2018年高考英语知识点---复合句考点

2018年高考英语知识点---复合句考点

8. 复合句

1）复合句

从句作什么成分就是什么复合句。

I like music that I can dance to.

复合句分为三大类：

形容词性从句：定语从句

副词性从句：状语从句

名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句

2）关系词

就是连接词，一般没有汉语意思（除whose和as）

3）先行词

被从句所限定修饰的词或句子

A.关系词作用

特别要理解作句子成分的作用。

B.关系词的分类

可概括为“两类两特殊”

两类是关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：that, which, who, whom. 关系副词：when, where, why

两特殊：whose、as

C.关系词的选择

关系代词和关系副词没有汉语意思，因此要根据句子成分做选择

Whose和as有汉语意思，根据意思做选择。

关系代词：

从句不完整（即从句缺主语或宾语）一定用关系代词，然后再看先行词。

关系副词：

从句完整（即从句不缺主语或宾语）一定用关系副词，然后再看先行词。

注意：区分及物动词和不及物动词。不及物动词后可以不接宾语。如：visit和arrive的区别

Whose和as根据句子的意思做选择：

Whose：“.....的”。I live in a house whose windows face south.

As:“像......一样”。As is known to all, English is an important subject.

D.特殊情况

1）关系代词that和which中，只能用that不能用which的情况。

●先行词有最高级、序数词修饰或不定代词修饰时

The most important thing that should be done right now is how to stop him from going on.

●先行词即有人又有物

The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police. 2）关系代词that和which中，只能用which不能用that的情况。

●关系代词前有介词时（注意区分in that）

A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.

●非限定性定语从句

从句和主句被逗号隔开

More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country.

3）Which和as的区别

1．引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：

(1)表达“正如”之意时，用as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，则用which。

He went abroad, which was unexpected.

他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。

She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be.

她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。

(2)当从句位于主句前面时，只用as。

As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

2．限制性定语从句中有such, the same时，其后常用as引导定语从句(the same后也可用that，但意义不一样)。

He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect.

他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。

This is the same pen as I lost.

这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。

3．as引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而which既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以指代先行词。

The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.

这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)

4．as常与从句中的know, see, hear, expect等动词连用，也常用于as often happens, as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中。

He was absent from school, as is often the case.

他缺课了，这是常事。

4）“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择

“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子，填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。

1．He was educated at a local grammar school, ______ which he went on to Cambridge.

2．This is the farm ______ which he worked two years ago.

3．In the dark street there was not a single person ______ whom she could turn for help.

第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了Cambridge，故介词

用after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。

第二句话：把从句补充完整为he worked two years ago on the farm (“在农场”为“on the farm”)，句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的搭配。

第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help”，因此此处用介词to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。

因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手：

1．句子的意思；2.先行词的意义；3.从句中的动词固定搭配。

5）定语从句中的主谓一致

定语从句中的谓语动词的形式与先行词的单复数保持一致

当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，那么定语从句中的谓语动词在人称、数方面应该与先行词保持一致。

1．one of＋复数名词＋关系代词＋复数形式动词。如：

The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.

长城是吸引大批游客的世界著名的建筑之一。

2．the only one of＋复数名词＋关系代词＋单数形式动词。如：

The Great Wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.

长城是地球上唯一一个能从月球上看到的建筑物。

Titanic is the only one of these wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.

在这些精彩的电影中，《泰坦尼克号》是唯一一部由好莱坞制作的电影。

3．当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which 作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：

Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.

众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变化。

He has passed the College Entrance Examination, which makes his parents quite happy.

他通过了高考，这让他父母很高兴。

4．其他情况。如：

I, who am your teacher, will try my best to help you.

我作为你的老师，会尽全力帮助你的。

（1）状语从句

状语从句主要考连接词的选择，可通过连接词的意思来选择

A.时间状语从句

1）when，while，as

●注意：when和while的区别

When+从句，+主句（主句用进行时）

When the teacher came in, the students were sleeping.

While+从句，+主句（从句用进行时）

While the students were sleeping, the teacher came in.

●while还可以作并列连词，表示对比，意为“而，却”。

Liu Wang is from Shanxi while Liu Yang comes from Henan.

2）as soon as，no sooner... Than.......和hardly/scarcely......when...，the moment，the minute，immediately，directly，instantly

No sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.

3）till, until和not.......until

He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.

4）before 和since

It will be +一段时间+before ……..还要多久才……..

It will be half a year before I come back.

It is +一段时间+since....... 自从......以来

It is three years since the war broke out.

B.地点状语从句

引导地点状语从句的连词有主要有Where和wherever

注意和定语从句的区别

You’d better make a mark where you have a ny question.(状语从句)

You’ d better make a mark at the place where you have any question.(定语从句) C.原因状语从句

引导原因状语从句的连词有：because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering

that

She's studying because she has a test tomorrow.

她正在学习，因为她明天有考试。

As it is raining, we shall not go to the park.

由于在下雨，我们不去公园了。

Now that/Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting.

既然大家都在，我们开始开会吧。

注意：when也可以表示原因，意为：since; considering that既然；考虑到。如：It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.

