国际经济学作业答案-第九章
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs are dismantled and
removed,
(a) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decrease.
(b) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will increase.
(c) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence increasing national
economic welfare.
(d) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing national
economic welfare.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
2. The opportunity to exploit economies of scale is one of the gains to be made from removing tariffs
and other trade distortions. These gains will be found by a decrease in
(a) world prices of imports.
(b) the consumption distortion loss triangle.
(c) the production distortion loss triangle.
(d) Both (b) and (c).
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
3. It is argued that special interest groups are likely to take over and promote protectionist policies,
which may lead to an increase in national economic welfare. This argument leads to
(a) a presumption that in practice a free trade policy is likely to be better than alternatives.
(b) a presumption that trade policy should be shifted to Non-Governmental Organizations, so as to
limit taxpayer burden.
(c) a presumption that free trade is generally a second-best policy, to be avoided if feasible
alternatives are available.
(d) a presumption that free trade is the likely equilibrium solution if the government allows special
interest groups to dictate its trade policy.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
96 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
4. The optimum tariff is
(a) the best tariff a country can obtain via a WTO negotiated round of compromises.
(b) the tariff, which maximizes the terms of trade gains.
(c) the tariff, which maximizes the difference between terms of trade gains and terms of trade loses.
(d) not practical for a small country due to the likelihood of retaliation.
(e) not practical for a large country due to the likelihood of retaliation.
Answer: E
5. The optimum tariff is most likely to apply to
(a) a small tariff imposed by a small country.
(b) a small tariff imposed by a large country.
(c) a large tariff imposed by a small country.
(d) a large tariff imposed by a large country.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
6. The prohibitive tariff is a tariff that
(a) is so high that it eliminates imports.
(b) is so high that it causes undue harm to trade-partner economies.
(c) is so high that it causes undue harm to import competing sectors.
(d) is so low that the government prohibits its use since it would lose an important revenue source.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
7. The existence of marginal social benefits which are not marginal benefits for the industry producing
the import substitutes
(a) is an argument supporting free trade and non-governmental involvement.
(b) is an argument supporting the use of an optimum tariff.
(c) is an argument supporting the use of market failures as a trade-policy strategy.
(d) is an argument rejecting free trade and supporting governmental involvement.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
8. The domestic market failure argument is a particular case of the theory of
(a) the optimum, or first-best.
(b) the second best.
(c) the third best.
(d) the sufficing principle.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory 97
9. The difficulty of ascertaining the right second-best trade policy to follow
(a) reinforces support for the third-best policy approach.
(b) reinforces support for increasing research capabilities of government agencies.
(c) reinforces support for abandoning trade policy as an option.
(d) reinforces support for free-trade options.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
10. The authors of the text believe that
(a) second-best policy is worse than optimal policy.
(b) special interest groups generally enhance national welfare.
(c) national welfare is likely to be enhanced by the imposition of an optimal tariff.
(d) market Failure arguments tend to support free-trade policy.
(e) there is no such thing as national welfare.
Answer: E
11. The simple model of competition among political parties long used by political scientists tends to
lead to the practical solution of selecting the
(a) optimal tariff.
(b) prohibitive tariff.
(c) zero (free-trade) tariff.
(d) the tariff rate favored by the median voter.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
12. The median voter model
(a) works well in the area of trade policy.
(b) is not intuitively reasonable.
(c) tends to result in biased tariff rates.
(d) does not work well in the area of trade policy.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
13. The fact that trade policy often imposes harm on large numbers of people, and benefits only a few
may be explained by
(a) the lack of political involvement of the public.
(b) the power of advertisement.
(c) the problem of collective action.
(d) the basic impossibility of the democratic system to reach a fair solution.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
98 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
14. Protectionism tends to be concentrated in two sectors:
(a) agriculture and clothing.
(b) high tech and national security sensitive industries.
(c) capital and skill intensive industries.
(d) industries concentrated in the South and in the Midwest of the country.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
15. Judging by the changes in the height of tariff rates in major trading countries, the world has been
experiencing a great
(a) trade liberalization.
(b) surge of protectionism.
(c) lack of progress in the trade-policy area.
(d) move towards regional integration.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
16. The World Trade Organization (WTO) was organized as a successor to the
(a) IMF.
(b) UN.
(c) UNCTAD.
(d) GATT.
(e) The World Bank.
Answer: D
17. The WTO was established by the ____________of multilateral trade negotiations.
(a) Kennedy Round
(b) Tokyo Round
(c) Uruguay Round
(d) Dillon Round
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
18. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 has generally been associated with
(a) falling tariffs.
(b) free trade.
(c) intensifying the worldwide depression.
(d) recovery from the worldwide depression.
(e) Non-tariff barriers.
Answer: C
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory 99 19. A trade policy designed to alleviate some domestic economic problem by exporting it to foreign
countries is know as a(n)
(a) international dumping policy.
