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Spectra of Cluster Galaxies at z~0.4

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Spectra of Cluster Galaxies at z ～0.4B.M.Poggianti Institute of Astronomy and Royal Greenwich Observatory,Madingley Road,Cambridge CB30EZ,UK Abstract.The “MORPHS”group has obtained an extensive spectro-scopic dataset of galaxies in the ?elds of 10rich clusters at 0.37

types.

The “MORPHS”group –Amy Barger,Harvey Butcher,Warrick Couch,Alan Dressler,Richard Ellis,Gus Oemler,Ray Sharples,Ian Smail and myself –has used images from the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2to study the evolution of galaxies in distant clusters.The catalog with positions,photometry and Hubble types is presented in Smail et al.(1997b),while the morphological evolution and the morphology-density relation are dis-cussed in Dressler et al.(1997).Constraints on the formation epoch of the early type galaxy populations can be placed from their colour homogeneity (Ellis et al.1997)and their structural parameters (Barger et al.1997).An analysis of gravitational lensing by the clusters is given in Smail et al.(1997a).

Here we report on some ?rst results from a large optical spectroscopic survey of 10clusters (see Table),which should be cited as preliminary results of the MORPH’s collaboration.The spectral catalog and some basic properties of the sample will be described in Dressler et al.(1998);the analysis of the dataset

and the interpretation in terms of the star formation history will be given in Poggianti et al.(1998).

2.Analysis

Redshifts and equivalent widths of the main lines have been measured for the ～500new spectra,as well as for the sample of Dressler&Gunn(1992,DG92). The spectra have been classi?ed into6main spectral classes according to their emission and absorption line properties and have been compared with both our spectrophotometric model(Barbaro&Poggianti1997)and a local sample of ?eld galaxies(Kennicutt1992).In particular we identi?ed the cases with a recent(post–starburst)or current(starburst)strong episode of star formation.

For a subsample of～300galaxies,the spectral type can be compared with the morphological type determined with the HST:a major goal is to investigate the star formation histories of galaxies as a function of their Hubble type and explore the connection between the strong morphological evolution observed (Dressler et al.1997)and the stellar population content.

Table1.Numbers are not de?nitive and include also the DG92

data.The spectra were taken with the Hale Telescope at Palomar,

the William Herschel Telescope at La Palma and the New Technology

Telescope at La Silla;the typical spectral range is3500–8000/10000?A

A3700.3761(41)

Cl1447+230.3729(21)

Cl0024+160.39156(106)

Cl0939+470.41164(71)

Cl0303+170.4294(50)

3C2950.4635(25)

Cl0412?650.5125(11)

Cl1601+420.54106(56)

Cl0016+160.5542(29)

Cl0054?270.5627(13)

Figure1.The spectrum of the galaxy HST#328in3C295is com-

pared with the spectrum of the merging galaxy NGC3921(Liu&Ken-

nicutt1995).They both show a moderate[OII]λ3727line and a strong

Hδline in absorption.

￡A large number of spectra(10%)exhibit exceptionally strong higher order Balmer lines in absorption and the[OII]λ3727line in emission.On the basis of our model we interpret them as objects which have had a recent intense starburst and present some current(residual)star formation activity at a much lower level.There is a number of low redshift examples of similar spectra,such as those of some merging galaxies(Fig.1).

￡The bulk of the early type galaxies(ellipticals and the few S0’s found in these clusters)have passive spectra,with no obvious signs of current or recent star formation.However a non-negligible fraction of them have a post-starburst spectrum,with strong Balmer lines in absorption and no trace of ongoing star formation.

￡Of the many spirals,the majority have spectra which are either“too active”or“too passive”as compared to low–redshift?eld spirals.The entire population of starburst galaxies and most of the post-starburst population is composed of spirals(Fig.2).Another signi?cant fraction of the late type galaxies present a level of star formation activity which is too low for their Hubble type compared to local?eld spirals.

￡Morphologically disturbed objects–asymmetric or distorted–are numer-ous in these clusters(Smail et al.1997)but except for a few clear cut examples of mergers,the interpretation of the cause of the disturbance remains subjective. Most of the starburst spectra and a large fraction of the post-starburst spectra belong to galaxies which appear morphologically strongly disturbed.

Acknowledgments.This work was supported in part by the Formation and Evolution of Galaxies network set up by the European Commission under contract ERB FMRX-CT96-086of its TMR programme.

