、序言 托马斯?哈代(Thomas Hardy1840-1928)英国19世纪末20世纪初最杰出的批判现实主义文学巨匠,被伍尔夫(W oolf )誉为“英国小说家中最伟大的悲剧大师”。其作品横跨两个世纪,承上启下,即承接了英国维多利亚时代的文学精髓又体现二十世纪的文学创新,气势磅礴,博大精深,特别对19世纪末资本主义入侵农村后,个体农民破产与遭受的悲惨命运进行了批判性的悲剧思索。而在其作品中最具代表性,历久弥 新,折射文学家伟大思想光芒的作品,毋庸置疑首推其经典名著《苔丝》(《T ess of the D ’urbervilles 》 )。小说以苔丝(T ess )悲惨而短暂的一生遭遇为主要情节,描述了这位纯洁姑娘的不幸命运:纯真、善良的花季少女苔丝初入社会,涉世未深,由于老马“王子”惨死,使家庭经济陷入困境,迫于家庭生计与家人压力来到地主恶少亚雷克(Alec )家谋生,不料却遭亚雷克诱奸而致怀孕,苔丝义无反顾地回到家乡,苔丝悲情的一生至此拉开序幕;在孩子夭折后,苔丝来到远离家乡的一牛奶场做工,相识了克莱尔(Clare )并与之相爱;新婚夜苔丝出于爱与忠诚,把自己受辱失身的经历坦诚相告,不料被“习俗与成见的奴隶”克莱尔抛弃,苔丝再次陷入困境;而屋漏偏逢连夜雨,苔丝的娘家此时也陷入极度贫困之中,流离失所,在这种窘境下为了家人,苔丝怀着自我牺牲的精神不得不再次接受了亚雷克的庇护与其同居;而克莱尔此时从国外突然归来,苔丝近于疯狂,为了爱,她毅然杀死亚雷克,在与丈夫短暂相聚度过一生中最美好的几天后,被捕,凄美地走上了绞刑架。 《苔丝》创作于1891年,“差不多一个世纪过去了,可我们读到它时,还时常觉得在读当代的作品”〔1〕。 为什么当今读者对问世一百多年的《苔丝》情有独钟,一往情深呢?除了其结构、语言、修辞等艺术品质外,更重要的是在艺术品质烘托与承载之上的思想内涵。苔丝从一位纯情、善良、勤劳的少女到绞刑架上的杀人犯,究竟是何种邪恶力量在迫害、摧残、毁灭着这有“诗一般优美、清新气韵,也有诗一般激情……非人工 的抒情诗”〔2〕。究竟是何种意志把苔丝这一优雅迷人的高尚女性一步步推向死亡深渊?各个时代不同的 人们大到伟大的思想家、文学批评家小到平凡的读者从不同的视野中发出了不同的话语。 二、对苔丝命运悲剧根源探索似是而非、以偏概全的不同历史观点的批评 哈代,苔丝这一19世纪最优美的文学女性形象的缔造者,无疑对苔丝悲剧命运根源最具发言权。遗憾的是由于“哈代深受叔本华(Schopenhauer )和哈特曼(Hartman )的影响,认为宇宙间存在着一种超自然的 内在意志力(Immanent Will ),它无所不在,没有意志,不知善恶,盲目作用,控制着宇宙间的一切”〔2〕。诚 然,哈代体察到社会阴暗现状,并也用文学的武器予以揭露,他也曾批判粉饰太平的虚伪乐观主义者,说 第29卷第2期2009年3月 绍　兴　文　理　学　院　学　报JOURNA L OF SH AOXI NG UNI VERSITY V ol.29N o.2Mar.2009 Ξ收稿日期:2008-08-21 作者简介:何亚敏(1977-),男,江西九江人,浙江大学07级比较文学与世界文学硕士研究生,浙江邮电职业技术学院公共外语教研室助教。