(b) countervailing tariff policy.
(c) beggar thy neighbor policy.
(d) trade adjustment assistance policy.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
20. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization have resulted in
(a) termination of export subsidies applied to manufactured goods.
(b) termination of import tariffs applied to manufactures.
(c) termination of import tariffs applied to agricultural commodities.
(d) termination of international theft of copyrights.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
21. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade Organization have resulted in
(a) the establishment of universal trade adjustment assistance policies.
(b) the establishment of the European Union.
(c) the reciprocal trade clause.
(d) reductions in trade barriers via multilateral negotiations.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
22. Trade theory suggests that Japan would gain from a subsidy the United States provides its grain
farmers if the gains to Japanese consumers of wheat products more than offsets the losses to
Japanese wheat farmers. This would occur as long as Japan
(a) is a net importer in bilateral trade flows with the United States.
(b) is a net importer of wheat.
(c) has a comparative advantage in wheat.
(d) has an absolute advantage in producing wheat.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
23. Countervailing duties are intended to neutralize any unfair advantage that foreign exporters might
gain because of foreign
(a) tariffs.
(b) subsidies.
(c) quotas.
(d) Local-Content legislation.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
100 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
24. Throughout the post-World War II era, the importance of tariffs as a trade barrier has
(a) increased.
(b) decreased.
(c) remained the same.
(d) fluctuated wildly.
(e) demonstrated a classic random walk with a mean-reversion tendency.
Answer: B
25. In 1980 the United States announced an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union in response to
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. This embargo was mainly resisted by
(a) U.S. grain consumers of bread.
(b) U.S. grain producers.
(c) foreign grain producers.
(d) U.S. communists.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
26. Export embargoes cause greater losses to consumer surplus in the target country
(a) the lesser its initial dependence on foreign produced goods.
(b) the more elastic is the target country’s demand schedule.
(c) the more elastic is the target country’s domestic supply.
(d) the more inelastic the target country’s supply.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
27. The strongest political pressure for a trade policy that results in higher protectionism comes from
(a) domestic workers lobbying for import restrictions.
(b) domestic workers lobbying for export restrictions.
(c) domestic workers lobbying for free trade.
(d) domestic consumers lobbying for export restrictions.
(e) domestic consumers lobbying for import restrictions.
Answer: A
28. The average tariff rate to data on dutiable imports in the United States is approximately
(a) 5 % of the value of imports.
(b) 15% of the value of imports.
(c) 20 % of the value of imports.
(d) 25% of the value of imports.
(e) more than 25% of the value of imports.
Answer: A
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory 101 29. In 1990 the United States imposed trade embargoes on Iraq’s international trade. This would induce
smaller losses in Iraq’s consumer surplus the
(a) less elastic Iraq’s demand schedule.
(b) more elastic Iraq’s demand schedule.
(c) greater is Iraq’s dependence on foreign products.
(d) more inelastic is Iraq’s supply schedule.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
30. The World Trade Organization provides for all of the following except
(a) the usage of the most favored nation clause.
(b) assistance in the settlement of trade disagreements.
(c) bilateral tariff reductions.
(d) multilateral tariff reductions.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
31. Which organization determines procedures for the settlement of international trade disputes?
(a) World Bank
(b) World Trade Organization
(c) International Monetary Organization
(d) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(e) The League of Nations
Answer: B
32. The WTO’s int ervention against clean air standards
(a) has earned it universal approval.
(b) was done in order to limit national sovereignty.
(c) has resulted in much criticism.
(d) has resulted in much criticism among professional economists.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
33. Under U.S. commercial policy, the escape clause results in
(a) temporary quotas granted to firms injured by import competition.
(b) tariffs that offset export subsidies granted to foreign producers.
(c) a refusal of the U.S. to extradite anyone who escaped political oppression.
(d) tax advantages extended to minority-owned exporting firms.
(e) tariff advantages extended to certain Caribbean countries in the U.S. market.
Answer: A
102 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
34. Under U.S. commercial policy, which clause permits the modification of a trade liberalization
agreement on a temporary basis if serious injury occurs to domestic producers as a result of the
agreement?
(a) Adjustment assistance clause
(b) Escape clause
(c) Most favored nation clause
(d) Prohibitive tariff clause
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
35. Today U.S. protectionism is concentrated in
(a) high tech industries.
(b) labor-intensive industries.
(c) industries in which Japan has a comparative advantage.
(d) computer intensive industries.
(e) capital-intensive industries.
Answer: B
36. The reason protectionism remains strong in the United States is that
(a) economists can produce any result they are hired to produce.
(b) economists cannot persuade the general public that free trade is beneficial.
(c) economists do not really understand how the real world works.