References

Barbaro G.&Poggianti B.M.,1997,A&A,324,490

3040

Figure 2.Morphological type distributions for objects of 3di?erent

spectral classes.

Barger A.,Aragon-Salamanca A.,Smail I.,Ellis R.,Butcher H.,Couch W.,

Dressler A.,Oemler A.,Poggianti B.M.,Sharples R.,1997,ApJ,in press

Couch W.J.&Sharples R.M.,1987,MNRAS,229,423

Dressler A.&Gunn J.E.,1992,ApJS,78,1(DG92)

Dressler A.,Oemler A.,Couch W.,Smail I.,Ellis R.,Barger A.,Butcher H.,

Poggianti B.M.,Sharples R.,1997,ApJ,490,577

Dressler A.et al 1998,in preparation

Ellis R.,Smail I.,Dressler A.,Couch W.,Oemler A.,Butcher H.,Sharples R.,

1997,ApJ,483,582

Kennicutt R.C.,1992,ApJS,79,255

Liu C.T.&Kennicutt R.C.,1995,ApJS,100,325

Poggianti B.M.et al 1998,in preparation

Smail I.,Ellis R.,Dressler,A.,Couch W.,Oemler A.,Sharples R.,Butcher H.,

1997a,ApJ,479,70

Smail I.,Dressler A.,Couch W.,Ellis R.,Oemler A.,Butcher H.,Sharples R.,

1997b,ApJS,110,213

英语单词惯用法集锦解析

英语单词惯用法集锦习惯接动词不定式的动词（V to inf) adore(vi极喜欢) dread （vt.不愿做，厌恶）plan 计划 afford（+to,vt有条件，能承担）endeavour （vt，竭力做到，试图或力图）prefer（vt.宁可；宁愿(选择)；更喜欢）agree 同意endure(忍受.cannot ~ to) prepare准备 aim (vi[口语]打算：) engage (vi.保证，担保；) presume(vt.冒昧；敢于[用于第一人称时为客套话]：) appear (vi.似乎；显得) essay(vt.尝试，试图) pretend(vt.自命；自称；敢于；妄为) apply （申请）expect（期望，希望）proceed（开始，着手，）arrange （vi.做安排，(事先)筹划）fail （vt.未做…；疏忽)promise(许诺，保证做 ask （要求）forget （vt. 忘记）purpose （vt.决心，打算） beg （vt.正式场合的礼貌用语]请(原谅)，请(允许)：I beg to differ.恕我不能赞同）guarantee（保证，担保）refuse（拒绝）bear 承受，忍受hate（[口语]不喜欢；不愿意；）regret （vt. 抱歉；遗憾）begin help （有助于，促进）remember（记住） bother （vi.通常用于否定句]麻烦，费心）hesitate（vi.犹豫；有疑虑，不愿）scheme（策划做）care （vt.想要；希望；欲望[后接不定式，常用于否定、疑问及条件句中]）hope （vt.希望，盼望，期待）seek（vt.谋求，图谋[后接不定式]） cease （停止; 不再(做某事)[正式] intend （打算；想要）seem（似乎，好像[后接不定式或从句]；觉得像是，以为[ choose （意愿；选定；决定）itch start开始claim （vt. 主张；断言；宣称） continue （继续）like 喜欢swear（vt.起誓保证；立誓要做(或遵守） dare （vt.敢，敢于，勇于，胆敢）long（vi.渴望；热望；极想） decline（vt.拒绝，拒不(做、进入、考虑等) manage（设法完成某事）threaten（vt.威胁，恐吓，恫吓）deign （屈尊做）mean（有意[不用进行时）trouble（vi.费心，费神；麻烦）demand（vi.要求，请求：）need （需要）try（设法做） deserve (应得) neglect (疏忽) undertake(承诺,答应，保证) desire （希望渴望）offer（表示愿意(做某事)，自愿；）venture（冒险(做某事））determine（vi.决心，决意，决定，）omit （疏忽，忘记）want 想要 die （誓死做）pine （渴望）wish （希望）习惯接“疑问词+动词不定式”的动词（有时也包括VN wh-+to do) advise 建议explain 解释perceive 觉察，发觉 answer 答复find 得知，察觉persuade 说服，劝说；使某人相信 ask 询问，问forget 忘记phone 打电话 assure 保证guess 臆测，猜度pray 祈祷 beg 请求，恳求hear 小心聆听（法庭案件）promise 允诺 conceive 想象，设想imagine 以为，假象remember记得 consider 考虑，思考indicate 暗示remind 提醒，使想起 convince 使相信inform告知通知instruct告知，教导 see 看看，考虑，注意decide 解决，决定know 学得，得知 show 给人解释；示范；叙述；discover发现；知道learn 得知，获悉 signal以信号表示doubt 怀疑，不相信look 察看；检查；探明 strike 使想起；使突然想到；使认为suggest 提议，建议tell 显示，表明；看出，晓得；warn 警告，告诫think 想出；记忆，回忆；想出，明白wonder 纳闷，想知道 wire 打电报telegraph 打电报习惯接动名词的动词（包括v+one’s/one+v+ing) acknowledge 认知，承认…之事实escape免除，避免omit疏忽，忽略 admit 承认，供认excuse 原谅overlook 放任，宽容，忽视adore （非正式）极为喜欢fancy 构想，幻想，想想postpone 延期，搁置 advise 劝告，建议finish完成prefer较喜欢 appreciate 为…表示感激(或感谢)forbid 不许，禁止prevent预防 avoid 逃避forget 忘记prohibit 禁止，妨碍