既然步行5分钟能轻松到达那里，你却打车，你可真够愚蠢的。

D.条件状语从句

引导条件状语从句的常见连词有if，unless，as/so long as，in case(万一)，once，on condition that，provided/providing (that)，supposing(that)等。

You'll fail the exam unless you study hard.

除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。

As long as you don't lose heart，you will succeed.

只要你不灰心，你就会成功。

In case there is a fire，what will we do first?

万一发生火灾，我们首先做什么？

E.目的状语从句

引导目的状语从句的连词有so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest 等。

I'll speak slowly so that you can understand me.

我会慢慢说，这样你就能理解我。

Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain.

带上雨衣以防下雨。

F.结果状语从句

引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that..., such...that...

注意：so...that和such....that的区别

一般that前面有名词用such，没有名词用so

Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.

＝Mike is so honest that we all believe him.

迈克是一个如此诚实的工人，以至于我们都相信他。

G.让步状语从句

1）although，though，as与while引导的让步状语从句

Although the sun is shining, it isn't very warm.

尽管艳阳高照，天气并不是很暖和。

注意：在形式倒装句中只能用though和as

Happy as they were, there was something missing.

尽管他们快乐，但总缺少点什么。

2）although与though都可以与yet，still连用，但不能和but连用。

3）while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。

While I admit that there are problems，I don't agree that they cannot be solved.

尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。

4）even if与even though引导的让步状语从句

I'll do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon.

我要做这件事，即使它将花去我整个下午的时间。

Even if I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job.

即使我处于你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作。

5）“no matter＋疑问词”与“疑问词＋ever”引导的让步状语从句

Don't trust him, no matter what/whatever he says.

无论他说什么，不要相信他。

6）whether...or...引导的让步状语从句

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

不管你相信与否，那都是真的。

H.方式状语从句

引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if, as though等

Do as you are told to, or you'll be fired.

告诉你怎么做就怎么做，否则你会被解雇。

The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.

这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。

I feel as if I have a fever.

我感觉像是发烧了。

（2）名词性从句

A.名词性从句的连接词

1）常用连接词

有词义的连接代词who, whose, whom, what, which; 连接副词when, where, why, how; 从属连词that, whether, if, as if; 无词义的that在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略。2）一些常见连接词的区别

●that与what的区别

that引导名词性从句，在从句中不作任何成分，that本身无意义，只起连接作用。what 引导名词性从句时，在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等，what表示“……的东西或事情”。请比较：

What I need is more time.(what引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语)

That I need more time to do the work is very clear.(that引导主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分)

The village is no longer what it used to be.(what引导表语从句，在从句中作表语)

I had no idea what we should do next.(what引导同位语从句，在从句中作宾语)

He will tell us what he saw in London.(what引导宾语从句，在从句中作宾语) 注意：

名词性从句中区分that与what的关键是：分析句子结构，看从句是否缺少句子成分。如果不缺成分，就用that，如果缺少句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等)，且表示“……的东西或事情”就用what。

●who, whoever与no matter who的区别

引导名词性从句，在句中作主语时用who，意思是“谁”，含有疑问意味，whoever意为“无论谁”，不含有疑问意味。whoever在引导名词性从句时，相当于anyone who，其中who引导一个定语从句紧随其后。

另外，whoever还可以引导让步状语从句，这时whoever相当于no matter who，但是

no matter who只能引导让步状语从句。请比较：

1．Who has taken away my bag is unknown.

谁拿走了我的包还不知道。(若用whoever显然句意不通)

2．Whoever breaks the law will be punished.

无论谁违反法律都要受到惩罚。(whoever表达的语气强烈)

3．I'm not going to let you in, no matter who you are.

＝I'm not going to let you in, whoever you are.

(根据句意“我不会让你进去的，不管你是谁”，后面是一个让步状语从句，故用no matter who或者whoever)

【特别提醒】

wh－ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句。引导名词性从句时，whoever ＝anyone who; whomever＝anyone whom; whatever＝anything that; whichever＝anything/anyone that; whosever＝any one whose。

Whichever he likes will be given to him.＝Anything that he likes will be given to him.

无论他想要哪个都可以给他。

You should give the book back to whosever name(＝anyone whose name) is on the cover of it.

你该把书还给任何一个他的名字在封面上的人。

B.名词性从句的语序和时态

从句用陈述语序（陈述句和倒装句在倒装句的专题中单独讲解）

名词性从句的时态在动词的时态和与语态专题中单独讲解。

C.名词性从句中it作形式主语和形式宾语

(1)It＋be＋形容词(necessary, important, obvious等)＋that从句．

(2)It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句．

(3)It＋be＋名词(a surprise, a fact, a shame, an honour等)＋that从句．

(4)It＋不及物动词(appear, happen等)＋that从句．

D.名词性从句中的虚拟语气

(1)It is (was)＋essential (important, natural…) ＋that…

(2)It is (was) suggested (demanded, wished, desired…)that…

That后面的从句动词都是用should+do的形式，should可以省略。

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