(d) the losses associated with protectionism are diffuse, making lobbying by the public impractical.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
37. An issue never confronted effectively by GATT, but considered an important issue for WTO
is that of
(a) the promotion of freer World trade
(b) the promotion of freer World commodity trade
(c) the promotion of freer World services trade
(d) the lowering of tariff rates
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
38. The political wisdom of choosing a tariff acceptable to the median U.S. voter is
(a) a good example of the principle of the second best.
(b) a good example of the way in which actual tariff policies are determined.
(c) a good example of the principle of political negotiation.
(d) is not evident in actual tariff determination.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory 103 39. A game-theory explanation of the paradox that even though all countries would benefit if each chose
free trade, in fact each tends to follow protectionist policies is
(a) Trade war
(b) Collective action
(c) Prisoner’s dilemma
(d) Benefit—Cost analysis
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
40. When the U.S. placed tariffs on French wine, France placed high tariffs on U.S. chickens. This is an
example of:
(a) deadweight losses
(b) multilateral negotiations
(c) bilateral trade negotiations
(d) international market failures
(e) none of the above
Answer: E
41. The quantitative importance of U.S. protection of the domestic clothing industry is best explained
by the fact that
(a) this industry is an important employer of highly skilled labor
(b) this industry is an important employer of low skilled labor
(c) most of the exporters of clothing into the U.S. are poor countries.
(d) a politically well organized sector in the U.S.
(e) None of the above
Answer: D
Essay Questions
1. Developing countries have often attempted to establish cartels so as to counter the actual or
perceived inexorable downward push on the prices of their exported commodities. OPEC is the best well known of these. How are such cartels expected to help the developing countries? At times
importing countries profess support for such schemes. Can you think of any logical basis for such support? How are cartels like monopolies, and how are they different from monopolies. Why is
there a presupposition among economists that such schemes are not likely to succeed in the long run?
Answer: Such cartels are expected to shift the exporters’ terms of trade in their favor. Also they are expected to produce the maximum profit, which the market will bear. Importing countries
may benefit from the price stability generated by the cartel. Cartels are like monopolies in
that their total output is the same as that which would be generated by a single monopoly.
They differ from monopolies in that the monopoly profits need to be divided among the
producing countries, which have different cost structures.
104 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
2. The United States appears at times to have a totally schizophrenic attitude toward protectionism.
The United States was the country that proposed the establishment of the World Trade Organization as early as the late 1940s, and was also the only industrialized country that refused to ratify this at that time. The United States has consistently argued on the side of multinational free trade in GATT Rounds, and yet maintains many protectionist laws such as those which reserve oil shipments from Alaska to U.S. flag carriers. How can you explain this apparent lack of national consistency on this issue?
Answer: This reflects the fact that international trade typically has many winners and relatively fewer, but politically powerful losers. Short of guaranteed (constitutional?) non-
conditional compensatory mechanisms, the basic conflict between these two groups will
always be there.
3. Presumably, since the United States is a large country in many of its international markets, a
positive optimum tariff exists for this country. It follows therefore that when any legislator or
government official who promotes zero-tariff free trade policies, is by definition not acting in the public’s best interest. Discuss.
Answer: Technically this is true. However, this is true only within the context of a generally myopic view of international relations. If the tariff imposing country is large enough to
make a substantial difference in its welfare by seeking an optimum tariff, then it cannot
hope to remain invisible, as its policies are substantially harming its trade partners.
Foreign repercussions are almost a certainty. In such a “game” it is not at all certain that
seeking the optimum tariff dominates alternative strategies.
4. It may be demonstrated that any protectionist policy, which effectively shifts real resources to
import competing industries or sectors will harm export industries or sectors. This may, for example, happen by the strengthening U.S. dollar in the foreign exchange market. Would you propose
therefore that export industries lobby against protectionism in International Trade Commission
proceedings? What of consumer advocates? Discuss the pros and the problems of such a suggestion.
Answer: Actually this is an interesting idea. It is well known that the public interest is put on hold as the ITC considers only the squeaky wheels of those allegedly hurt by trade. While
“consumers” may be too amorphous a group to successfull y organize and pursue a
political agenda, the exporters and consumer advocates may be able to form a counter
weight to the import competing industries.
5. It is argued that the United States would be foolish to maintain a free-trade stance in a world in
which all other countries exploit child or prisoner labor, or are protectionist. On the other hand,
Ricardo’s classic demonstration of the sources and effects of comparative advantage cogently
demonstrates that regardless of other country policy, free trade remains the first best policy for a country to follow, since it will maximize its consumption possibilities (conditional upon other
country policies). Explain. Discuss the contradiction with the argument in the preceding paragraph.
Answer: In the context of the Ricardian model, it is true that gains from trade are strictly a result of world terms of trade, which differ from domestic marginal rates of substitution. In such a
world, the reason why foreign goods are cheap is of no concern to domestic consumers.