感官动词和使役动词

感官动词和使役动词默认分类2010-05-28 23:14:26 阅读46 评论0 字号：大中小订阅使役动词，比如let make have就是3个比较重要的 have sb to do 没有这个用法的只有have sb doing.听凭某人做某事 have sb do 让某人做某事 have sth done 让某事被完成（就是让别人做）另外：使役动词 1.使役动词是表示使、令、让、帮、叫等意义的不完全及物动词,主要有make(使,令), let(让), help(帮助), have(叫)等。 2.使役动词后接受词,再接原形不定词作受词补语。 He made me laugh. 他使我发笑。 I let him go. 我让他走开。 I helped him repair the car. 我帮他修理汽车。 Please have him come here. 请叫他到这里来。 3.使役动词还可以接过去分词作受词补语。 I have my hair cut every month. 我每个月理发。 4.使役动词的被动语态的受词补语用不定词,不用原形不定词。 (主)He made me laugh. 他使我笑了。 (被)I was made to laugh by him. 我被他逗笑了。使役动词有以下用法： a. have somebody do sth让某人去做某事 ??i had him arrange for a car. b. have somebody doing sth.让某人持续做某事。 ??he had us laughing all through lunch. 注意：用于否定名时，表示“允许” i won't have you running around in the house. 我不允许你在家里到处乱跑。 ******** 小议“使役动词”的用法 1. have sb do 让某人干某事 e.g:What would you have me do? have sb/sth doing 让某人或某事处于某种状态，听任 e.g: I won't have women working in our company. The two cheats had the light burning all night long. have sth done 让别人干某事，遭受到 e.g:you 'd better have your teeth pulled out. He had his pocket picked. notes: "done"这个动作不是主语发出来的。 2.make sb do sth 让某人干某事 e.g:They made me repeat the story. What makes the grass grow?

常见动词用法

1、keep ①keep + 形容词表示“保持” Please keep quite. 请保持安静。 ②keep + 宾语+ 形容词（或介词短语）表示“把……保持在某一状态” We must do everything we can to keep the air clean. 我们必须尽一切所能保持空气清洁。 ③keep sb doing sth 表示“让某人做某事” ——只能用现在分词作宾语补足语，不能用不定式。 He kept us waiting for two hours. 他让我们等了两个小时。 He kept us to wait for two hours. (错误) ④keep on doing sth和keep doing sth 表示“继续做某事，反复做某事”，可换用。但keep on doing 更强调动作的反复性或做事人的决心。 He keeps on phoning me, but I don’t want to talk to him. Though he failed 3 times, he kept on trying. 他老是给我打电话，但我不想同他讲话。虽然他已失败了3次，但他仍继续干下去。 keep doing sth 经常用于静态动词。 He kept lying in bed all day long. 他整天都躺在床上。 ⑤keep …from doing sth 表示“阻止，使免于” He kept them from fishing in the lake. 他不让他们在那个湖里捕鱼。 2、may not / mustn’t / needn’t / wouldn’t ①may not be 是may be的否定式，意为“可能不是，也许不是” He may be there.他可能在那里。He may not be there.他可能不在那里。 ②must 意为“必须”，mustn’t 意为“千万不可，绝对不可” 所以Must we/I ……?的否定回答要用needn’t—意为“不必” -Must we get there before 11 o’clock？ -No, we needn’t. ③wouldn’t = would not 意为“不会，不愿” I wouldn’t say no. 3、do ①do表示“做”，做某事，常指某种不具体的活动；make表示“制作”，指做出某种具体的东西。

感官动词的用法

感官动词 1.see, hear, listen to, watch, notice等词，后接宾语，再接省略to的动词不定式或ing形式。前者表全过程，后者表正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。注释:省略to的动词不定式--to do是动词不定式，省略了to,剩下do，其形式和动词原形是一样的，但说法不同。 see sb do sth 看到某人做了某事 see sb doing sth 看到某人在做某事 hear sb do sth 听到某人做了某事 hear sb doing sth 听到某人在做某事以此类推... I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡时有人正敲门,强调当时正在敲门) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听到有人敲门的全过程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (此处有频率词often) （了解）若以上词用于被动语态，须将省略的to还原： see sb do sth----sb be seen to do sth hear sb do sth----sb be seen to do sth 以此类推... We saw him go into the restaurant. → He was seen to go into the restaurant. I hear the boy cry every day. → The boy is heard to cry every day. 2.感官动词look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词，后接形容词。 He looks angry. His explanation sounds reasonable. The cakes smell nice.

动词以及动词短语的用法(动词后加to do 还是doing)

一动词加-ing 的情况 consider, suggest/advise,look forward to, excuse/pardon admit,delay/put off,fancy avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practise deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate forbid,imagine,risk can't help,mind,allow/permit,escape 考虑建议盼原谅, 承认推迟没得想. 避免错过继续练, 否认完成就欣赏. 禁止想象才冒险, 不禁介意准逃亡. 如：建议：advise,suggest,冒险:risk,献身:devote oneself to 二动词后加doing 和加to do sth. 意思不一样的情况 ①remember doing指记住过去做过的事，remember to do指记住将来要做的事，表示“不要忘记”。 ②forget doing表示忘记过去做过的事，forget to do表示“没有想起做某事”。 ③mean doing表示“意味着做某事”，mean to do表示“打算做某事”。 ④regret doing表示对已做过的事感到后悔，regret to do表示对将要做的事表示遗憾。 ⑤stop doing表示“停止做某事”，stop to do是停止做正在做的事以便去做另外一件事，这里的to do不是stop的宾语而是stop的目的状语。 ⑥try doing表示“尝试做某事”，try to do表示“设法、试图做某事”。 ⑦go on doing表示继续做同一件事，go on to do表示做完一件事后，接下去做另外一件事。三动词后加to do sth. afford负担得起agree同意appear似乎，显得arrange安排 ask问attempt企图beg请求begin开始 choose选择claim要求decide决定demand要求 desire愿望determine决定expect期望fail不能 forget忘记happen碰巧hate憎恨，厌恶hesitate犹豫 hope希望intend想要learn学习long渴望 love爱manage设法mean意欲，打算need需要 neglect忽视offer提供omit忽略，漏other扰乱；烦恼

英语中感官动词的用法

英语中感官动词的用法一、感官动词 1、感官动词(及物动词)有：see/notice/look at/watch/observe/listen to/hear/feel(Vt)/taste(Vt)/smell(Vt) 2、连缀动词(含感官不及物动词) be/get/become/feel/look/sound/smell/taste/keep/stay/seem/ appear/grow/turn/prove/remain/go/run 二、具体用法： 1、see, hear, smell, taste, feel,这五个动词均可作连系动词，后面接形容词作表语，说明主语所处的状态。其意思分别为"看/听/闻/尝/摸起来……"。除look之外，其它几个动词的主语往往是物，而不是人。例如：These flowers smell very sweet.这些花闻起来很香。 The tomatoes feel very soft.这些西红柿摸起来很软。 2、这些动词后面也可接介词like短语，like后面常用名词。例如：Her idea sounds like fun.她的主意听起来很有趣。 3、这五个感官动词也可作实义动词,除look(当"看起来……"讲时)只能作不及物动词外,其余四个既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词,此时作为实义动词讲时其主语一般为人。例如:She smelt the meat.她闻了闻那块肉。 I felt in my pocket for cigarettes.我用手在口袋里摸香烟。 4、taste, smell作不及物动词时,可用于"t aste / smell + of +名词"结构,意为"有……味道/气味"。例如:The air in the room smells of earth.房间里的空气有股泥土味。 5、它们(sound除外)可以直接作名词,与have或take构成短语。例如：May I have a taste of the mooncakes?我可以尝一口这月饼吗？taste有品位、味道的意思。例如：I don’t like the taste of the garlic.我不喜欢大蒜的味道。 She dresses in poor taste.她穿着没有品位。 look有外观，特色的意思，例：The place has a European look.此地具有欧洲特色。 feel有感觉，感受的意思，watch有手表，观察的意思。例：My watch is expensive.我的手表很贵。 6、其中look, sound, feel还能构成"look / sound / feel + as if +从句"结构，意为"看起来/听起来/感觉好像……"。例如：It looks as if our class is going to win.看来我们班好像要获胜了。 7、感官动词+do与+doing的区别： see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性。 I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"