However, in a world which allows for large-scale labor migration, ignoring labor
conditions abroad may ultimately result in living standards for domestic workers to be
dragged down.
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory 105 6. It has been claimed that foreign governments have attempted to influence votes in the U.S. that
would promote policies of protectionism within the U.S. On the surface this appears to be totally illogical and counter intuitive, as this would presumably lessen the possibilities of foreigners’
exports to the U.S.
Answer: This would make sense only if the form of protectionism is a tariff. However, if it is a quota, then the scarcity rents may be captured by established foreign producers. Hence,
the reaction of the Japanese to automobile quotas was to dramatically increase the high-
end, highly profitable automobiles. This would be even more self-evident if the
protectionism took the form of a Voluntary Export Restraint (VER), or a detailed
formalized bilateral cartel, such as the old Multi-Fibre Agreement.
Quantitative/Graphing Problems
Assume that Boeing (U.S.) and Airbus (European Union) both wish to enter the Hungarian market with the next new generation airliner. They both have identical cost and demand conditions (as
indicated in the graph above).
1. Assume that Boeing is the first to enter the Hungarian market. Without a government subsidy what
price would they demand, and what would be their total profits?
Answer: $12 Million, $16
2. What is the consumer surplus enjoyed by Hungarian consumers of Boeing aircraft in the above
situation?
Answer: $8 Million
3. Suppose the European government provides Airbus with a subsidy of $4 for each airplane sold, and
that the subsidy convinces Boeing to exit the Hungarian market. Now Airbus would be the
monopolist in this market. What price would they charge, and what would be their total profits?
Answer: $10 Million, and $36 Million
106 Krugman/Obstfeld ?Seventh Edition
4. What would be the cost of the subsidy to European taxpayers?
Answer: $24 Million
5. What happens to the Consumer Surplus of Hungarian customers as a result of this subsidy?
Answer: An increase of $10 Million.
6. What is the revenue gain or loss for Europe as a whole (including taxpayers)?
Answer:A gain of $12 Million.
7. The U.S. producer Boeing, and the European Airbus are contemplating the next generation mid-
sized fuel efficient generation of air carrier. If both produce their respective models, then each
would lose $50 million (because the world market is just not large enough to enable either to capture potential scale economies if they had to share the world market). If neither produce, then each one’s net gain would of course be zero. If either one produces while the other does not, then the producer will gain $500 million.
(a) What is the correct strategy for either company?
Answer: enter the market first. Then the other company knows that if it also enters, it will not be able to cover costs.
(b) What is the correct strategy for a government seeking to maximize national economic welfare?
Answer: Subsidize its producer. If this allows it to enter first, then we get the same solution as answer (a) above.
(c) If a national government decides to subsidize its aircraft producer, how high should be the
subsidy?
Answer: Any figure above $50 million (e.g. $55 million). This would promise positive profits regardless of the decision of the competitor. The “winner” then may turn out to be that
country whose voters are least sensitive to on-the-books, transparent subsidies given to
rich corporations (these subsidies will have to continue year after year until the other
country stops its subsidies).
克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版上册课后答案Word版
Chapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model Chapter Organization The Concept of Comparative Advantage A One-Factor Economy Production Possibilities Relative Prices and Supply Trade in a One-Factor World Box: Comparative Advantage in Practice: The Case of Babe Ruth Determining the Relative Price after Trade The Gains from Trade A Numerical Example Box: The Losses from Non-Trade Relative Wages Misconceptions about Comparative Advantage Productivity and Competitiveness The Pauper Labor Argument Exploitation Box: Do Wages Reflect Productivity? Comparative Advantage with Many Goods Setting Up the Model Relative Wages and Specialization Determining the Relative Wage with a Multigood Model Adding Transport Costs and Non-Traded Goods Empirical Evidence on the Ricardian Model Summary