pretend三种易混淆不定式的用法

pretend三种易混淆不定式的用法今天给大家带来了pretend三种易混淆不定式的用法，我们一起来学习吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 pretend三种易混淆不定式的用法 1. pretend to do sth .这个短语的意思是假装(将要)去做什么事情，适用于将来时态动作将来假装要去做但不一定去做的状态。举例: If youpretend to know what you dont know，youll only make afool of yourself.不懂装懂就会闹笑话。(suri的回答) Child pretend to be mother and father in kindergarten.孩子在幼稚园里面假扮父亲和母亲(表将来)(JasoOon的回答) 2. pretend to have done sth .这个短语的意思是假装已经做过了某事，强调事情的一个完成的状态，侧重于假装的事情已经做好了。举例:I pretend tohave seen nothing，but I cant.我假装自己没有看到任何东西，但是我做不到(侧重于一个完成时态，已经试图去假装没有看到)

she pretended to have finished the homeworkwhen she went out and played.当她出门玩的时候她假装自己已经完成了家庭作业。(假装做作业这个动作已经在出门玩之前做完了)(JasoOon的回答)以及怀陌的回答:When the teacher came in，he pretended to havefinished the homework.当老师进来的时候他假装自己已经完成家庭作业了，两者有异曲同工之妙。 3. pretendtobe doing sth 这个短语的意思是假装正在做某事，强调动作的一个进行时态。举例:They pretend to be reading books when the teacher sneakingly stands at the back door.当老师偷偷地站在后门的时候他们假装正在读书(读书与老师站在后门都是过去进行时态)(JasoOon的回答) Asmanypeople do，youoftenpretend to be doingwork when actuallyyou arejust wasting time online.像很多人一样，你经常假装正在工作，其实是在上网。群主补充：昨天和今天已提交作业的同学，做得都很好，全部授予小红花。希望你们再接再厉，不要松懈哟。所以下周一出题者为所有已提交作业的同学或者你们选出的代表。

感官动词的用法

1.感官动词用法之一：see, hear, listen to, watch, notice等词，后接宾语，再接动词原形或ing形式。前者表全过程，后者表正在进行。句中有频率词时，以上的词也常跟动词原形。 I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (我入睡时有人正敲门) I heard someone knock at the door three times. (听的是全过程) I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school.(此处有频率词often) 若以上词用于被动语态，后面原有动词原形改为带to不定式： We saw him go into the restaurant. →He was seen to go into the restaurant. I hear the boy cry every day. →The boy is heard to cry every day. 2.感官动词用法之二：look, sound, smell, taste, feel可当系动词，后接形容词： He looks angry. It sounds good. The flowers smell beautiful. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired. They all looked tired. 这些动词都不用于被动语态。如：The sweets are tasted sweet.是个病句。注意：如果加介词like,则后不可接形容词，而接名词或代词：

英语语法用法顺口溜(巧记)

英语语法顺口溜(巧记). 英语学习动词为纲“滚雪球” 难易编组抓循环同类归纳印象深图示介词最直观混淆多因形音义反义词语成对念构词方法不可忘习惯用语集中练词不离句法最好课外阅读莫间断 be 的用法口诀我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它；单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记。疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。时间名词前所用介词的速记歌年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错。 at也用在明分前，说“差”可要用上to，说“过”只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记，莫让岁月空蹉跎。记住f(e)结尾的名词复数妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。巧记48个国际音标单元音共十二，四二六前中后。双元音也好背，合口集中八个整。辅音共计二十八，八对一清又七浊，四个连对也包括。有气无声清辅音，有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握。非谓语动词的一些特殊用法后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用特殊谓语动词动词后，不定式，want, hope和wish， agree, decide, mean, manage, promise, expect, pretend,且说两位算在此，要记牢，要记住，掌握它们靠自己。

英语学习小窍门后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的一些常用特殊动词一些动词要掌握，have, let和make, 此三动词是使役，“注意”“观察”“听到”see，还有feel和watch，使用它们要仔细，后接“宾补”略去“to”，此点千万要牢记除此之外，还可以掌握“八字言”，一感feel,二听hear, listen to, 三让have, let, make,四看see, look at, observe, watch 后只接动名词做宾语的一些常用特殊动词特殊动词接“动名”，使用它们要记清， “放弃”“享受”可“后悔”， “坚持”“练习”必“完成”， “延期”“避免”非“介意” 掌握它们今必行。动名词在句中的功能及其它 “动名”语法其功能，名词特征有动、形，主宾表定都可作，“动名”、“现分”要认清，“现分”不作“宾”和“主”，动名作“状”可不行。二词皆可作定语，混为一谈不允许，主谓关系视分词，“动名”一词无此义。现在分词形式及在句子中的作用（包括过去分词的作用）：现在分词真好记，动词后面ING。它的作用真不小，可以充当定状表。还有宾语补足语，忘记此项不可以。分词做定语的位置及其它 “定分”位置有二条，词前词后定分晓。单个分词在词前，有时此规有颠倒。分词短语在词后，“定从”和它互对照。 “现分”动作进行时，“过分”动作完成了。（注：“定分”：做定语的分词；“定从”：定语从句；“现分”：现在分词；“过分”：过去分词。）分词做状语在句子中所表示的意义分词做状语，概有七意义。“ 时间”和“原因”，“结果”与“目的”。 “方式”加“伴随”，“条件”常出席。且谈其主语，谓语头前的*。欲要记住它，必须常练习。（*指句子的主语）

感官动词

感官动词的概念和相关考点 1、什么是感官动词？听觉：listen to、hear 视觉：look at、seem、watch 嗅觉：smell 触觉：feel、touch 味觉：taste 2、感官动词如何正确使用？ Tom drove his car away. →I saw him drive away. (全过程) 用法一：somebody did sth + I saw this I saw somebody do something. Tom was waiting for the bus. →I saw Tom waiting for the bus. (看不到全过程) 用法二：somebody was doing sth + I saw this I saw somebody doing something 练习：一、句子翻译 1. I didn,t hear you come in. 2. I suddenly felt sth touch me on the shoulder. 3. I could hear it raining. 4. Listen to the birds singing. 5. Can you smell sth burning? 6. I found Sue in my room reading my letters. 二、灵活运用 1. I saw Ann waiting for the bus. 2. I saw Dave and Helen playing tenins. 3. I saw Clair having her meal. 三、选择最佳选项 1. Did anybody see the accident (happen/happening)? 2. We listen to the old man (tell/telling) his story from beginning to the end. 3. Listen! Can you hear a baby (cry/crying)? 4.—Why did you turn around suddenly? — I heard someone (call/calling) my name. 5. We watched the two men (open/opening) a window and (climb/climbing) through it into house. 6. When we got there, we found our cat (sleep/sleeping) on the table. 四、感官动词的被动语态 Oh，the milk is tasted strange.

pretend的用法总结

pretend的用法总结以下是小编为大家总结的pretend的用法，希望能帮助大家掌握pretend这个单词，提高英语水平。 pretend to be doing 是强调不定式的动作正在进行的过程中. pretend to do是强调假装要做某事,而不一定正在进行或者是已经发生. 还有一种完成式pretend to have done 强调假装后面的动作已经完成. pretend to be reading就表示他假装正在读书 pretend to sleep 表示他要去睡觉 pretend vt. 假装, 装扮, (作为藉口或理由)伪称 To give a false appearance of; feign: 伪装：显示一副假面貌;伪装： You had to pretend conformity while privately pursuing high and dangerous nonconformism(Anthony Burgess) 当你私下里追求崇高而又危险的新教教义时，你仍得假装信奉国教(安东尼伯吉斯) To claim or allege insincerely or falsely; profess: 假称：不诚实地或虚假地要求或宣称;自称：