国际经济学作业答案第一章
Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C
国际经济学试题及答案
三、名词解释 1.生产者剩余 答：生产者剩余是指生产者愿意接受的价格和实际接受的价格之间的差额。 2.罗伯津斯基定理 答：罗伯津斯基定理是指在生产两种产品的情况下，如果商品的国际比价保持不变，一种生产要素增加所导致的密集使用该生产要素的产品产量增 加，会同时减少另外一种产品的产量。 3.产品生命周期 答：产品生命周期是指新产品经历发明、应用、推广到市场饱和、产品衰落，进而被其他产品所替代四个阶段。 4.购买力平价 答：购买力平价是指两种货币之间的汇率决定于它们单位货币购买力之间的比例。 5.市场内部化 答：市场内部化是指企业为减少交易成本，减少生产和投资风险，而将该跨国界的各交易过程变成企业内部的行为。 6.黄金输送点 答：黄金输送点包括黄金输入点和黄金输出点，是黄金输入、输出的价格上限和下限，它限制着一个国家货币对外汇率的波动幅度。 7.要素禀赋 答：要素禀赋，即要素的丰裕程度，是指在不同国家之间，由于要素的稀缺程度不同导致的可利用生产要素价格相对低廉的状况。赫克歇尔-俄林 定理认为，要素禀赋构成一个国家比较优势的基础 8.比较优势 答：比较优势也称为比较成本或比较利益，是由英国古典经济学家大卫李·嘉图提出的。李嘉图通过两个国家两种产品的模型阐明，比较优势是一国 在绝对优势基础上的相对较大的优势，在绝对劣势基础上的相对较小的 劣势，遵循“两利相权取其重，两弊相衡取其轻”的原则。根据各自的 比较优势来来确定国际分工并进行贸易往来，双方便都可以获得比较利 益。 9.人力资本 答：所谓人力资本是资本与劳动力结合而形成的一种新的生产要素，然们通过劳动力进行投资（如进行教育、职业培训、保健等），可以提高原有 劳动力的素质和技能，劳动生产率得到提升，从而对一个国家参加国际 分工的比较优势产生作用与影响。 10.布雷顿森林体系 答：布雷顿森林体系是指从第二次世界大战结束到1971年所实行的金汇兑本位制。这一以美元为中心的固定汇率制度的特征简而言之便是“美元
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch06
Chapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International Trade Chapter Organization Economies of Scale and International Trade: An Overview Economies of Scale and Market Structure The Theory of Imperfect Competition Monopoly: A Brief Review Monopolistic Competition Limitations of the Monopolistic Competition Model Monopolistic Competition and Trade The Effects of Increased Market Size Gains from an Integrated Market: A Numerical Example Economies of Scale and Comparative Advantage The Significance of Intraindustry Trade Why Intraindustry Trade Matters Case Study: Intraindustry Trade in Action: The North American Auto Pact Dumping The Economics of Dumping Case Study: Anti-Dumping as Protection Reciprocal Dumping The Theory of External Economies Specialized Suppliers Labor Market Pooling Knowledge Spillovers External Economies and Increasing Returns
国际经济学作业答案
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.
Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.
2020年整理国际经济学作业答案第九章.doc
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Theory Multiple Choice Questions 1. The efficiency case made for free trade is that as trade distortions such as tariffs are dismantled and removed, (a) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will decrease. (b) government tariff revenue will decrease, and therefore national economic welfare will increase. (c) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence increasing national economic welfare. (d) deadweight losses for producers and consumers will decrease, hence decreasing national economic welfare. (e) None of the above. Answer: C 2. The opportunity to exploit economies of scale is one of the gains to be made from removing tariffs and other trade distortions. These gains will be found by a decrease in (a) world prices of imports. (b) the consumption distortion loss triangle. (c) the production distortion loss triangle. (d) Both (b) and (c). (e) None of the above. Answer: E 3. It is argued that special interest groups are likely to take over and promote protectionist policies, which may lead to an increase in national economic welfare. This argument leads to (a) a presumption that in practice a free trade policy is likely to be better than alternatives. (b) a presumption that trade policy should be shifted to Non-Governmental Organizations, so as to limit taxpayer burden. (c) a presumption that free trade is generally a second-best policy, to be avoided if feasible alternatives are available. (d) a presumption that free trade is the likely equilibrium solution if the government allows special interest groups to dictate its trade policy. (e) None of the above. Answer: A
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch08
Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter Organization Basic Tariff Analysis Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry Effects of a Tariff Measuring the Amount of Protection Costs and Benefits of a Tariff Consumer and Producer Surplus Measuring the Costs and Benefits Other Instruments of Trade Policy Export Subsidies: Theory Case Study: Europe’s Common Agricultural Policy Import Quotas: Theory Case Study: An Import Quota in Practice: U.S. Sugar Voluntary Export Restraints Case Study: A Voluntary Export Restraint in Practice: Japanese Autos Local Content Requirements Box: American Buses, Made in Hungary Other Trade Policy Instruments The Effects of Trade Policy: A Summary Summary Appendix I: Tariff Analysis in General Equilibrium A Tariff in a Small Country A Tariff in a Large Country Appendix II: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly The Model with Free Trade The Model with a Tariff The Model with an Import Quota Comparing a Tariff with a Quota
国际经济学试题_精选稿(教师用-含部分答案)_
国际经济学精选习题集 第一部分国际贸易理论 第1章绪论 一、单项选择题 1．国际经济学在研究资源配置时，划分的基本经济单位是（D） A.企业 B.个人 C.政府 D.国家 2．国际经济学研究的对象是（B） A.国际商品流动 B.世界范围内的稀缺资源的最优配置 C.国际收支平衡 D.国际人员流动 3．从国际间经济资源流动的难易度看，流动最容易的是（B） A.商品 B.资本 C.人员 D.技术 二、判断分析题 1．国际经济学是建立在微观经济学与宏观经济学基础之上的一门分支科学。 √。大部分国际经济学应用了宏微观经济学的一般原理，如无差异曲线、需求曲线、企业产量按照MR=MC确定等，但是国际经济学理论本身也获得了许多理论性的进步。在此基础上的国际经济学研究又推动了一般经济学理论研究方法的发展。 第2章比较优势原理 一、单项选择题 1．比较优势理论认为，国际贸易的驱动力是（A）。 A.劳动生产率的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 2．从15世纪初到18世纪中叶，在国际贸易和国际收支理论方面占主导地位的是（A）。 A.重商主义 B.重农主义 C.重金主义 D.自由放任主义 3．绝对成本学说是比较成本学说的（C）。 A.同一形式 B.发展形式 C.特殊形式 D.理论形式 4．亚当·斯密的绝对优势理论认为（C）。 A.所有产品均具有绝对优势的国家最终将获得全部黄金和白银 B.具有绝对优势的国家将获得大量贸易余额 C.如果两个国家分别出口本国劳动成本相对较低的产品，将同时从贸易中获益 D.如果一国不用关税壁垒保护本国产业将丧失绝对优势 5．李嘉图比较优势理论指出（B）。 A.贸易导致不完全专业化 B.即使一个国家不具备绝对成本优势，也可从出口绝对成本劣势相对较小的产品中获益 C.与不具备绝对成本优势的国家相比，具有绝对成本优势的国家可以从贸易中获利更多 D.只有具备计较优势的国家才能获得贸易余额 6．根据比较成本说，一国从国际贸易中获益的条件是（B）。 A.创造大量贸易顺差 B.以较低的机会成本进口商品而不在国内生产 C.本国比贸易伙伴国强大 D.本国相对于贸易伙伴具备绝对效率优势 7．在比较利益模型中，两种参与贸易商品的国际比价（C）。 A.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之上 B.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之下 C.在两国贸易前的两种商品的国内比价之间 D.与贸易前的任何一个国家的国内比价相同 8．如果一个大国和一个小国进行贸易，则（B ）。 A.大国将从贸易中获得大部分利益 B.小国将从贸易中获得大部分利益 C.贸易将仅使小国收益 D.贸易将仅使大国收益 9．绝对优势理论和比较优势理论都是一种主张（A）的传统理论。 A.自由贸易 B.保护贸易 C.国家干预 D.国家干预与自由放任结合
克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版上册课后答案
Overview of Section II: International Trade Policy Section II of the text is comprised of four chapters: Chapter 8The Instruments of Trade Policy Chapter 9The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter 10Trade Policy in Developing Countries Chapter 11Controversies in Trade Policy n Section II Overview Trade policy issues figure prominently in current political debates and public policy discussions. The first two chapters of this section of the text are concerned with the instruments of trade policy and the arguments for free trade and managed trade. The second two chapters consider these concepts in the context of specific sets of countries that face common problems. Throughout, the use of case studies provides the student with real world examples that clearly illustrate the theoretical arguments. Chapter 8 discusses various instruments of trade policy including tariffs, quotas, voluntary export restraints, and local content requirements. The effects of these policies on prices and trade volumes are determined in the context of a partial equilibrium framework. The chapter reviews the analytical tools of consumer and producer surplus, and uses these tools to consider the welfare effects of various protectionist measures. The specific incidents of trade restrictions presented as case studies include import quotas on sugar entering United States markets, voluntary export restraints on Japanese autos, and oil import quotas. Chapter 9 presents the set of ideas known as the political economy of trade theory. These ideas enable you to understand why certain trade restrictions exist, despite the force of general economic arguments which suggest that they reduce aggregate welfare. Possible motivations for trade restrictions are identified as those which increase national welfare, such as the optimum tariff, and those which foster either income
国际经济学考试试题完美版,含答案.
全国2007年4月高等教育自学考试 国际经济学试题 课程代码00140 一、单项选择题25小题1分25分 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的 错选、多选或未选均无分。 1.从十五世纪初到十八世纪中叶A A.重商主义 B.重农主义 C.重金主义 D.货币主义 2.采取进口替代战略的国家不倾向使用的政策是D A.对进口关税设置壁垒 B.对非关税设置障碍 C.对外汇实行管制 D.对本国货币低估对外价值 3.相对技术差异论的提出者是B A.斯密 B.李嘉图 C.奥林 D.赫克歇尔 4.关税与贸易总协定进行了多轮多边贸易谈判C A.日内瓦回合 B.东京回合 C.乌拉圭回合 D.安纳西回合 5.世界贸易组织成立于C A.1993年 B.1994年 C.1995年 D.1996年 6.一般而言不属于外汇市场主要参与者的是D A.商业银行 B.中央银行 C.外贸公司 D.居民个人 7.国际收支平衡表中最重要的收支差额是D A.官方结算差额 B.商品贸易差额 C.基本收支差额 D.经常项目差额 8.国际收支调整的重要基础理论是C A.调整论 B.货币论 C.弹性论 D.平衡论 9.从总体上看 产品的需求弹性的绝对值将A A.大于1 B.小于1 C.等于1 D.不确定 10.在开放经济条件下c=0.6s=0.3 考虑政府的财政收入部分C A.10/9 B.5/3 C.5/2 D.10/3 11.下列属于非关税壁垒的措施是D A.反倾销税 B.反补贴税 C.进口附加税 D.国内最低限价 12.最佳关税来源于B A.进口国厂商 B.出口国厂商 C.第三国出口厂商 D.第三国进口厂商
国际经济学复习课后答案
第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说生产和消费只取决于相对价格？ 答：经济主体的经济行为考虑的是所有商品的价格，而不是单一价格因素。 3.在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答案：是 4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：不一定一致，x商品的价格是Px/Py，而y商品的价格是Py/Px. 7.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8.根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。 表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入
A B X Y 6 2 15 12 表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 10 4 5 5 答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。（表2-2（a）和表2-2（b）部分的内容） 2．假设A、B两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。 表3 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 4 2 8 4 答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。 3．如果一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么也必具有比较优势吗？ 答案提示：不一定，比较优势的确定原则是两优取最优，两劣取最劣。
国际经济学第十版课后答案(萨尔瓦多、杨冰译)
国际经济学（第十版）多米尼克.萨尔瓦多(著) P16页练习题 6.（1）根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高（如由于税率的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高，则该商品的需求量将会下降。 （2）根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高（如由于进口关税的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高，则该商品的出口量将会下降。 7．（1）一国政府如何能消除或减少预算赤字？ 答：一国政府可以通过减少政府支出、增加税收，来消除或者减少预算赤字。（2）一个国家如何能消除或减少贸易逆差？ 答：一个国家要消除或减少其贸易逆差的方式有：对进口商品增税、补贴出口，借如更多的国外债券、减少借出外国债券，降低该国的国民收入水平。 8．（1）国际经济关系与地区经济关系有何区别？ 答：在国际经济关系下，国家通常限制在国际间的自由流动的货物、服务和因素，不同的语言、消费习惯和法律规定同样也阻碍了它们在国际间的流动，此外，国际收支会在各种货币收据和付款中流通。 而在地区经济关系下，就关税和进行相同的货币而言,区际流动的货物、服务和因素没有面临这样的限制因素，它们经常是在同样的语言环境下，在类似的消费习惯和法律规定下进行的，这就与国际经济关系形成了鲜明对比。 （2）它们在哪方面相似？ 答：国际经济关系和地区经济关系的相似点：两者都跨越了空间距离，事实上，它们都是在远距离贸易下的产物，把经济看待成在一个进行着生产、交换和消费的空间中的单一点，这也是从经济学的复位空间将它们区分。 1
10套-《国际经济学》期末试卷及答案
《国际经济学》模拟试卷（1） 一、单项选择（10小题，每小题1分，共10分）：在四个备选答案中选择一个最适合的答案。 1．关于一般均衡分析的新古典模型，说法不正确的是（）。 A.国际贸易理论的标准模型 B.采用2 2 1模型进行阐述 C.将技术、要素禀赋、需求偏好集于一体 D.由哈伯勒、勒纳、里昂惕夫和米德等人提出 2．国际金融理论的发展一直是围绕着（）这一十分重要的问题而展开的。 A.外部平衡 B.内部平衡 C.外部平衡与内部平衡 D.规模经济 3．生产可能性曲线的假设条件有（）。 A.两种生产要素的总供给都是可变的 B.生产要素可在两个部门间自由流动 C.两种生产要素没有充分利用 D.两种商品的生产技术条件是可变的 4．要素密集度可借助于（）来说明。 A.社会无差异曲线 B.需求曲线 C.等产量曲线 D.供给曲线 5．国际贸易会（）贸易国出口部门特定要素的实际收入。 A.提高 B.降低 C.不影响 D.可能影响 6．在产品生命周期的产品成熟阶段，产品属于（）。 A.研究与开发密集型 B.资本密集型 C.劳动密集型 D.土地密集型
7．属于国际收支账户中服务项目的有（）。 A.证券投资 B.商品修理 C.计算机和信息服务 D.非货币黄金 8．购买力平价论（the theory of purchasing power parity），简称PPP理论，是（）在其1922年出版的《1914年以后的货币与外汇》（money and foreign exchange after 1914）中第一次系统阐述的。 A.勒纳 B.卡塞尔 C.凯恩斯 D.多恩布什 9．假设某国的边际消费倾向为0.80，边际进口倾向为0.30，试问该国的对外贸易乘数是（）。 A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4 10．假设即期汇率l英镑=2美元，在欧洲市场美元一年期的利率为15%，英镑为10%，求一年后的远期汇率1英镑等于（）美元。 A.2.091 B.2 C.1.913 D.3 二、判断题（10小题，每小题1分，共10分）：若判断正确，在小题后的括号内填上“√”号；若判断不正确，则在小题后的括号内填上“×”号。 1．相对国内经济而言，在国际经济中市场机制不容易得到贯彻。（） 2．在机会成本不变条件下，两国生产中存在着不完全分工（incomplete specialization）。 （） 3．李嘉图的比较优势学说比斯密的绝对优势学说更具有普遍的意义。（） 4．要素禀赋是一个相对的概念，与一国所拥有的生产要素绝对数量无关。（） 5．劳动在短期内是属于一种特定要素。（） 6．产业内贸易反映比较优势。（） 7．费雪模型证明，资本是从利率较低的国家流向利率较高的国家，即资本的流动是单向的，结果是各国的利率差消失。这种分析是以不存在风险为前提的。（） 8．汇率超调模型在长期强调商品市场的价格粘性。（） 9．国际收支的弹性分析法是一种一般均衡分析。（） 10．在浮动汇率制度下，如果资本具有完全的流动性，通过财政政策刺激总需求不会实现影响均衡产量或均衡收入的目的。（）