doesnt pretend to be an expert. 不要伪称是个专家 To represent fictitiously in play; make believe: 装扮：在戏剧中虚构地扮演;使相信： pretended they were on a cruise. 他们假装在海上巡逻 I cannot pretend to say that you are wrong. 我不敢说你是错误的To take upon oneself; venture: 大胆冒昧地做：使自己承担义务;冒险干某事： v.intr.(不及物动词) To feign an action or a character, as in play. 扮演：假扮某种行为或某个角色，如在戏剧中假扮 To put forward a claim. 自称：提出要求 To make pretensions: 假装，矫作： pretends to gourmet tastes. 自命有美食家的品味 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/2715901715.html,rmal (形容词)【非正式用语】 Imitation; make-believe: 模仿的;仿制的： pretend money; pretend pearls.

感官动词用法

我们学过了五个与人的感觉有关的动词，它们是look，sound，smel l，taste，feel，我们可称之为“感官”动词。它们的用法有着许多相同点，但也有不同之处，现就此作一小结。一、这五个动词均可作连系动词，后面接形容词作表语，说明主语所处的状态。其意思分别为“看/听/闻/尝/摸起来……”。除loo k之外，其它几个动词的主语往往是物，而不是人。例如：These flowers smell very sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。 The tomatoes feel very soft. 这些西红柿摸起来很软。 The music sounds beautiful. 二、这些动词后面也可接介词like短语，like后面常用名词。例如： Her idea sounds like fun. 她的主意听起来很有趣。 He looks like his father. 三、这五个感官动词也可作实义动词，除look（当“看起来……”讲时）只能作不及物动词外，其余四个既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词，其主语通常是人。例如： She smelt the meat. 她闻了闻那块肉。

I felt in my pocket for cigarettes. 我用手在口袋里摸香烟。 He tasted the soup and added some salt. Miss Wang asked us to look at the blackboard. 四、taste，smell作不及物动词时，可用于“taste / smell + of + 名词”结构，意为“有……味道 / 气味”。例如： The air in the room smells of earth. 房间里的空气有股泥土味。 The bread taste of sugar. 五、它们（sound除外）可以直接作名词，与have或take构成短语。例如： May I have a taste of the mooncakes？我可以尝一口这月饼吗？ May I have a look at your photo? 六、其中look，sound，feel还能构成“look / sound / feel + as if +从句”结构，意为“看起来/听起来/ 感觉好像……”。例如：

动名词的用法小结

动名词的用法小结 1动名词是一种非谓语动词形式。 1) 非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用）爬山是一项好运动。 Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. （wearing ... 分词起形容词作用）你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗？ He gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .... 不定式起副词作用）他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别： 2) 谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。 Miss Mary teaches us English. 玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语） Mr.Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。（to have a talk.... 不定式作状语） 3) 谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜欢流行音乐。（动词用单数第三人称形式） Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形）非谓语动词的特征： 2 如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。 Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语） To help him is my duty. 帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语） 3 非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。 Working under such a condition is terrible.在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是working 的状语） It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. 他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。（for him 作不定式的逻辑主语） 4 非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 对不起让你久等了。（to have kept...是不定式的完成形式） Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。（Seen from...是分词的被动形式 5 非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。 Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用） There are two big swimming pools here. 这儿有两个大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用）非谓语动词的形式变化：不定式主动被动一般 to write to be written 进行 to be writing / 完成 to have written to have been written 完成进行 to have been writing / 现在分词主动被动一般 writing being written 完成 having written having been written 动名词主动被动

英语感官动词用法大全!

在基础英语写作中往往有学生对谓语的选用有一定困惑，其中就有一类特殊的动词：感官动词。今天就由来为大家把其用法进行一下总结： (A)感官动词(及物动词)有： see/notice/look at/watch/observe/listen to/hear/feel(Vt)/taste(Vt)/smell(Vt) (B)连缀动词(含感官不及物动词) be/get/become/feel/look/sound/smell/taste/keep/stay/seem/ appear/grow/turn/prove/remain/go/run 一、see, hear, feel, watch, look,这五个动词均可作连系动词，后面接形容词作表语，说明主语所处的状态。其意思分别为"看/听/闻/尝/摸起来……" look之外，其它几个动词的主语往往是物，而不是人。例如： These flowers smell very sweet.这些花闻起来很香。 The tomatoes feel very soft.这些西红柿摸起来很软。二、这些动词后面也可接介词like短语，like后面常用名词。例如： Her idea sounds like fun.她的主意听起来很有趣。三、这五个感官动词也可作实义动词,除look(当"看起来……"讲时)只能作不及物动词外,其余四个既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词,此时作为实义动词讲时其主语一般为人。(和1有区别) 例如: She smelt the meat.她闻了闻那块肉。 I felt in my pocket for cigarettes.我用手在口袋里摸香烟。四、taste, smell作不及物动词时,可用于"taste / smell + of +名词"结构,意为"有……味道/气味"。例如: The air in the room smells of earth.房间里的空气有股泥土味。五、它们(sound除外)可以直接作名词,与have或take构成短语。例如: May I have a taste of the mooncakes?我可以尝一口这月饼吗? taste有品位，味道的意思例：I don't like the taste of the garlic. 我不喜欢大蒜的味道。 She dresses in poor taste.她穿着没有品位。 look有外观，特色的意思例：The place has a European look.此地具有欧洲特色。 feel有感觉，感受的意思 watch有手表，观察的意思例：My watch is expensive.我的手表很贵。六、其中look, sound, feel还能构成"look / sound / feel + as if +从句"结构，意为"看起来/听起来/感觉好像……"。例如：

be 的用法口诀

be 的用法口诀我用am，你用are，is连着他，她，它；单数名词用is，复数名词全用are。变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃。变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记。疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑。时间名词前所用介词的速记歌年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错。 at也用在明分前，说“差”可要用上to，说“过”只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记，莫让岁月空蹉跎。记住f(e)结尾的名词复数

妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮目光。 wife, knife, thief, shelf, leef 后只接不定式作宾语的一些常用特殊谓语动词动词后，不定式，want, hope和wish， agree, decide, mean, manage, promise, expect, pretend,且说两位算在此，要记牢，要记住，掌握它们靠自己。后接动词不定式做宾语补足语省略不定式符号“to”的一些常用特殊动词一些动词要掌握，have, let和make, 此三动词是使役，“注意”“观察”“听到”see，还有feel和watch，使用它们要仔细，后接“宾补”略去“to”，此点千万要牢记

除此之外，还可以掌握“八字言”，一感feel,二听hear, listen to, 三让have, let, make,四看se e, look at, observe, watch 后只接动名词做宾语的一些常用特殊动词特殊动词接“动名”，使用它们要记清， “放弃”“享受”可“后悔”， “坚持”“练习”必“完成”， “延期”“避免”非“介意” 掌握它们今必行。动名词在句中的功能及其它 “动名”语法其功能，名词特征有动、形，主宾表定都可作，“动名”、“现分”要认清，“现分”不作“宾”和“主”，动名作“状”可不行。二词皆可作定语，混为一谈不允许，主谓关系视分词，“动名”一词无此义。

英语中的感官动词的用法

感官动词表示人的感官动作，可作完全及物动词或不完全及物动词，例如：see/look/watch/notice/observe, hear/listen to, taste, smell, feel/touch. 一、感官动词经常和情态动词can 连用，例如： hear: Can you hear that? 你能听到吗？ see: I can't see much. 我看不太清楚。 feel: I can feel the baby moving inside me. 我能感觉到婴儿在我体内移动。二、感官动词用于进行时，表明主语或感知者集中在一个特别的对象上，是一种自愿的动作，常见的有listen to, look at, touch, smell 和taste，例如： listen to: He is listening to the radio. 他正在听收音机。 look at: They are looking at the picture. 他们正在看这幅画。 touch: She is touching her cat. 她正在抚摸她的猫。 smell: She is smelling the flowers. 她在闻花。 taste:

We are tasting champagne. 我们正在品尝香槟。并不是所有的感官动词都可以用进行时，例如：误：She was hearing a noise. 误：He was seeing a woman in the rain. 但当hear 在表达一种经历时，可以用进行时；see 在表达与人见面或是约会，可以用进行时，等等，例如： hearing: She was always hearing voices in her head. 她脑子里总有声音。 seeing: She is seeing the doctor. 她正在看医生。 He was seeing another woman. 他在和另一个女人约会。三、感官动词的特殊用法 1、感官动词+ 宾语+ 不带to 不定式，例如： We heard you leave. 我们听见你走了。解析：此句强调的重点是“We heard". I saw her go. 我看见她走了。解析：此句强调的重点是"I saw" . 2、感官动词 + 宾语 + 动名词，例如： We heard you leaving. 我们听见你走了。解析：此句强调的重点是“you leaving",相当于 We heard you when you