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版 课后习题答案
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》中文版·第九版课后习题答案 第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？ 试解释原因。 答案提示： 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？ 答案提示： 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》第八版课后答案(英文)-Ch09
Chapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade Policy Chapter Organization The Case for Free Trade Free Trade and Efficiency Additional Gains from Free Trade Rent Seeking Political Arguments for Free Trade Case Study: The Gain from ―1992‖ National Welfare Arguments against Free Trade The Terms of Trade Argument for a Tariff The Domestic Market Failure Argument against Free Trade How Convincing is the Market Failure Argument? Income Distribution and Trade Policy Electoral Competition Collective Action Modeling the Political Process Who Gets Protected? Box: Politicians for Sale: Evidence from the 1990s International Negotiations and Trade Policy The Advantages of Negotiation International Trading Agreements: A Brief History The Uruguay Round Trade Liberalization From the GATT to the WTO Box: Settling a Dispute, and Creating One Benefits and Costs The Doha Disappointment Box: Do Agricultural Subsidies Hurt the Third World? Preferential Trading Agreements Case Study: Tes ting the WTO’s Metal
国际经济学试题c卷参考答案及评分标准.doc
南昌大学2009?2010学年第二学期《国际经济学》期末考试试题（C卷）参考答案及评分标准 一、名词解释题（每题4分，共20分） 1.机会成本：是指生产一?单位的某一产品必须放弃的另一?产品的生产数量。（3 分）它反映一国资源配置和生产组合的成本和收益。（1分） 2.贸易条件：单位出口所换回的进口商品数量（3分），可以用出口价格指数与 进口价格指数的比值，再乘以100表示（1分）。 3.要素臬赋：即要素丰裕度（1分），是指一国拥有的两种生产要素的存量比例（2分），是个相对量的概念。（1分） 4.比较优势：如果一国生产两种商品在劳动生产率方面相对于另一国都处于绝对劣势（1分），则该国应专业化生产劣势较小的商品，另一国则应专业化生产优 势较大的商品（3分）。或各国应专业化生产本国相对劳动生产率较大的商品 （2分），进口本国相对劳动生产率较小的商品，则各国均可获得比较利益（2 分）。 5.关税同盟：是指两个或两个以上的国家或地区组成的特惠贸易区，成员国内部的贸易减免关税或取消其他贸易壁垒，（2分）对非成员国实行统一的关税税率 或贸易政策。（2分） 二、简答题（每题8分，共40分） 1.答：出口贫困增长的含义：是指一国随着出口商品数量增加和规模扩大，贸易条件不断恶化，社会福利水平不断下降，出曰越多，社会福利水平越低的经济现 象（2分）。 出口贫困增长的形成条件（4分）：（1）-国的经济增长偏向出口部门；（2）增长国必须是出口大国；（3）出口商品缺乏需求弹性；（4）出口国严重依赖单一产品的出口，属于畸形经济。 下图中，出口增长前社会福利水平为CTC。，出口增长后社会福利水平下降为CIG。（2 分） Y A
国际经济学作业答案-第七章
Chapter 7 International Factor Movements Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework? (a) International trade in goods (b) International conflict resolution (c) International trade in services (d) International trade in factors of production (e) International borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) the physical increase in output as country grows. (b) the dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) the increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) the marginal product of labor. (e) the marginal product of capital. Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) increase total world output. (b) improve the economic welfare of everyone. (c) improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) improve the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) None of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country. (d) workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundant country. (e) workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant country. Answer: C
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